Electrohydraulic manual transmission

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BMW SMG III shifter, with a selector for the shift speed located below the shifter BMW 7Speed SMG Drivelogic.JPG
BMW SMG III shifter, with a selector for the shift speed located below the shifter
Peugeot 107 AMT shifter. Notice there's no "P" (Park) gear like in a regular (torque converter-based) automatic transmission Peugeot 107 AMT gear shifter.jpg
Peugeot 107 AMT shifter. Notice there's no "P" (Park) gear like in a regular (torque converter-based) automatic transmission

Electrohydraulic manual transmission, [1] also known as a clutchless manual, [2] or automated manual [3] [4] [5] , is a type of automatic and semi-automatic transmission system, closely based on the mechanical internals of a manual transmission, but instead utilizes an electro-mechanical, hydraulic, or pneumatic clutch activation mechanism, which are electronic or computer-controlled. [6] This contrasts to a conventional manual transmission, where the driver operates the clutch manually.

Contents

Design and operation

Diagram of how a modern Automated Manual Transmission works Modern Automated manual transmission (AMT) diagram.jpg
Diagram of how a modern Automated Manual Transmission works
Ferrari F355 F1 gearbox mechanical cutaway Ferrari F355 F1 gearbox.jpg
Ferrari F355 F1 gearbox mechanical cutaway
Opel Easytronic AMT Opel Easytronic transmission diagram.jpeg
Opel Easytronic AMT

Gear shifting, clutch actuation, shift-timing, and rev-matching are all under automated control via electronic sensors, computers, and actuators. [7] [8] When shift gears, the driver selects the desired gear with the transmission shift lever, servo-controlled electronic sensors and actuators connected to the TCU (transmission computer) will automatically operate the clutch and throttle to match revs and to re-engage the clutch in milliseconds. Torque and power transfer to the drive wheels will also be electronically-controlled. Most modern implementations of this transmission function in a sequential mode, where the driver can only upshift or downshift by one gear at a time. However, this is not the case for all modern transmissions. For example, BMW's "SMG" and Ferrari's "F1" transmission can skip gears on both downshifts and upshifts, when selecting gears manually via the paddle-shifters. Older transmissions (usually from the 1990s and prior) will retain H-pattern shifters, plus the shift gate, and will require the driver to select the required gear ratios manually. The clutch will, however, be an electronic servo-controlled unit connected to actuators and sensors which control the clutch. [9] [10]

Depending on the mechanical build and design, some (mostly modern) automated manual transmissions will automatically shift gears at the right points (like a conventional automatic transmission), while others require the driver to manually select the gear even when the engine is at redline. [11] Despite the superficial similarity, automated manual transmissions differ significantly in internal operation and driver's 'feel' from a manumatic, the latter of which is an automatic transmission (automatics use a torque converter instead of a clutch like in an automated manual, to manage the mechanical linkage between the transmission and motor) with the ability to override the automatic transmission's computer, and actuate shifts manually. [12]

History, Origins, & Usage in passenger cars

2000-2006 BMW SMG-II shifter BMW M3 SMG Convertible - Flickr - The Car Spy (3).jpg
2000-2006 BMW SMG-II shifter
Porsche Sportomatic transmission Porsche Sportomatic transmission diagram.png
Porsche Sportomatic transmission

The automated manual transmission has its origins with the clutchless manual transmissions that began to appear on mass-production cars in the 1940s and 1950s. An early example of this transmission was introduced with the Hudson Commodore in 1942, called Drive-Master. This unit was an early semi-automatic transmission, based on the design of a conventional manual transmission which used a servo-controlled vacuum-operated clutch system, with three different gear shifting modes, at the touch of a button; manual shifting and manual clutch operation (fully-manual), manual shifting with automated clutch operation (semi-automatic), and automatic shifting with automatic clutch operation (fully-automatic). Hudson introduced another semi-automatic transmission, with the 1950-model-year Hudson Commodore, called Supermatic. This was similar in operation to Drive-Master, except this time an Overdrive feature was added to the transmission, which would automatically engage above 22 mph via a dash-mounted button, adding a high cruising gear for the driver. [13] [14] [15] [16] Another early example is the 1955 Citroën DS, which used a 4-speed "BVH" transmission. This semi-automatic transmission used an automated clutch, which was actuated using hydraulics. Gear selection also used hydraulics, however, the gear ratio needs to be manually selected by the driver. The 1956 Renault Dauphine 3-speed manual transmission was available with an optional Ferlec automated clutch, which used an electromagnetically-operated clutch system. [17] [18] Other clutchless manual transmissions included the 1967 NSU Ro 80 (3-speed Fichtel & Sachs) [19] and 1967 Porsche 911 (4-speed Sportomatic), both of which used vacuum-actuated clutches and hydraulic torque converters. The 1968 Volkswagen Beetle and Volkswagen Karmann Ghia offered a 3-speed Autostick transmission, which used an electric switch on the gear shifter to operate the electro-pneumatic vacuum clutch. [20] [21]

In 1963, Renault switched from the automated clutch to a fully automatic 3-speed Jager transmission, which consisted of an electro-mechanical control unit that operated both the clutch and shifting, effectively making it one of the earliest automated manual transmissions. [22] [23] [24] The Jager transmission was controlled via dash-mounted electronic push-buttons. [25]

The Isuzu NAVi5 5-speed automatic transmission was introduced in the 1984 Isuzu Aska mid-size sedan (sold in the Japanese domestic market only). This transmission, originally designed for trucks, was based on a manual transmission with the addition of hydraulic actuators for the gear shifter and the clutch. Initial versions did not allow direct selection of gear ratios, instead only allowing drivers to lock out higher gears (as per many traditional automatic transmissions). Later versions added a manual mode, allowing the driver to control the gear selection.

Valeo electronic clutch transmission system, used in the Ferrari Mondial T Valeo electronic clutch transmission system.jpg
Valeo electronic clutch transmission system, used in the Ferrari Mondial T

Several companies owned by Fiat S.p.A. were influential in the development of automated manual transmissions. Ferrari's involvement with automated manual transmission began with the 7-speed semi-automatic (paddle-shift) transmission used in the 1989 Ferrari 640 Formula One racing car. In 1992, the Ferrari Mondial T introduced the option of a "Valeo" 5-speed semi-automatic transmission. [26] This transmission used an electro-mechanical actuator to automatically operate the clutch, while the gearshift mechanism was a standard H-pattern shifter operated as per normal transmissions. [27] In 1997, the Ferrari F355 became available with an "F1" 6-speed transmission, which uses paddle-shifters located behind the steering wheel or can be driven in a fully automatic mode. [28] The F355's successors offered similar transmissions, [29] until the company switched to a dual-clutch transmission for the Ferrari 458 in 2009.

Ferrari F430 F1 steering wheel with paddle-shifters Red Ferrari F430 Spider steering wheel.JPG
Ferrari F430 F1 steering wheel with paddle-shifters

Sister company Alfa Romeo introduced the related "Selespeed" 5-speed automatic transmission for the Alfa Romeo 156 in 1999. [30] [31] This was followed by Maserati's 2001 introduction of the related "Cambiocorsa" 6-speed automatic transmission in the Maserati Coupé. [32]

BMW's involvement with automated manual transmissions began in 1993, when the "Shift-tronic" 6-speed semi-automatic was offered on the Alpina B12 coupe (based on the E31 850CSi). [33] [34] Using an automated clutch paired to a standard H-pattern shifter (as per the Ferrari Mondial T), the transmission was supplied by LuK and fitted to less than 40 cars. [35] Mass-production of automated manual transmissions began for BMW in 1997 with the introduction of the "SMG" 6-speed automatic transmission in the BMW E36 M3 coupe. [36] Although the name "SMG" was an abbreviation of "Sequential Manual Gearbox", the transmission internal were as per a typical (synchromesh-equipped) manual transmission, not a true sequential manual transmission. The SMG was replaced by the SMG-II when the E46 M3 was introduced in 2000. [37] BMW's final AMT (before being replaced by a dual-clutch transmission) was the 7-speed SMG-III used in the 2004-2010 BMW E60 M5 and related BMW E63 M6. The SMG-III could achieve a shift time of 65 milliseconds in its most aggressive mode [38]

From 2002 to 2007, the Toyota MR2 (3rd generation) was available with an "SMT" 6-speed automated manual transmission.

Brands within the Volkswagen Group have typically used dual-clutch transmissions instead of automated manual transmissions, however a 6-speed "E-gear" automated manual transmission was introduced for the 2004 Lamborghini Murciélago. [39] and Lamborghini Gallardo. [40] [41] The E-gear was used on the successors to the Murciélago and Gallardo, and it was also available on the 2007-2012 Audi R8 (Type 42), marketed as the "R-tronic" transmission. [42] [43] [44]

Applications

Year of
introduction		ManufacturerTransmission NameModel(s)
1996 Alfa Romeo Selespeed 156, 147, GT, 159, Brera, Spider
2007Q-Select 8C Competizione / 8C Spider
2001 Aston Martin Sequential Shift Manual (SSM) Vanquish
2005Sportshift Vantage (2005)
2009- One-77 [45]
2020- Valkyrie
2006 Audi R-Tronic R8 (Type 42) [46] [47]
1997 BMW SMG E36 M3 [48]
2000SMG-II E46 M3, E46 3 Series, E85 Z4, E60 5 Series, E63 6 Series
2004SMG-III E60 M5, E63 M6 [49]
1955 Citroën Boîte de Vitesses hydraulique (BVH) DS [50]
2004EGS C4,
2003Sensodrive C2, C3
2015 Dacia Easy-R Logan, Sandero, Duster
2017 Dallara - Stradale
1993 Fiat Selespeed Punto, Stilo
1995Dualogic Bravo, Idea
1988 Ferrari Valeo Mondial T
1994F1 355 F1, 360, 575M Maranello, Enzo, 612 Scaglietti, F430, FXX, 599
2010 Honda I-SHIFT Civic, Jazz
1942 Hudson Drive-Master Hudson Commodore
1950 Hudson Supermatic [51] Hudson Commodore
1984 Isuzu NAVi5 Aska, Gemini
2004 Lamborghini E-gear Murciélago, Gallardo, Reventón, Sesto Elemento
2011ISR Aventador, Veneno, Centenario, Sián
2004 Lancia Dolce Far Niente (DFN) Musa, Ypsilon
2010 Lexus Automated Sequential Gearbox (ASG) LFA
2001 Maserati Cambiocorsa Coupé and Spyder, MC12
2003DuoSelect Quattroporte V
2007MC-Shift GranTurismo
2021 Mercedes-AMG - ONE
1967 NSU - Ro 80
2005 Peugeot 2-Tronic Peugeot 107, Peugeot 1007
1967 Porsche Sportomatic 911 [52] [53]
2005 Proton Automated Manual Transmission (AMT) Savvy
1956 Renault - Dauphine
2001 Renault Quickshift Modus, Twingo
2015 Renault Easy-R Kwid
1994 Saab Sensonic 900 NG [54] [55] [56] [57] [2]
1998 Smart Softouch Fortwo, Forfour
2020 SSC North America - Tuatara
2015 Suzuki / Maruti Suzuki Auto Gear Shift (AGS) Celerio
2017Auto Gear Shift (AGS) Swift Dzire
1999 Toyota Sequential Manual Transmission (SMT) MR2 (W30)
2005 MMT Aygo, Yaris, Corolla, Corolla Verso, Mark X, Auris [58]
2004 Opel/Vauxhall Easytronic Corsa, Tigra, Meriva, Astra, Zafira, Vectra
1968 Volkswagen Autostick Beetle, Karmann Ghia [59] [60]

See also

Related Research Articles

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Transmission (mechanics) machine for the controlled application of the power

A transmission is a machine in a power transmission system, which provides controlled application of the power. Often the term 5 speed transmission refers simply to the gearbox that uses gears and gear trains to provide speed and torque conversions from a rotating power source to another device.

Manual transmission Type of transmission used in motor vehicle applications

A manual transmission, also known as a manual gearbox, a standard transmission, stick shift, or simply stick, or gearbox, is a type of transmission used in motor vehicle applications. It uses a driver-operated clutch, usually engaged and disengaged by a foot pedal or hand lever, for regulating torque transfer from the engine to the transmission; and a gear selector that can be operated by hands.

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Magna PT, known until 2018 as GETRAG, is the world's largest supplier of transmission systems for passenger cars and commercial vehicles. The company was founded on 1 May 1935, in Ludwigsburg, Germany, by Hermann Hagenmeyer; as the Getriebe und Zahnradfabrik Hermann Hagenmeyer GmbH & Cie KG.

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Manumatic, a portmanteau of the words manual and automatic, is a term referring to a class of automotive transmission.

Direct-shift gearbox electronically controlled dual-clutch multiple-shaft manual gearbox in a transaxle design with full automatic or semi-manual control

[[Image:Cambio a doppia frizione.svg|thumb|right|Schematic diagram of a dual-clutch gearbox:{{unbulleted list | M: Motor | A: Primary drive and driving shaft | B: Dual clutch | C: Driven shaft | D: Layshaft, hollow, even gears | E: Layshaft, odd gears | F: Output } ]]

Preselector gearbox vehicle transmission

A preselector gearbox is a type of manual transmission mostly used on passenger cars and racing cars in the 1930s, in buses from 1940-1960 and in armoured vehicles from the 1930s to the 1970s. The defining characteristic of a preselector gearbox is that the gear shift lever allowed the driver to "pre-select" the next gear, usually with the transmission remaining in the current gear until the driver pressed the "gear change pedal" at the desired time.

Shift time refers to the time interval between gear changes in a transmission. This interval is the time in which power delivery is interrupted and engine speed is reduced or increased to synchronize speed for the next selected gear. Shift time is usually in reference to motor vehicles but can apply to any gearbox. Reducing shift time is important in performance vehicles or race cars because the shifting process generally interrupts power delivery to the wheels. Shift time in a manual gearbox is dependent on the driver, but in automatic or automated manual cars the electronic or hydraulic control mechanism must be calibrated and tuned to deliver a fast gear change.

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Sequential manual transmission

A sequential manual transmission is a type of manual transmission used mostly for motorcycles and racing cars. It produces faster shift times than traditional synchronized manual transmissions and restricts the driver to selecting either the next or previous gear.

Selespeed

Selespeed is the name of an automated manual transmission used in Alfa Romeo cars, developed by Italian company Magneti Marelli and made by Graziano Trasmissioni.

Non-synchronous transmission

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BRP Can-Am Spyder Roadster three-wheeled motorcycle

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Dual-clutch transmission type of automatic transmission or automated automotive transmission

A dual-clutch transmission (DCT) is a type of transmission that uses two separate clutches for odd and even gear sets. The design is often similar to two separate manual transmissions with their respective clutches contained within one housing, and working as one unit. In car and truck applications, the DCT functions as an automatic transmission, requiring no driver input to change gears.

Dana Graziano is an Italian company based in Turin manufacturing gearboxes, drivelines and their mechatronics components. It makes the "Pre-Cog" seven-speed Seamless-Shift gearbox (SSG) dual-clutch transmission used in the McLaren 12C.

Shift by wire

Shift by wire is the system by which the transmission modes are engaged/changed in an automobile through electronic controls without any mechanical linkage between the gear shifting lever and the transmission. The transmission shifting was traditionally accomplished by mechanical links to put the vehicle in Park, Reverse, Neutral and Drive positions through a lever mounted on the steering column or a gear shifter near the center console.

Automatic Manual Transmission (AMT) is a type of automated manual transmission. Offered by Renault Group's Dacia under the "Easy-R" name, it is founded on electro-mechanical rather than hydraulic technology. The Easy-R automated transmission uses a traditional manual gearbox with an electronically controlled clutch; the gear shifts are automatic, and the need for a clutch pedal is eliminated.

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