East Aleppo offensive (2024–present)

Last updated

East Aleppo offensive
Part of Syrian civil war, the Turkish offensive in northern Syria (2024–present) and Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war
Operation Dawn of Freedom.jpg

Territorial control in Manbij
Date23 December 2024 – present
(1 month, 4 weeks and 2 days)
Location
East Aleppo Governorate, Syria
Status

Ongoing

Territorial
changes		 SDF secures the Tishrin Dam and captures several villages southeast of Manbij [2]
Belligerents
De facto SA-NES Flag.svg  Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg Syrian National Army
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey [3]
Commanders and leaders
De facto SA-NES Flag.svg Salih Muslim Muhammad
Flag of Syrian Democratic Forces.svg Mazlum Abdi
Flag of Syrian Democratic Forces.svg Ferhad Şamî
Infobox Manbij Military Council flag.png Shervan Derwish
Infobox Manbij Military Council flag.png Dilsuz Hashme
Mohammed Raouf
People's Protection Units Flag.svg Nuri Mahmoud
People's Protection Units Flag.svg Polat Can
YPJ Flag.svg Nesrin Abdullah 		Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg Abdurrahman Mustafa
Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg Fadlallah al-Haji
Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg Adnan al-Ahmad
Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg Abu Amsha [4]
Sultan Murat Tumeni Flag.svg Munir Hajak  † [5]
Sultan Murat Tumeni Flag.svg Ahmed Othman
Flag of Turkish Land Forces Command.svg Selçuk Bayraktaroğlu
Flag of Turkish Land Forces Command.svg Metin Gürak
Flag of Turkish Air Force Command.svg Ziya Cemal Kadıoğlu
Units involved
Casualties and losses
Per SOHR:
Flag of Syrian Democratic Forces.svg 104 killed (since 12 December 2024) [9] [10] [11]
Flag of Syrian Democratic Forces.svg Dozens wounded [9] [12] [13] [14]
SDF claim:
Flag of Syrian Democratic Forces.svg 88 killed (as of 13 January 2025) [15] [16] 		Per SOHR:
Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg 465 killed (since 12 December 2024) [17]
Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg Dozens wounded [18] [19] [20]
Flag of Turkey.svg 5 killed, 7 injured [21] [22] [23] [24]
Flag of Turkey.svg 5 Turkish drones
(2 Bayraktar TB2 drones destroyed [25] [26]
3 unidentified drones destroyed) [27] [28]
Flag of Turkey.svg 1 radar system destroyed [20]
SDF claim:
Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg 324 killed [15] [29] [30] [31]
Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg Dozens wounded [32]
Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg 25+ vehicles destroyed [33]
Syrian revolution flag.svg 40+ armored vehicles and 8 tanks destroyed, 2 tanks seized [a]
Flag of Turkey.svg 2 radar jamming systems destroyed [37]
Flag of Turkey.svg 3 Bayraktar TB2 destroyed [15]
Flag of Turkey.svg 1 TAI Anka and 1 TAI Aksungur destroyed [15]
Flag of Turkey.svg 2 T-155 Fırtına destroyed [50] [51]
56 civilians killed (since 12 December 2024) [52]

The East Aleppo offensive is an operation launched by the US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) in December 2024 against the Turkey-backed Syrian National Army (SNA) to regain control of territory that was lost during the Manbij offensive and to advance from Dayr Hafir into the Tishrin Dam area. [53] [54] The fighting takes place in the context of the Turkish offensive in northern Syria and is part of the longer term conflict between Turkey (and its local allies) and the Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (DAANES), occurring in the aftermath of the fall of the Assad regime.

Contents

Background

Following the SNA capture of Manbij city on 11 December, a temporary ceasefire agreement in the region was reached between the SNA and SDF through U.S. mediation. [55] However, military activities did not cease, which eventually resulted in fighting in the Kobani countryside. In addition, the SNA refused the evacuation of SDF fighters or civilians from Manbij, executed captured SDF soldiers and attempted offensive operations against the SDF, resulting in fighting near the Tishrin Dam. [56] [57] [58] The following week, the SNA stated that they ended the US-brokered ceasefire with the SDF. [59] Turkey stated that the ceasefire did not exist. [60]

The offensive comes around the same time in which several Syrian rebel factions agreed with de facto leader Ahmed al-Sharaa to dissolve their groups and to fall under the country's new Ministry of Defense. The SDF did not participate in this meeting in Damascus. [61]

Offensive

The Manbij Military Council of the SDF initiated an offensive against the Syrian National Army near the Tishrin Dam on 23 December 2024. [62] The SDF managed to take control over several villages south east of Manbij. [63] [64]

The following day, SDF started assaults in two different directions. At the Dayr Hafir front, the SDF advanced from the Jirah Military Airbase along the west bank of the Euphrates where they took control of the Babiri water pumping station, five kilometres south of the town of Al-Khafsah and advanced from the Tishrin Dam into the Abu Qalqal district. Further north, fighting also started around the Qarah Qawzak bridge. A spokesperson of the Women's Protection Units (YPJ) stated that its fighters were located just over 11 kilometers (7 miles) away from the center of Manbij city. [65] [66] On 26 December, the SDF spokesperson Ferhad Şamî made a statement at the Tishrin Dam confirming SDF control over the area. [67] [68] The next morning, fighting reached the surroundings of the Najm castle. [69]

Between 27 and 31 December, the clashes continued mainly in the Abu Qalqal direction, where the SDF claimed to have captured three villages west of the Tishrin Dam. [70] During the fighting, the SDF claimed to have killed Abu Fayez, the commander of the SNA-affiliated North Commando Brigade. [71] The SDF also expressed concerns that the Turkish Armed Forces are establishing two military bases in the Manbij countryside. [72] The Deputy Press Secretary of the Pentagon, Sabrina Singh, stated during a press briefing that the US-brokered ceasefire around the city of Manbij is "still holding" despite the concurrent fighting. [73]

In early January 2025, both sides attacked each other with drone strikes, including a Turkish drone strike targeting the sugar factory in Dayr Hafir. [74] [75] The SNA, backed by Turkish artillery, launched an attack on Khirbet Zamalah south of the Tishrin dam. [76] [77] The SDF on their part managed to down a Turkish Bayraktar TB2 drone in the southern Kobani countryside. [78] Continued clashes between SDF and SNA forces occurred west of the Tishrin dam and further north near the Qarah Qawzak bridge. At least 50 SNA and 12 SDF fighters were killed in the clashes. [79] [80] The Institute for the Study of War (ISW) assessed that the SDF may seek to link-up their forces with these two advances to strengthen supply lines. [81] Local media reported at the time that the US was building bases near the city of Kobane [82] [83] though the reports have been denied by the Pentagon. [84] On 4 January, clashes continued in the vicinity of Sad Teshrin and Jisr Qarqozak, leaving 20 SNA and 11 SDF fighters dead. [5] In the Dayr Hafir direction, the SNA reportedly managed to outflank the most southern advance of the SDF seizing a couple of villages south of Maskanah. [85] Meanwhile, the first talks between the new Syrian government and the SDF emerged in Damascus. [86] The SNA began bringing in reinforcements towards the Tishrin direction on 8 January and additionally redeployed to other SNA-SDF frontlines suggesting a potential offensive against the SDF from the "Peace Spring" area. [87] Turkish Foreign Minister, Hakan Fidan, threatened to launch a military operation against the Kurdish forces in northern Syria if the YPG does not abandon Syria. [88]

Between 9 and 18 January the SNA continued to press the SDF bridgehead at the Tishrin Dam retaking two hills northwest of it. [89] On the southern side of the salient fighting took place in the villages of Atshana and Khirbet Zamalah. [90] Over 70 SNA and 14 SDF fighters were reportedly killed during the clashes. [91] [92] [93] Moreover, fighting continued to take place at both the Tishrin axis aswell as the Qarah Qawzak bridge area. [94] [95] The Sultan Suleiman Shah Brigade was reportedly seen firing artillery towards SDF positions near Tishrin on 22 January. [8] Towards the end of January, battles took place around the villages of Abu Qalqal, Tel Arish, and Najm. The SDF launched drone attacks on SNA positions, destroying a radar system and military vehicles. Amid the clashes, a YPJ commander succumbed to injuries sustained in battles near Tishrin Dam. [96] [97] Turkish aircraft conducted airstrikes on SDF positions near Dayr Hafir and the Qarah Qawzak bridge area. [98]

By the beginning of February, movement along the frontlines largely stalled with continuous positional battles taking place at the directions of Qarah Qawzak, Tishrin and Dayr Hafir. [99] In the city of Manbij, a car bomb was detonated killing at least 20 people, most of them women who were all agricultural workers. [100] Both parties blamed each other for conducting the attack. [101] Shortly after, Syria's presidency made a statement in which they vowed to punish those who are responsible. [102]

On 10 February, four SDF fighters were killed by Turkish airstrike on military positions of Kara Kozak Bridge. [103]

On 11 February, seven SDF fighters were killed in clashes around Tişrin Dam. [103]

On 15 February, a SDF member was killed and two others wounded in a Turkish airstrike on Raqqah Countryside. [11] On the same day, a journalist was killed in a Turkish airstrike near Tişrin Dam. [52]

On 17 February, SDF announced death of seven SDF fighters. [16]

On 20 February, two SDF fighters were killed and three others wounded in a Turkish airstrike near Tişrin Dam. [9]

On 21 February, two SDF fighters were killed by landmine explosion in Ain-al Arab countryside. [10]

Talks

HTS–SDF

In January 2025, talks started between the new HTS-led Syrian government and the Syrian Democratic Forces in Damascus. The focus of the negotiations was to settle the Kurdish forces into the new administration and to resolve the conflict with the SNA. SDF commander Mazloum Abdi has said that one of his central demands is a decentralised administration, in which he proposed to integrate the SDF with the new Defence Ministry, but as "a military bloc" without dissolving the group. This proposal was rejected by Syria's new defence minister Murhaf Abu Qasra stating that such a bloc "is not right". [104] Abu Qasra expressed his desire to finish the integration process by 1 March. [105] At the same time he did not rule out the use of force should the negotiations fail. [106]

On 29 January, HTS leader Ahmed al-Sharaa was appointed as the interim Syrian president. The spokesperson of Syria's military operations, Hassan Abdel Ghani, announced on state media the dissolution of all armed factions in the country, which includes the SNA and al-Sharaa's own HTS. [107] In his first interview as president, Al-Sharaa told reporters of The Economist that he opposes a federal system in Syria. Moreover, Al-Sharaa said that Turkey was planning to launch a full-fledged operation in the north against the Kurdish forces, but he asked them to wait in order to give space for negotiations to reach an agreement with the SDF. [108]

Turkey–United States

Parallel talks are taking place between officials of NATO allies Turkey and the United States. Turkey has had ties with HTS, supporting the group in their fight against the Syrian Arab Republic, while the SDF has been a close ally of the United States during their fight against ISIL. The biggest concern on both sides is that failure to reach an agreement will prolong the 13-year civil war. [109] UN Envoy Geir Pedersen stated that he hoped the warring parties would take their time for a diplomatic solution "so that this does not end in a full military confrontation". He also said that Ankara and Washington have a key role in supporting this effort. [110]

Newly appointed Secretary of State Marco Rubio reaffirmed U.S. support to the Kurdish forces in Syria during his confirmation hearing. [111] Shortly after assuming office, Rubio held his first call with Turkish Foreign Minister, Hakan Fidan, in which he “highlighted the need for an inclusive transition in Syria”. [112] [113] Fidan in return emphasised during a meeting with the Iraqi Foreign Minister, Fuad Hussein, his call for the Kurdish YPG to disband from northeastern Syria. Turkey views the YPG as an extension of the PKK, which is widely regarded as a terrorist organization. [114]

Civilian casualties and war crimes

Tishrin Dam protests

On 8 January, residents from Al-Hasakah city headed towards the Tishrin Dam to participate in a sit-in protest in support of the SDF and against Turkish attacks in the region. [115] [116] The civilian convoy was attacked by a drone coming from SNA controlled areas, killing 5 civilians and injuring 15 others. [117] [118]

Protests at the Tishrin Dam have continued on a daily basis since then, and protestors have come under frequent bombardment by Turkish and SNA forces. [119] The attacks have killed 24 civilians and injured over 200 others. [120] The strikes have destroyed 4 ambulances, killed 3 paramedics, and injured 8 journalists. [120] [121] These attacks raised broad demonstrations across AANES controlled areas in northeastern Syria condemning the attacks against civilians. [122] [123]

An airstrike on 18 January led to the death of famous Kurdish comedian Bavê Teyar. [124] A week later, on 26 January, Turkish drones continued to harass the civilian rally, leaving two civilians dead and 10 injured. [125]

Hiba Zayadin, Senior Middle East and North Africa researcher at Human Rights Watch, stated that the SNA and Turkey "appear to be celebrating" these attacks on unarmed civilians. [126]

Other areas

On 28 January, a Turkish airstrike hit a public market in the town of Sarrin, resulting in the deaths of 13 civilians and injuries to 20 others, including women and four children. [127] [128]

Human Rights Watch has called out various atrocities committed by the SNA and Turkey, including the targeting of an ambulance carrying injured civilians, which it described as a "war crime" stating that “striking an ambulance carrying wounded civilians on an open road is unlikely to be an accident.” [126] On 29 January, a Turkish air strike resulted in the deaths of three civilians and seven injuries in Kobani (Ayn Al Arab). [129]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 1 tank and 2 armored vehicles destroyed, [34] 2 tanks seized and 1 armored vehicle destroyed, [35] 1 armored vehicle destroyed, [36] 1 armored vehicle destroyed, [37] 1 armored vehicle destroyed, [38] 1 BMB destroyed and 1 tank disabled [39] 1 tank and 6 armored vehicles destroyed, [40] 1 armored vehicle destroyed, [41] 2 APCs and 1 armored vehicle destroyed, [42] 1 tank destroyed and several BMBs damaged, [43] 3 armored vehicles, 1 APC and 1 BMB destroyed, [44] 5 armored vehicles destroyed [45] 16 vehicles including 3 tanks destroyed, [46] 3 tanks and 5 vehicles destroyed, [47] 4 armored vehicles destroyed, [48] 1 tank destroyed [49]

References

  1. ↑ "Manbij Council fighters repel Turkish occupation attacks on Tishrin villages". Hawar News Agency. Hawar News Agency. 28 December 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  2. ↑ Kishore, Siddhant; Moorman, Carolyn; Braverman, Alexandra; Parry, Andie; Reddy, Ria; Campa, Kelly; Rezaei, Ben; Borens, Avery; Carter, Brian (26 December 2024). "Iran Update, December 26, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  3. ↑ "Manbij | Exchange of bombardment between SDF and Turkish forces leaves several civilians injured". SOHR. 28 December 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  4. ↑ "Suleiman Shah Brigade". counterextremism.com. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
  5. 1 2 3 "Military escalation | 28 members of "SDF" and Turkish-backed factions including a commander of "Al-Sultan Murad" kil*led and injured in Aleppo". SOHR . 4 January 2025.
  6. ↑ "Tabqa Military Council Forces Countering the Turkish Occupation Attacks in Maskana". SDF Press. 7 December 2024. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
  7. ↑ Braverman, Alexandra; Reddy, Ria; Moorman, Carolyn; Moore, Johanna; Rezaei, Ben; Borens, Avery; Carl, Nicholas (31 January 2025). "Iran Update, January 31, 2025". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 31 January 2025.
  8. 1 2 Kishore, Siddhant; Moorman, Carolyn; Braverman, Alexandra; Reddy, Ria; Parry, Andie; Moore, Johanna; Rezaei, Ben; Wells, Katherine; Borens, Avery; Carter, Brian (22 January 2025). "Iran Update, January 22, 2025". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 24 January 2025.
  9. 1 2 3 "Killing and injuring five fighters | Turkish fighter jets attack SDF position in Aleppo countryside". SOHR . 20 February 2025.
  10. 1 2 "Old ordnance | Two members of "SDF" died in explosion of landmine in Ain Al-Arab (Kobani)". SOHR . 21 February 2025.
  11. 1 2 "New attack | Turkish drone attacks truck of Essential Protection Forces, leaving three members dead and injured in Al-Raqqah countryside". SOHR . 15 February 2025.
  12. ↑ "Military escalation | Turkish drone attacks vehicle in eastern Tishreen dam and house in Sarrin town in Ain Al-Arab countryside". SOHR . 5 January 2025.
  13. ↑ "Renewed clashes | Fierce clashes between SDF and Turkish-backed factions on Teshreen dam frontline leave four combatants dead and wounded". SOHR . 7 January 2025.
  14. ↑ "Ground and aerial escalation | Ten members of "Al-Asayish" killed and injured on a checkpoint in Aleppo". SOHR . 31 December 2024.
  15. 1 2 3 4 "Over Course of 38 Days: What Are the Official Statistics of Battles in NE Syria?". Hawar News. 15 January 2025. Retrieved 9 February 2025.
  16. 1 2 "7 SDF members were killed". Hawar News Agency . 17 February 2025.
  17. ↑ "Leaving casualties Exchange of attacks between SDF and "National Army" factions in eastern Aleppo". SOHR . 15 February 2025.
  18. ↑ "After getting lost - Four members of "National Army" kil*led and injured in Aleppo". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 27 January 2025. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
  19. ↑ "Military escalation - 20 Turkish-backed militiamen killed and wounded in attacks on Qarquzaq bridge frontline". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 27 January 2025. Retrieved 8 February 2025.
  20. 1 2 "Amid renewal of Turkish airstrikes on eastern Aleppo - 17 people, including female leader of SDF, killed and injured". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 25 January 2025. Retrieved 8 February 2025.
  21. ↑ "Ongoing escalation Two Turkish soldiers killed and military site destroyed in SDF attack on Qarra Quzaq frontline". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. 13 January 2025.
  22. ↑ "Affected by wounds - Turkish soldier di*es after attack by SDF in Al-Hasakah". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. 27 January 2025.
  23. ↑ "Exchange of attacks - Turkish officer kil*led and two others injured in attack by SDF on Turkish base in northwestern Al-Hasakah". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 29 January 2025. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
  24. ↑ "New attack by SDF Non-commissioned officer of Turkish forces kil*led in Manbij countryside". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 12 February 2025. Retrieved 12 February 2025.
  25. ↑ "While flying over Qarrah Qarquzaq bridge: SDF shoot down Turkish drone in southern Ain Al-Arab (Kobani)". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. Retrieved 2 January 2025.
  26. ↑ "Ongoing clashes | "SDF" shoots Turkish drone "Bayraktar" down near Teshrin Dam in Manbij". The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. 7 January 2025. Retrieved 17 January 2025.
  27. ↑ "Military escalation | SDF shoot down Turkish drone over western Ain Al-Arab countryside - The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights". 21 February 2025.
  28. ↑ "Aleppo | SDF shoot down two Turkish drones near Teshreen dam and Deir Hafer - The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights". 20 February 2025.
  29. ↑ "16 military vehicles of Turkish mercenaries destroyed, including 3 tanks, southeast of Manbij and north of Tishrin Dam". Hawar News Agency. Hawar News Agency. 28 December 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  30. ↑ "In a Qualitative Operation by Our Forces, Dozens of Mercenaries Eliminated and Injured Including Turkish Occupation Soldiers". SDF Press. Syrian Democratic Forces. 1 January 2025. Retrieved 1 January 2025.
  31. ↑ "Dozens of Turkish occupation mercenaries eliminated and wounded, and several tanks and military vehicles destroyed in Tishreen Dam and Deir Hafer". SDF Press. Syrian Democratic Forces. 1 January 2025. Retrieved 1 January 2025.
  32. ↑ "Heavy casualties reported among Turkish-backed fighters in Manbij, Dayr Hafir clashes". Kurdistan 24. 4 January 2025. Retrieved 5 January 2025.
  33. ↑ "Violent clashes in south-east Manbij, destroying many vehicles". Hawar News Agency. Retrieved 2 January 2025.
  34. ↑ "On the 13th day of clashes in the vicinity of Tishreen Dam: 35 Turkish mercenaries Eliminated". SDF Press . 21 December 2025. Retrieved 31 January 2025.
  35. ↑ "Our Forces Repel the Attack of Turkish Occupation Mercenaries in Manbij Eastern Countryside". SDF Press . 24 December 2025. Retrieved 31 January 2025.
  36. ↑ "12 Turkish occupation mercenaries were eliminated during clashes in the southeastern countryside of Manbij". SDF Press . 26 December 2025. Retrieved 31 January 2025.
  37. 1 2 "Destruction of 2 radar jamming system and armored vehicles of Turkish occupation". Hawar News Agency. 30 December 2025. Retrieved 2 January 2025.
  38. ↑ "Turkish occupation armored vehicle destroyed east of Manbij". Hawar News Agency . 2 January 2025. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
  39. ↑ "MMC blows up BMB tank of Turkish occupation mercenaries in Manbij". Hawar News Agency . 2 January 2025. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
  40. ↑ "SDF destroys tank, military vehicles in response to Turkish mercenaries' attacks". Hawar News Agency . 2 January 2025. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
  41. ↑ "Moment armored vehicle destroyed by Turkish occupation mercenaries in Manbij". Hawar News Agency . 5 January 2025. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
  42. ↑ "Tishreen Dam Resistance - Our Forces Thwart All the Attacks of the Turkish Occupation Mercenaries, Eliminating and Wounding Many of Them". SDF Press . 7 January 2025. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
  43. ↑ "Our Forces Repel the Attacks of the Turkish Occupation and its Mercenaries on Southeastern Manbij, Eliminating Dozens of Mercenaries and Wounding Others". SDF Press . 8 January 2025. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
  44. ↑ "Our Forces Destroy the Mercenaries' Vehicles, Eliminating and Wounding Dozens of Mercenaries Southeast of Manbij". SDF Press . 13 January 2025. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
  45. ↑ "The Outcome of Monday's Clashes and Battles on the Fronts North of Tishreen Dam and Qara Qwzaq Bridge". SDF Press . 14 January 2025. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
  46. ↑ "16 military vehicles of Turkish mercenaries destroyed, including 3 tanks southeast of Manbij and north of Tishrin Dam". Hawar News Agency . 15 January 2025. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
  47. ↑ "Dozens of Turkish occupation mercenaries eliminated and wounded, and several tanks and military vehicles destroyed in Tishreen Dam and Deir Hafer". SDF Press . 20 January 2025. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
  48. ↑ "Several Mercenaries Eliminated and their Vehicles Destroyed on the Fronts of Tishreen Dam and Deir Hafer". SDF Press . 21 January 2025. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
  49. ↑ "The Outcome of our Legitimate Response to Attacks of the Turkish Occupation and its Mercenaries on January 27, 2025". SDF Press . 28 January 2025. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
  50. ↑ "The Outcome of our Legitimate Response to Attacks of the Turkish Occupation and its Mercenaries on January 28, 2025". SDF Press . 29 January 2025. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
  51. ↑ "In response to the Turkish occupation crimes in Zarkan and Ain Issa, our forces destroyed two artillery types (Firtina T-155) belonging to the Turkish occupation in southwestern Manbij". SDF Press Telegram. 28 January 2025. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
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  67. ↑ "SDF denies militants' takeover of crucial dam near Manbij". Rudaw. 26 December 2024. Retrieved 27 December 2024.
  68. ↑ "Ferhad Shami refutes Turkish claims: Tishrin Dam is completely in the hands of SDF forces". ANF News. 26 December 2024. Retrieved 27 December 2024.
  69. ↑ "Military escalation | Fierce clashes erupt between SDF and "National Army" near Najm fortress and Teshreen dam in east Aleppo countryside". SOHR. 27 December 2024.
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  75. ↑ "Turkish UCAV bombs sugar factory in Tabqa". ANF News. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
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  80. ↑ "24 killed as pro-Ankara factions clash with Syria's Kurdish-led SDF". Al Arabiya English. 3 January 2025. Retrieved 21 February 2025.
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  83. ↑ "Preparations for establishing new base | US forces bring in cement blocks to Ain Al-Arab (Kobani)". SOHR. 2 January 2025. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
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