Lists of flowering plants of South Africa

Last updated October 28, 2024

The anthophytes are a grouping of plant taxa bearing flower-like reproductive structures. They were formerly thought to be a clade comprising plants bearing flower-like structures. The group contained the angiosperms - the extant flowering plants, such as roses and grasses - as well as the Gnetales and the extinct Bennettitales.^[1]

Detailed morphological and molecular studies have shown that the group is not actually monophyletic,^[2] with proposed floral homologies of the gnetophytes and the angiosperms having evolved in parallel.^[3] This makes it easier to reconcile molecular clock data that suggests that the angiosperms diverged from the gymnosperms around 300 million years ago.^[4]

Some more recent studies have used the word anthophyte to describe a group which includes the angiosperms and a variety of fossils (glossopterids, Pentoxylon , Bennettitales, and Caytonia ), but not the Gnetales.^[5]

23,420 species of vascular plant have been recorded in South Africa, making it the sixth most species-rich country in the world and the most species-rich country on the African continent. Of these, 153 species are considered to be threatened.^[6] Nine biomes have been described in South Africa: Fynbos, Succulent Karoo, desert, Nama Karoo, grassland, savanna, Albany thickets, the Indian Ocean coastal belt, and forests.^[7]

The 2018 South African National Biodiversity Institute's National Biodiversity Assessment plant checklist lists 35,130 taxa in the phyla Anthocerotophyta (hornworts (6)), Anthophyta (flowering plants (33534)), Bryophyta (mosses (685)), Cycadophyta (cycads (42)), Lycopodiophyta (Lycophytes(45)), Marchantiophyta (liverworts (376)), Pinophyta (conifers (33)), and Pteridophyta (cryptogams (408)).^[8]

Listing

The flowering plant diversity checklists include historical taxa recorded from the region, and the recognised taxa with which they are considered synonymous. Endemic, indigenous, and invasive taxa are labelled.

Acorales

List of Acorales of South Africa – Order: Acorales,

One family is represented:

Family:Acoraceae,^[8] (1 species)
- Acorus calamus L. not indigenous

Alismatales

List of Alismatales of South Africa – Order: Alismatales.

11 families are represented:^[8]

Apiales

List of Apiales of South Africa – Order: Apiales,

Two families are represented:^[8]

Aquifoliales

List of Aquifoliales of South Africa – Order: Aquifoliales,

One family is represented:

Family: Aquifoliaceae,^[8]
- Ilex crocea Thunb. accepted as Elaeodendron croceum (Thunb.) DC.
- Ilex mitis (L.) Radlk. indigenous
- Ilex mitis (L.) Radlk. var. mitis, indigenous

Arecales

List of Arecales of South Africa – Order: Arecales:

One family is represented:

Family: Arecaceae,^[8]
- Borassus aethiopum Mart. indigenous
- Hyphaene coriacea Gaertn. indigenous
- Hyphaene petersiana Klotzsch ex Mart. indigenous
- Jubaeopsis afra Becc. endemic
- Livistona chinensis (Jacq.) R.Br. ex Mart. not indigenous, cultivated
- Phoenix canariensis Chabaud, not indigenous, cultivated, invasive
- Phoenix reclinata Jacq. indigenous
- Raphia australis Oberm. & Strey, indigenous
- Washingtonia filifera (L.Linden) H.Wendl. not indigenous, cultivated
- Washingtonia robusta H.Wendl. not indigenous, cultivated, invasive

Asparagales

List of Asparagales of South Africa – Order: Asparagales,

14 families are represented:^[8]

Asterales

List of Asterales of South Africa – Order: Asterales,

Five families are represented:

Family: Asteraceae,^[8]
Family: Campanulaceae,^[8]
Family: Goodeniaceae,^[8]
Family: Lobeliaceae,^[8]
Family: Menyanthaceae,^[8]

Boraginales

List of Boraginales of South Africa – Order: Boraginales,

One family is represented:^[8]

Family: Boraginaceae

Brassicales

List of Brassicales of South Africa – Order: Brassicales,

Six families are represented:

Family: Brassicaceae,^[8]
Family: Capparaceae,^[8]
Family: Cleomaceae,^[8]
Family: Resedaceae,^[8]
Family: Salvadoraceae,^[8]
Family: Tropaeolaceae,^[8]

Bruniales

List of Bruniales of South Africa – Order: Bruniales,

One family is represented:

Family: Bruniaceae,^[8]

Buxales

List of Buxales of South Africa – Order: Buxales,

One family is represented:

Family: Buxaceae,^[8]
- Buxus macowanii Oliv. endemic
- Buxus natalensis (Oliv.) Hutch. endemic

Canellales

List of Canellales of South Africa – Order: Canellales,

One family is represented:

Family: Canellaceae,^[8]
- Warburgia salutaris (G.Bertol.) Chiov. indigenous

Caryophyllales

List of Caryophyllales of South Africa – Order: Caryophyllales,

21 families are represented:

Family: Aizoaceae,^[8]
Family: Amaranthaceae,^[8]
Family: Anacampserotaceae,^[8]
Family: Basellaceae,^[8]
Family: Cactaceae,^[8]
Family: Caryophyllaceae,^[8]
Family: Corbichoniaceae,^[8]
Family: Didiereaceae,^[8]
Family: Droseraceae,^[8]
Family: Frankeniaceae,^[8]
Family: Gisekiaceae,^[8]
Family: Kewaceae,^[8]
Family: Limeaceae,^[8]
Family: Lophiocarpaceae,^[8]
Family: Molluginaceae,^[8]
Family: Nyctaginaceae,^[8]
Family: Phytolaccaceae,^[8]
Family: Plumbaginaceae,^[8]
Family: Polygonaceae,^[8]
Family: Portulacaceae,^[8]
Family: Tamaricaceae,^[8]

Celastrales

List of Celastrales of South Africa – Order: Celastrales,

One family is represented:

Family: Celastraceae,^[8]

Ceratophyllales

List of Ceratophyllales of South Africa – Order: Ceratophyllales,

One family is represented:

Family: Ceratophyllaceae,^[8]

Ceratophyllum demersum L. indigenous
- Ceratophyllum demersum L. var. demersum, indigenous
- Ceratophyllum demersum L. var. demersum forma demersum, accepted as Ceratophyllum demersum L. var. demersum, present
Ceratophyllum muricatum Cham. indigenous
- Ceratophyllum muricatum Cham. subsp. muricatum, indigenous
Ceratophyllum submersum L. indigenous
- Ceratophyllum submersum L. subsp. muricatum (Cham.) Wilmot-Dear var. echinatum, accepted as Ceratophyllum muricatum Cham. subsp. muricatum, present
- Ceratophyllum submersum L. subsp. submersum var. submersum, indigenous

Commelinales

List of Commelinales of South Africa – Order: Commelinales,

Three families are represented:

Cornales

List of Cornales of South Africa – Order: Cornales,

Four families are represented:

Family: Curtisiaceae,^[8]
- Curtisia dentata (Burm.f.) C.A.Sm. indigenous
Family: Grubbiaceae,^[8]
- Grubbia rosmarinifolia P.J.Bergius, indigenous
  - Grubbia rosmarinifolia P.J.Bergius subsp. gracilis (T.M.Salter) Carlquist, endemic
  - Grubbia rosmarinifolia P.J.Bergius subsp. hirsuta (E.Mey. ex DC.) Carlquist, endemic
  - Grubbia rosmarinifolia P.J.Bergius subsp. rosmarinifolia var. pinifolia, endemic
  - Grubbia rosmarinifolia P.J.Bergius subsp. rosmarinifolia var. rosmarinifolia, endemic
- Grubbia rourkei Carlquist, endemic
- Grubbia tomentosa (Thunb.) Harms, endemic
Family: Hydrostachyaceae,^[8]
- Hydrostachys polymorpha Klotzsch ex A.Br. indigenous
Family: Loasaceae,^[8]
- Kissenia capensis Endl. indigenous

Crossosomatales

List of Crossosomatales of South Africa – Order: Crossosomatales,

Two families are represented:

Family: Aphloiaceae,^[8]
- Aphloia theiformis (Vahl) Benn. indigenous
Family: Geissolomataceae,^[8]
- Geissoloma marginatum (L.) Juss. endemic

Cucurbitales

List of Cucurbitales of South Africa – Order: Cucurbitales,

Two families are represented:

Family: Begoniaceae,^[8]
Family: Cucurbitaceae,^[8]

Dioscoreales

List of Dioscoreales of South Africa – Order: Dioscoreales,

Three families are represented:

Family: Burmanniaceae,^[8]
Family: Dioscoreaceae,^[8]
Family: Nartheciaceae,^[8]

Dipsacales

List of Dipsacales of South Africa – Order: Dipsacales,

Three families are represented:

Family: Caprifoliaceae,^[8]
Family: Dipsacaceae,^[8]
Family: Valerianaceae,^[8]

Ericales

List of Ericales of South Africa – Order: Ericales,

11 families are represented:

Family: Actinidiaceae,^[8]
Family: Balsaminaceae,^[8]
Family: Ebenaceae,^[8]
Family: Ericaceae,^[8]
Family: Lecythidaceae,^[8]
Family: Maesaceae,^[8]
Family: Myrsinaceae,^[8]
Family: Primulaceae,^[8]
Family: Roridulaceae,^[8]
Family: Sapotaceae,^[8]
Family: Theophrastaceae,^[8]

Escallionales

List of Escalloniales of South Africa – Order: Escalloniales,

One family is represented:

Family: Escalloniaceae,^[8]

Choristylis rhamnoides Harv., accepted as Itea rhamnoides (Harv.) Kubitzki, indigenous^[9]
Itea rhamnoides (Harv.) Kubitzki, indigenous

Fabales

List of Fabales of South Africa – Order: Fabales,

Two families are represented:

Family: Fabaceae,^[8]
Family: Polygalaceae,^[8]

Fagales

List of Fagales of South Africa – Order: Fagales,

Five families are represented:

Family: Betulaceae,^[8]
Family: Casuarinaceae,^[8]
Family: Fagaceae,^[8]
Family: Juglandaceae,^[8]
Family: Myricaceae,^[8]

Gentianales

List of Gentianales of South Africa – Order: Gentianales,

Five families are represented:

Family: Apocynaceae,^[8]
Family: Asclepiadaceae,^[8]
Family: Gentianaceae,^[8]
Family: Loganiaceae,^[8]
Family: Rubiaceae,^[8]

Geraniales

List of Geraniales of South Africa – Order: Geraniales,

Two families are represented:

Family: Geraniaceae,^[8]
Family: Melianthaceae,^[8]

Gunnerales

List of Gunnerales of South Africa – Order: Gunnerales,

Two families are represented:

Family: Gunneraceae,^[8]
- Gunnera perpensa L. indigenous
Family: Myrothamnaceae,^[8]
- Myrothamnus flabellifolius Welw. indigenous

Huerteales

List of Huerteales of South Africa – Order: Huerteales,

One family is represented:

Family: Gerrardinaceae,^[8]
- Genus Gerrardina
  - Gerrardina foliosa Oliv. indigenous

Icacinales

List of Icacinales of South Africa – Order: Icacinales,

One family is represented:

Family: Icacinaceae,^[8]
- Genus Apodytes
  - Apodytes abbottii Potgieter & A.E.van Wyk, endemic
  - Apodytes dimidiata E.Mey. ex Arn. indigenous
    - Apodytes dimidiata E.Mey. ex Arn. subsp. Dimidiata, indigenous
  - Apodytes geldenhuysii A.E.van Wyk & Potgieter, endemic
- Genus Cassinopsis
  - Cassinopsis ilicifolia (Hochst.) Kuntze, indigenous
  - Cassinopsis tinifolia Harv. indigenous
- Genus Pyrenacantha
  - Pyrenacantha grandiflora Baill. indigenous
  - Pyrenacantha kaurabassana Baill. indigenous
  - Pyrenacantha scandens Planch. ex Harv. indigenous

Lamiales

List of Lamiales of South Africa – Order: Lamiales,

15 families are represented:

Family: Acanthaceae,^[8]
Family: Bignoniaceae,^[8]
Family: Gesneriaceae,^[8]
Family: Lamiaceae,^[8]
Family: Lentibulariaceae,^[8]
Family: Linderniaceae,^[8]
Family: Martyniaceae,^[8]
Family: Oleaceae,^[8]
Family: Orobanchaceae,^[8]
Family: Paulowniaceae,^[8]
Family: Pedaliaceae,^[8]
Family: Plantaginaceae,^[8]
Family: Scrophulariaceae,^[8]
Family: Stilbaceae,^[8]
Family: Verbenaceae,^[8]

Laurales

List of Laurales of South Africa – Order: Laurales,

Two families are represented:

Family: Lauraceae,^[8]
- Genus Cassytha
  - Cassytha ciliolata Nees, indigenous
  - Cassytha filiformis L. indigenous
  - Cassytha pondoensis Engl. endemic
    - Cassytha pondoensis Engl. var. pondoensis, not indigenous, naturalised
- Genus Cinnamomum
  - Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl, indigenous
- Genus Cryptocarya
  - Cryptocarya angustifolia E.Mey. ex Meisn. endemic
  - Cryptocarya latifolia Sond. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
  - Cryptocarya liebertiana Engl. endemic
  - Cryptocarya myrtifolia Stapf, endemic
  - Cryptocarya transvaalensis Burtt Davy, indigenous
  - Cryptocarya woodii Engl. endemic
  - Cryptocarya wyliei Stapf, indigenous
- Genus Dahlgrenodendron
  - Dahlgrenodendron natalense (J.H.Ross) J.J.M.van der Merwe & A.E.van Wyk, indigenous
- Genus Gyrocarpus
  - Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq. endemic
    - Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq. subsp. africanus Kubitzki, endemic
- Genus Litsea
  - Litsea glutinos a (Lour.) C.B.Rob. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
  - Litsea sebifera Pers. not indigenous, naturalised
- Genus Ocotea
  - Ocotea bullata (Burch.) Baill. indigenous
  - Ocotea kenyensis (Chiov.) Robyns & R.Wilczek, indigenous
- Genus Persea
  - Persea americana Mill. not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised, invasive
Family: Monimiaceae,^[8]
- Genus Xymalos
  - Xymalos monospora (Harv.) Baill. indigenous

Liliales

List of Liliales of South Africa – Order: Liliales,

Five families are represented:

Family: Alstroemeriaceae,^[8]
Family: Colchicaceae,^[8]
Family: Liliaceae,^[8]
Family: Melanthiaceae,^[8]
Family: Smilacaceae,^[8]

Magnoliales

List of Magnoliales of South Africa – Order: Magnoliales,

One family is represented:

Family: Annonaceae,^[8]

Malpighiales

List of Malpighiales of South Africa – Order: Malpighiales,

20 families are represented:

Family: Achariaceae,^[8]
Family: Chrysobalanaceae,^[8]
Family: Clusiaceae,^[8]
Family: Dichapetalaceae,^[8]
Family: Elatinaceae,^[8]
Family: Erythroxylaceae,^[8]
Family: Euphorbiaceae,^[8]
Family: Hypericaceae,^[8]
Family: Linaceae,^[8]
Family: Malpighiaceae,^[8]
Family: Ochnaceae,^[8]
Family: Passifloraceae,^[8]
Family: Phyllanthaceae,^[8]
Family: Picrodendraceae,^[8]
Family: Podostemaceae,^[8]
Family: Putranjivaceae,^[8]
Family: Rhizophoraceae,^[8]
Family: Salicaceae,^[8]
Family: Turneraceae,^[8]
Family: Violaceae,^[8]

Malvales

List of Malvales of South Africa – Order: Malvales,

Six families are represented:

Family: Balanophoraceae,^[8]
Family: Cistaceae,^[8]
Family: Cytinaceae,^[8]
Family: Malvaceae,^[8]
Family: Neuradaceae,^[8]
Family: Thymelaeaceae,^[8]

Myrtales

List of Myrtales of South Africa – Order: Myrtales,

10 families are represented:

Family: Combretaceae,^[8]
Family: Heteropyxidaceae,^[8]
Family: Lythraceae,^[8]
Family: Melastomataceae,^[8]
Family: Memecylaceae,^[8]
Family: Myrtaceae,^[8]
Family: Oliniaceae,^[8]
Family: Onagraceae,^[8]
Family: Penaeaceae,^[8]
Family: Rhynchocalycaceae,^[8]

Nymphaeales

List of Nymphaeales of South Africa – Order: Nymphaeales,

Two families are represented:

Family: Cabombaceae,^[8]

Genus Brasenia
- Brasenia schreberi J.F.Gmel. indigenous

Family: Nymphaeaceae,^[8]

Genus Nymphaea
- Nymphaea lotus L. indigenous
- Nymphaea mexicana Zucc. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
- Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. indigenous
  - Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. var. caerulea (Savigny) Verdc. indigenous
  - Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. var. zanzibariensis (Casp.) Verdc. indigenous

Oxalidales

List of Oxalidales of South Africa – Order: Oxalidales,

Four families are represented:

Family: Connaraceae,^[8]
Family: Cunoniaceae,^[8]
Family: Elaeocarpaceae,^[8]
Family: Oxalidaceae,^[8]

Pandanales

List of Pandanales of South Africa – Order: Pandanales,

One family is represented:

Family: Velloziaceae,^[8]

Piperales

List of Piperales of South Africa – Order: Piperales,

Four families are represented:

Family: Aristolochiaceae,^[8]

Genus Aristolochia
- Aristolochia elegans Mast. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive

Family: Hydnoraceae,^[8]

Genus Hydnora
- Hydnora abyssinica A.Br. indigenous
- Hydnora africana Thunb. indigenous
- Hydnora johannis Becc. var. johannis accepted as Hydnora abyssinica A.Br. present
- Hydnora triceps Drege & E.Mey. indigenous
- Hydnora visseri Bolin, E.Maass & Musselman, indigenous

Family: Piperaceae,^[8]

Genus Peperomia
- Peperomia blanda (Jacq.) Kunth, indigenous
  - Peperomia blanda (Jacq.) Kunth var. leptostachya (Hook. & Arn.) Dull, accepted as Peperomia blanda (Jacq.) Kunth, present
- Peperomia retusa (L.f.) A.Dietr. indigenous
  - Peperomia retusa (L.f.) A.Dietr. var. bachmannii (C.DC.) Dull, indigenous
  - Peperomia retusa (L.f.) A.Dietr. var. retusa, indigenous
- Peperomia rotundifolia (L.) Kunth, indigenous
- Peperomia tetraphylla (G.Forst.) Hook. & Arn. indigenous
Genus Piper
- Piper capense L.f. var. capense, indigenous

Family: Saururaceae,^[8]

Genus Houttuynia
- Houttuynia cordata Thunb. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive

Poales

List of Poales of South Africa – Order: Poales,

10 families are represented:

Family: Bromeliaceae,^[8]
Family: Cyperaceae,^[8]
Family: Eriocaulaceae,^[8]
Family: Flagellariaceae,^[8]
Family: Juncaceae,^[8]
Family: Poaceae,^[8]
Family: Restionaceae,^[8]
Family: Thurniaceae,^[8]
Family: Typhaceae,^[8]
Family: Xyridaceae,^[8]

Proteales

List of Proteales of South Africa – Order: Proteales,

Two families are represented:

Family: Platanaceae,^[8]
Family: Proteaceae,^[8]

Ranunculales

List of Ranunculales of South Africa – Order: Ranunculales,

Five families are represented:

Family: Berberidaceae,^[8]
Family: Fumariaceae,^[8]
Family: Menispermaceae,^[8]
Family: Papaveraceae,^[8]
Family: Ranunculaceae,^[8]

Rosales

List of Rosales of South Africa – Order: Rosales,

Six families are represented:

Family: Cannabaceae,^[8]
Family: Moraceae,^[8]
Family: Rhamnaceae,^[8]
Family: Rosaceae,^[8]
Family: Ulmaceae,^[8]
Family: Urticaceae,^[8]

Santalales

List of Santalales of South Africa – Order: Santalales,

Three families are represented:

Family: Loranthaceae,^[8]
Family: Olacaceae,^[8]
Family: Santalaceae,^[8]

Sapindales

List of Sapindales of South Africa – Order: Sapindales,

Eight families are represented:

Family: Anacardiaceae,^[8]
Family: Burseraceae,^[8]
Family: Kirkiaceae,^[8]
Family: Meliaceae,^[8]
Family: Peganaceae,^[8]
Family: Rutaceae,^[8]
Family: Sapindaceae,^[8]
Family: Simaroubaceae,^[8]

Saxifragales

List of Saxifragales of South Africa – Order: Saxifragales,

Four families are represented:

Family: Altingiaceae,^[8]
Family: Crassulaceae,^[8]
Family: Haloragaceae,^[8]
Family: Hamamelidaceae,^[8]

Solanales

List of Solanales of South Africa – Order: Solanales,

Four families are represented:

Family: Convolvulaceae,^[8]
Family: Montiniaceae,^[8]
Family: Solanaceae,^[8]
Family: Sphenocleaceae,^[8]

Vahliales

List of Vahliales of South Africa – Order: Vahliales,

One family is represented:

Family: Vahliaceae,^[8]

Genus Vahlia
- Vahlia capensis (L.f.) Thunb. indigenous
  - Vahlia capensis (L.f.) Thunb. subsp. capensis, indigenous
  - Vahlia capensis (L.f.) Thunb. subsp. ellipticifolia Bridson, indigenous
  - Vahlia capensis (L.f.) Thunb. subsp. vulgaris Bridson var. latifolia, endemic
  - Vahlia capensis (L.f.) Thunb. subsp. vulgaris Bridson var. linearis, indigenous
  - Vahlia capensis (L.f.) Thunb. subsp. vulgaris Bridson var. longifolia, indigenous
  - Vahlia capensis (L.f.) Thunb. subsp. vulgaris Bridson var. vulgaris, indigenous

Vitales

List of Vitales of South Africa – Order: Vitales,

One family is represented:

Family: Vitaceae,^[8]

Zingiberales

List of Zingiberales of South Africa – Order: Zingiberales,

Five families are represented:

Family: Cannaceae,^[8]

Genus Canna
- Canna edulis Ker Gawl. accepted as Canna indica L. not indigenous, naturalised
- Canna flaccida Salisb. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
- Canna glauca L. not indigenous, naturalised
- Canna indica L. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
- Canna x generalis L.H.Bailey, not indigenous, naturalised, invasive

Family: Marantaceae,^[8]

Genus Maranta
- Maranta leuconeura E.Morren, not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised

Family: Musaceae,^[8]

Genus Ensete
- Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman, indigenous

Family: Strelitziaceae,^[8]

Genus Strelitzia
- Strelitzia alba (L.f.) Skeels, endemic
- Strelitzia caudata R.A.Dyer, indigenous
- Strelitzia juncea (Ker Gawl.) Link, endemic
- Strelitzia nicolai Regel & Korn. indigenous
- Strelitzia parvifolia W.T.Aiton var. juncea Ker Gawl. accepted as Strelitzia juncea (Ker Gawl.) Link, indigenous
- Strelitzia reginae Banks, indigenous
  - Strelitzia reginae Banks subsp. mzimvubuensis Van Jaarsv. indigenous
  - Strelitzia reginae Banks subsp. reginae, indigenous
  - Strelitzia reginae Banks var. juncea (Ker Gawl.) H.E.Moore Strelitzia juncea (Ker Gawl.) Link, indigenous

Family: Zingiberaceae,^[8]

Genus Alpinia
- Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm., not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
Genus Hedychium
- Hedychium coccineum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm., not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised, invasive
- Hedychium coronarium J.Konig, not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
- Hedychium flavescens Roscoe, not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
- Hedychium gardnerianum Ker Gawl., not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
Genus Siphonochilus
- Siphonochilus aethiopicus (Schweinf.) B.L.Burtt, indigenous
- Siphonochilus natalensis (Schltr. & K.Schum.) J.M.Wood & Franks, accepted as Siphonochilus aethiopicus (Schweinf.) B.L.Burtt, present

Zygophyllales

List of Zygophyllales of South Africa – Order: Zygophyllales,

One family is represented:

Family: Zygophyllaceae,^[8]

References

↑ Doyle, J. A.; Donoghue, M. J. (1986). "Seed plant phylogeny and the origin of the angiosperms - an experimental cladistic approach". Botanical Review. 52 (4): 321–431. doi:10.1007/bf02861082. S2CID 44844947.
↑ Coiro, Mario; Chomicki, Guillaume; Doyle, James A. (August 2018). "Experimental signal dissection and method sensitivity analyses reaffirm the potential of fossils and morphology in the resolution of the relationship of angiosperms and Gnetales". Paleobiology. 44 (3): 490–510. doi:10.1017/pab.2018.23. ISSN 0094-8373. S2CID 91488394.
↑ Crepet, W. L. (2000). "Progress in understanding angiosperm history, success, and relationships: Darwin's abominably "perplexing phenomenon"". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (24): 12939–41. Bibcode:2000PNAS...9712939C. doi: 10.1073/pnas.97.24.12939 . PMC 34068 . PMID 11087846.
↑ Nam J.; et al. (2003). "Antiquity and Evolution of the MADS-Box Gene Family Controlling Flower Development in Plants". Mol. Biol. Evol. 20 (9): 1435–1447. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msg152 . PMID 12777513.
↑ Soltis, D. E.; Bell, CD; Kim, S; Soltis, PS (June 2008). "The Year in Evolutionary Biology 2008". Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1133 (1): 3–25. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.463.7533 . doi:10.1196/annals.1438.005. PMID 18559813. S2CID 17688086. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009.
↑ Butler, Rhett A. (1 July 2019). "Total number of plant species by country". Mongabay. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
↑ "Vegetation of South Africa". PlantZAfrica.com. SA National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
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↑ Mucina, L. (2018). "Classifying Subtropical Forests of South Africa: Data Sources and Methods". Vegetation Survey and Classification of Subtropical Forests of Southern Africa. Geobotany Studies. Springer, Cham. pp. 7–46. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67831-3_2. ISBN 978-3-319-67830-6. Nomenclature crosswalk between names used in Mucina et al. (2007) report and the current book. This crosswalk captures nomenclature changes during the period 2007–2017 in South African taxonomic literature. Current name = name in Mucina et al. (2007) Itea rhamnoides = Choristylis rhamnoides

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[Doyle_and_Donoghue_1986-1] Doyle, J. A.; Donoghue, M. J. (1986). "Seed plant phylogeny and the origin of the angiosperms - an experimental cladistic approach". Botanical Review. 52 (4): 321–431. doi:10.1007/bf02861082. S2CID 44844947.

[Coiro_et_al-2] Coiro, Mario; Chomicki, Guillaume; Doyle, James A. (August 2018). "Experimental signal dissection and method sensitivity analyses reaffirm the potential of fossils and morphology in the resolution of the relationship of angiosperms and Gnetales". Paleobiology. 44 (3): 490–510. doi:10.1017/pab.2018.23. ISSN 0094-8373. S2CID 91488394.

[Crepet2000-3] Crepet, W. L. (2000). "Progress in understanding angiosperm history, success, and relationships: Darwin's abominably "perplexing phenomenon"". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (24): 12939–41. Bibcode:2000PNAS...9712939C. doi: 10.1073/pnas.97.24.12939 . PMC 34068 . PMID 11087846.

[Nam2003-4] Nam J.; et al. (2003). "Antiquity and Evolution of the MADS-Box Gene Family Controlling Flower Development in Plants". Mol. Biol. Evol. 20 (9): 1435–1447. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msg152 . PMID 12777513.

[Soltis_et_al_2008-5] Soltis, D. E.; Bell, CD; Kim, S; Soltis, PS (June 2008). "The Year in Evolutionary Biology 2008". Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1133 (1): 3–25. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.463.7533 . doi:10.1196/annals.1438.005. PMID 18559813. S2CID 17688086. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009.

[Butler_2019-6] Butler, Rhett A. (1 July 2019). "Total number of plant species by country". Mongabay. Retrieved 21 July 2019.

[PlantZAfrica-7] "Vegetation of South Africa". PlantZAfrica.com. SA National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 24 July 2019.

[Plants_2018-8] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 "species_checklist_20180710.csv". South African National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 27 September 2020.

[9] Mucina, L. (2018). "Classifying Subtropical Forests of South Africa: Data Sources and Methods". Vegetation Survey and Classification of Subtropical Forests of Southern Africa. Geobotany Studies. Springer, Cham. pp. 7–46. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67831-3_2. ISBN 978-3-319-67830-6. Nomenclature crosswalk between names used in Mucina et al. (2007) report and the current book. This crosswalk captures nomenclature changes during the period 2007–2017 in South African taxonomic literature. Current name = name in Mucina et al. (2007) Itea rhamnoides = Choristylis rhamnoides

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Lists of flowering plants of South Africa

Contents

Listing

Acorales

Alismatales

Apiales

Aquifoliales

Arecales

Asparagales

Asterales

Boraginales

Brassicales

Bruniales

Buxales

Canellales

Caryophyllales

Celastrales

Ceratophyllales

Commelinales

Cornales

Crossosomatales

Cucurbitales

Dioscoreales

Dipsacales

Ericales

Escallionales

Fabales

Fagales

Gentianales

Geraniales

Gunnerales

Huerteales

Icacinales

Lamiales

Laurales

Liliales

Magnoliales

Malpighiales

Malvales

Myrtales

Nymphaeales

Oxalidales

Pandanales

Piperales

Poales

Proteales

Ranunculales

Rosales

Santalales

Sapindales

Saxifragales

Solanales

Vahliales

Vitales

Zingiberales

Zygophyllales

See also

References