Diospyros virginiana

Last updated

Diospyros virginiana
Diospyros virginiana BB-1913.png
Botanical details of buds, flowers and fruit
Diospyros virginiana-fruit.jpg
Status TNC G5.svg
Secure  (NatureServe) [1]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Ebenaceae
Genus: Diospyros
Species:
D. virginiana
Binomial name
Diospyros virginiana
L.
Diospyros virginiana map.png
Distribution map of the American persimmon
Synonyms [3]

Diospyros mosieriS.F.Blake

Diospyros virginiana is a persimmon species commonly called the American persimmon, [3] common persimmon, [4] eastern persimmon, simmon, possumwood, possum apples, [5] or sugar plum. [6] It ranges from southern Connecticut to Florida, and west to Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Iowa. The tree grows in the wild but has been cultivated for its fruit and wood since prehistoric times by Native Americans. Both the tree and the fruit are referred to as persimmons, with the latter appearing in desserts and cuisine in the U.S. South and Midwest.

Contents

The tree is typically dioecious, so one must have both male and female plants to obtain fruit.

Commercial varieties include the very productive Early Golden, the productive John Rick, Miller, Woolbright and the Ennis, a seedless variety. Another nickname of the American persimmon, 'date-plum' also refers to a persimmon species found in South Asia and South Europe, Diospyros lotus . Today, persimmons are also grown on small farms as a heritage crop. [7]

Description

The common persimmon is a generally small to medium sized tree, usually 30 to 80 feet (9 to 24 m) in height, but reaching 115 feet (35 m) west of the southern Mississippi. [8] It has a short, slender trunk and spreading, often pendulous branches, which form a broad or narrow, round-topped canopy. The roots are thick, fleshy and stoloniferous. The species has a shrubby growth form. [8] The plant has oval entire leaves, and unisexual flowers on short stalks. In the male flowers, which are numerous, the stamens are sixteen in number and arranged in pairs; the female flowers are solitary, with traces of stamens, and a smooth ovary with one ovule in each of the eight cells—the ovary is surmounted by four styles, which are hairy at the base. The fruit-stalk is very short, bearing a subglobose fruit an inch in diameter or a bit larger, of an orange-yellow color, ranging to bluish, and with a sweetish astringent pulp. It is surrounded at the base by the persistent calyx-lobes, which increase in size as the fruit ripens. The astringency renders the fruit somewhat unpalatable, but after it has been subjected to the action of frost, or has become partially rotted or "bletted" like a medlar, its flavor is improved. [9]

Ploidy

There are two races of American persimmon: the tetraploid (60-chromosome) race is centered in the southern Appalachian region, while the hexaploid (90-chromosome) race generally occupies a range north and west of the tetraploid range. [11] The boundary between these races has not been well defined except in Kentucky, where hexaploid persimmons were in the majority in Bullitt County but were not present in Barren County to its south nor Franklin County to its east. [12]

It has been observed that the tetraploid trees tend to grow much taller than the hexaploid trees and have smaller fruit, [13] but no formal research has been done into these differences of traits.

The vast majority of named American Persimmon cultivars are hexaploid, with the only known tetraploid cultivars being Ennis Seedless, Weeping, Sugar Bear, and SFES. [12]

Distribution

The tree is very common in the South Atlantic and Gulf states, and attains its largest size in the basin of the Mississippi River. [9] Its habitat is southern, at the turn of the 20th century it appeared along the coast from Connecticut to Florida; west of the Alleghenies it is found in southern Ohio and along through southeastern Iowa and southern Missouri; and in Louisiana, eastern Kansas and Oklahoma, where it grew tallest. [8]

Its fossil remains have been found in Miocene rocks of Greenland and Alaska and in Cretaceous formations in Nebraska. [8]

Diospyros virginiana is considered to be an evolutionary anachronism that was consumed by one or more of the Pleistocene megafauna that roamed the North American continent until 10,000 years ago. A 2015 study found that passage of persimmon seeds through the gut of modern elephants increased the rate of seed germination and decreased time to sprouting, which supports the idea that Pleistocene members of the elephant family were the ghost partner who accomplished seed dispersal prior to extinction of the North American members of the elephant family. [14]

Cultivation

The American persimmon mostly grows wild. Experimental research stations in the 1890s tested native varieties of persimmon, but interest in cultivation of the native persimmon has been limited. Newly planted persimmon trees take a relatively long time to bear fruit. There are many sorts of fruit trees that are easier to grow for commercial purposes. Wild varieties contain a lot of seeds, making the processing of fruit pulp used in food and beverage manufacture more difficult. Cultivation has reduced the number of seeds, and some varieties have developed a very sweet flavor profile without the dreaded astringency of wild persimmon. Harvested fruits are shelf durable. [15]

The tree prefers light, sandy, well-drained soil, but will grow in rich southern bottom lands. [8]

The tree is greatly inclined to vary in the character and quality of its fruit, which varies in size from that of a large cherry to a small apple. Some trees in the south produce fruit that is delicious without the action of the frost, while adjoining trees produce fruit that never becomes edible. [8]

It was brought to England before 1629 and is cultivated, but rarely if ever ripens its fruit. It is easily raised from seed and can also be propagated from stolons, which are often produced in great quantity. The tree is hardy in the south of England and in the Channel Islands. [9]

The persimmon rarely develops any heartwood until it is nearly one hundred years old.[ citation needed ]

Varieties

Uses

The fruit is high in vitamin C, and extremely astringent when unripe. It is eaten by birds, raccoons, skunks, white-tailed deer, semi-wild hogs, flying squirrels, and opossums. [17]

The ripe fruit may be eaten raw by humans, [18] typically once bletted, or it can be cooked or dried. The fruit pulp can be made into pie, pudding, [19] jam, [18] molasses, and candy. An herbal tea that can be made from the leaves [18] and the roasted seed is used as a coffee substitute.

The fruit is also fermented with hops, cornmeal or wheat bran into a sort of beer [20] or made into brandy.

The wood is heavy, strong and very close-grained and used in woodturning. [9] Its heartwood, which may take a century before being produced, is a true ebony, extremely close-grained and almost black; [8] it is not harvested commercially.

The seeds were used as buttons during the privation of the American Civil War in the South. [21]

References

  1. "NatureServe Explorer 2.0 - Diospyros virginiana, Persimmon". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  2. IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group & Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) (2021). "Diospyros virginiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T173405A152905371. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T173405A152905371.en . Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  3. 1 2 "Diospyros virginiana". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  4. NRCS. "Diospyros virginiana". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
  5. Karp, David (2000-11-08). "Know Your Persimmons". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
  6. Phillips, Jan (1979). Wild Edibles of Missouri. Jefferson City, Missouri: Missouri Department of Conservation. p. 40.
  7. Eddy, Kristin (22 November 1998). "One Peculiar Pudding". Chicago Tribune.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 195–199.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Wikisource-logo.svg One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Persimmon". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 252.
  10. Quinnett, Michael (1982-01-01). "Diospyros virginiana: The American Persimmon". Masters Theses.
  11. Baldwin, J. T.; Culp, Richard (December 1941). "Polyploidy in Diospyros Virginiana L." (PDF). American Journal of Botany. 28 (10): 942–944. doi:10.2307/2436873. hdl: 2027.42/141756 . JSTOR   2436873 . Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  12. 1 2 Pomper, Kirk W.; Lowe, Jeremiah D.; Crabtree, Sheri B.; Vincent, Jacob; Berry, Andrew; England, Clifford; Raemakers, Krit (1 January 2020). "Ploidy Level in American Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) Cultivars". HortScience. 55 (1): 4–7. doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI14274-19 . ISSN   0018-5345 . Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  13. England, Clifford (6 August 2021). "Persimmon Fact Sheet" (Document). North American Fruit Explorers Pomona. pp. 10–11.
  14. Boone, Madison J.; Davis, Charli N.; Klasek, Laura; Del Sol, Jillian F.; Roehm, Katherine; Moran, Matthew D. (2015). "A Test of Potential Pleistocene Mammal Seed Dispersal in Anachronistic Fruits using Extant Ecological and Physiological Analogs". Southeastern Naturalist. 14: 22–32. doi:10.1656/058.014.0109. S2CID   86809830.
  15. Shields, David S. (2015). Southern Provisions: The Creation and Revival of a Cuisine. University of Chicago Press. p. 160. ISBN   9780226141114.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Kaiser, Cheryl; Ernst, Matt. "American Persimmon" (PDF). uky.edu. University of Kentucky. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  17. Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). A Natural History of Western Trees. New York: Bonanza Books. p. 682.
  18. 1 2 3 Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 238. ISBN   978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC   244766414.
  19. Adams, Michelle Medlock (2020-08-25). The Perfect Persimmon: History, Recipes, and More. Indiana University Press. ISBN   978-1-68435-112-1.
  20. "Persimmon Ale". Bloomington Brewing Company. Archived from the original on 2017-11-08. Retrieved 2017-11-07.
  21. Dodge, David (1886). "Domestic Economy in the Confederacy". The Atlantic Monthly. 58 (August): 229–241.