The area was initially declared as a marine reserve in 1989 by the Transkei government.[1] The MPA was proclaimed by the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Mohammed Valli Moosa, in Government Gazette No. 21948 of 29 December 2000 in terms section 43 of the Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998.[2] The extension was proclaimed by Bomo Edith Edna Molewa, Minister of Environmental Affairs under Section 22A of the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 (Act No. 57 of 2003) to take effect on the 1 December 2015.[3]
A marine protected area is defined by the IUCN as "A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values".[4]
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Extent
The MPA protect about 14km of coastline and 193km2 of sea area.[1][5]
Boundaries
The original boundaries of the MPA as proclaimed in 2000 are:[2]
Inshore boundary is the high-water mark
Offshore boundary is six nautical miles seawards of the high-water mark
Northern boundary: A line at 135° true from the western bank of the mouth of the Suku River in the district of Elliotdale
Southern boundary: A line at 135° true from Human's Rock in the district of Willowvale
The tidal portion of the Mbashe River as far as the northwestern boundary of the Dwesa forest reserve and the south-western boundary of the Cwebe forest reserve.
The revised boundaries as proclaimed in 2015 are:[6][7]
Inshore boundary is the high-water mark between Human's Rock at S32°18.934′, E28°49.549′ and the Ntlonyane River mouth at S32°11.884′,E28°57.435′
Offshore south-eastern boundary is about twelve nautical miles seawards of the high-water mark between S32°28.049′, E28°58.685′ and S32°20.831', E29°06.770′
South-western boundary: A line at 135° from Human's Rock S32°18.934′, E28°49.549′ to S32°28.049′, E28°58.685′
North-eastern boundary, a line drawn 135° from the Ntlonyane River mouth. S32°11.884′, E28°57.435′ to S32°20.831', E29°06.770′
All tidal estuaries between Human's Rock and Ntlonyane River mouth are included as far upstream as the 5m depth contour extends.
Zonation
In 2000 Dwesa-Cwebe was proclaimed as a no take MPA, but political pressure by the historical inhabitants led to a rezoning in November 2015 with three controlled fishing zones, subject to a small-scale or recreational fishing permit, and three restricted zones where no fishing is allowed.[8][9][10]
Inshore boundary: From, but excluding the Mpenzu estuary, at S32°14.625′, E28°54.830′ to S32°16.830′, E28°52.692′, including the Mendu estuary, *Offshore boundary: 500 meters offshore from the high-water mark
Estuarine border: The tidal portion of the Mbashe River upstream as far as the inland borders of the Dwesa and Cwebe forest reserves at S32°14.247′, E28°53.415′ and S32°13.693′, E28°51.677′
Inshore boundary: From the tidal influence of the Ntlonyane estuary at S32°11.884′,E28°57.435′ to the tidal influence of the Mpenzu estuary at S32°16.830′, E28°52.692′
Offshore boundary: 500 meters offshore from the high-water mark
Inshore boundary: From the tidal influence of the Mendu estuary at A3 S32°16.830′, E28°52.692′ to the northern border of the Dwesa Cliffs at S32°17.732′, E28°51.454′
Offshore boundary: 500 meters offshore from the high-water mark
Inshore boundary: From the southern border of the Dwesa Cliffs at S32°19.041°, E28°50.693′ to Human's Rock at S32°18.934′, E28°49.549′
Offshore boundary: 500 meters offshore from the high-water mark
The tidal portion of all estuaries excluding the Mendu estuary and the lower reaches of the Mbashe estuary form part of the controlled zones.[9]
Management
The marine protected areas of South Africa are the responsibility of the national government, which has management agreements with a variety of MPA management authorities, in this case, Eastern Cape Parks and Tourism Agency, which manages the MPA with funding from the SA Government through the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA).[4][5]
The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is responsible for issuing permits, quotas and law enforcement.[11]
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Ecology
Marine ecoregions of the South African Exclusive Economic Zone: Dwesa-Cwebe Marine Protected Area is in the transition between the Agulhas and Natal ecoregions.
The MPA is in transition between the warm temperate Agulhas ecoregion to the east of Cape Point which extends eastwards to the Mbashe River and the sub-tropical Natal ecoregion. There are a large proportion of species endemic to South Africa along this coastline.[12]
Three major habitats exist in the sea in this region, Two of them distinguished by the nature of the substrate. The substrate, or base material, is important in that it provides a base to which an organism can anchor itself, which is vitally important for those organisms which need to stay in one particular kind of place. Rocky shores and reefs provide a firm fixed substrate for the attachment of plants and animals. Sandy beaches and bottoms are a relatively unstable substrate and cannot anchor kelp or many of the other benthic organisms. Finally there is open water, above the substrate and clear of the kelp forest, where the organisms must drift or swim. Mixed habitats are also frequently found, which are a combination of those mentioned above.[13]
Rocky shores and reefs There are rocky reefs and mixed rocky and sandy bottoms. For many marine organisms the substrate is another type of marine organism, and it is common for several layers to co-exist.[13]:Ch.2
The type of rock of the reef is of some importance, as it influences the range of possibilities for the local topography, which in turn influences the range of habitats provided, and therefore the diversity of inhabitants. Sandstone and other sedimentary rocks erode and weather very differently, and depending on the direction of dip and strike, and steepness of the dip, may produce reefs which are relatively flat to very high profile and full of small crevices. These features may be at varying angles to the shoreline and wave fronts. There are fewer large holes, tunnels and crevices in sandstone reefs, but often many deep but low near-horizontal crevices.
Sandy beaches and bottoms (including shelly, pebble and gravel bottoms) Sandy bottoms at first glance appear to be fairly barren areas, as they lack the stability to support many of the spectacular reef based species, and the variety of large organisms is relatively low. The sand is continually being moved around by wave action, to a greater or lesser degree depending on weather conditions and exposure of the area. This means that sessile organisms must be specifically adapted to areas of relatively loose substrate to thrive in them, and the variety of species found on a sandy or gravel bottom will depend on all these factors. Sandy bottoms have one important compensation for their instability, animals can burrow into the sand and move up and down within its layers, which can provide feeding opportunities and protection from predation. Other species can dig themselves holes in which to shelter, or may feed by filtering water drawn through the tunnel, or by extending body parts adapted to this function into the water above the sand.[13]:Ch.3
The open sea The pelagic water column is the major part of the living space at sea. This is the water between the surface and the top of the benthic zone, where living organisms swim, float or drift, and the food chain starts with phytoplankton, the mostly microscopic photosynthetic organisms that convert the energy of sunlight into organic material which feeds nearly everything else, directly or indirectly. In temperate seas there are distinct seasonal cycles of phytoplankton growth, based on the available nutrients and the available sunlight. Either can be a limiting factor. Phytoplankton tend to thrive where there is plenty of light, and they themselves are a major factor in restricting light penetration to greater depths, so the photosynthetic zone tends to be shallower in areas of high productivity.[13]:Ch.6Zooplankton feed on the phytoplankton, and are in turn eaten by larger animals. The larger pelagic animals are generally faster moving and more mobile, giving them the option of changing depth to feed or to avoid predation, and to move to other places in search of a better food supply.
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Endemism
The MPA is in the warm temperate Agulhas ecoregion to the east of Cape Point which extends eastwards to the Mbashe River. There are a large proportion of species endemic to South Africa along this coastline.[12]
Alien invasive species
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Threats
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Slipways and harbours in the MPA
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See also
Marine protected areas of South Africa{{Cite journal|title=MPA Declarations |issue=10177 |journal=Regulation Gazette No. 42478 |volume=647 |date=23 May 2019 |url=https://cer.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/MPA-declarations.pdf |publisher=Government Printer |location=Pretoria }}{{Cite web |title=Protected Areas Register |url=https://dffeportal.environment.gov.za/portal/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=7e27f116dd194c1f9d446dacc76fe483 |website=dffeportal.environment.gov.za |access-date=10 July 2022}}
The Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area is a coastal and offshore marine protected area between the Lovu and Mzimayi estuaries, off the KwaZulu-Natal South Coast, South Africa. The MPA contains the popular scuba diving destination Aliwal Shoal
The De Hoop Marine Protected Area lies between Arniston and the mouth of the Breede River on the south coast of South Africa adjacent to the De Hoop Nature Reserve. The MPA is 51 kilometres long, and extends 5 nautical miles to sea. The whole MPA is a restricted area and is part of the migratory route and calving area for Southern right whales. The area protects habitats for several economically important inshore reef fish species, and ensures the retention of marine biomass in this part of the coast. The limestone coastline is includes archaeological sites and middens that date back centuries. The MPA is close to the Breede River estuary and, provides protection for species like cob that breed in the estuary and then return to the ocean.
The Tstsikamma Marine Protected Area is a marine protected area on the south coast of South Africa, in both the Western Cape and Eastern Cape. It is on the coast of the Tsitsikamma National Park, and is one of the oldest MPAs in the country. The MPA provides protection for marine habitat and wildlife, including birds and threatened and endangered fish species.
The Addo Elephant National Park Marine Protected Area is a marine conservation area in Algoa Bay, adjacent to the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality, near Gqeberha, previously Port Elizabeth.
The Agulhas Bank Complex Marine Protected Area is an offshore marine protected area on the continental shelf lying approximately 39 nautical miles southeast of Cape Agulhas off the Western Cape in the Exclusive Economic Zone of South Africa.
The iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area is a coastal and offshore marine protected area in KwaZulu-Natal from the South Africa-Mozambique border in the north to Cape St Lucia lighthouse in the south.
The Protea Banks Marine Protected Area is a marine conservation area on the continental shelf edge off the South Coast of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa.
The Southeast Atlantic Seamounts Marine Protected Area is an offshore conservation region in the exclusive economic zone of South Africa
The Goukamma Marine Protected Area is an inshore conservation region near Knysna in the Western Cape province in the territorial waters of South Africa
The Port Elizabeth Corals Marine Protected Area is an offshore conservation region south of Port Elizabeth in the exclusive economic zone of South Africa
The Agulhas Front Marine Protected Area is an offshore conservation region in the exclusive economic zone of South Africa.
The Amathole Offshore Marine Protected Area is an offshore conservation region, alongside the Amathole Marine Protected Area in the territorial waters of South Africa.
The uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area is an inshore and offshore conservation region in the territorial waters and exclusive economic zone of South Africa.
The Hluleka Marine Protected Area is an inshore conservation region in the territorial waters of the Eastern Cape province of South Africa
The Namaqua National Park Marine Protected Area is an inshore conservation region in Namaqualand in the Northern Cape province in the territorial waters of South Africa. It is closely associated with the Namaqua National Park, with which it has a common border and management.
The Pondoland Marine Protected Area is an inshore conservation region in the territorial waters of South Africa.
The Stilbaai Marine Protected Area is an inshore conservation region in the territorial waters near Stilbaai on the south coast of the Western Cape province of South Africa.
The Sardinia Bay Marine Protected Area is an inshore conservation region in the territorial waters of the Eastern Cape province, South Africa
The Amathole Marine Protected Area is an inshore conservation region in the territorial waters of South Africa, near East London on the coast of the Eastern Cape.
The Trafalgar Marine Protected Area is an inshore conservation region in the territorial waters of South Africa in kwaZulu-Natal, between Port Edward and Margate.
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