 | This article needs to be updated.(June 2012) |
Energy in Libya describes energy and electricity production, consumption, and import in Libya. The petroleum industry is the primary engine of the Libyan economy.
| This article needs to be updated.(June 2012) |
Energy in Libya describes energy and electricity production, consumption, and import in Libya. The petroleum industry is the primary engine of the Libyan economy.
From 2004 to 2008, Libyan energy production increased by 21.5% and energy exports increased by 27%. Domestic energy consumption in Libya was likely driven by industry and population growth. During this period, according to the International Energy Agency, the world population grew 5.3%, and the Libyan population grew 9.4%. As a net exporter of oil, Libya's energy production was also stimulated by growing populations in countries like Egypt (12.2% growth in that period), Yemen (13.4%), Sudan (16.4%), Saudi Arabia (2.9%), and Italy (3%).
Libya's economy heavily depends on revenue generated from exporting crude oil and natural gas. According to Libya's Central Bank, in 2021, oil revenues alone accounted for an estimated 98% of the total government revenues. Furthermore, in 2020, the combined revenues from oil and natural gas exports constituted approximately 73% of Libya's total export value. [1]
In 2020, the total energy supply (TES) primarily came from oil and gas, which contributed 53% and 43%, respectively, while renewables accounted for approximately 4%. Bioenergy comprised 100% of the renewable energy supply. [2]
| Energy in Libya [3] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capita | Prim. energy | Production | Export | Electricity | CO2-emission | |
| Million | TWh | TWh | TWh | TWh | Mt | |
| 2004 | 5.74 | 212 | 993 | 780 | 14,46 | 43,51 |
| 2007 | 6.16 | 207 | 1,181 | 971 | 23,88 | 43,13 |
| 2008 | 6.28 | 212 | 1,206 | 991 | 24,61 | 44,85 |
| 2009 | 6.42 | 237 | 1,013 | 772 | 26.12 | 50.05 |
| 2010 | 6.36 | 223 | 1,030 | 803 | 27.14 | 51.61 |
| 2012 | 6.42 | 155 | 360 | 203 | 23.96 | 34.89 |
| 2012R | 6.16 | 199 | 1,009 | 803 | 29.58 | 44.20 |
| 2013 | 6.20 | 198 | 718 | 515 | 24.58 | 43.23 |
| Change 2004-10 | 10.8% | 5.3% | 3.7% | 2.9% | 87.7% | 18.6% |
| Mtoe = 11.63 TWh, Prim. energy includes energy losses 2012R = CO2 calculation criteria changed, numbers updated | ||||||
Libya is a member of OPEC. In 2007, Libya was the world's 10th largest oil exporter, with 73 Mt in oil exports. [5] As of 2009, Europe's share of Libya's oil exports was 78%. [6] Domestically, the primary energy use in Libya was 237 TWh and 37 TWh per million persons. [7] [ clarification needed ]
The National Oil Corporation is the state oil company of Libya. The biggest oil producers in Libya are Eni, an Italian company, and Repsol YPF, a Spanish one. Other major producers in the country include BASF, Petrobras, Gazprom, ExxonMobil, Pertamina, Nippon Oil, Sirte Oil Company, BP, Hess Corporation, JAPEX, and Oil & Natural Gas Corporation. [8]
In 2010, 28% of Libyan oil exports went to Italy (over 284,000 barrels a day). In 2009, Europe's share of total Libyan oil exports were around 78%. Other importers in 2009 included China (10%), the United States (5%), and Brazil (3%). [6]
Libya became a member of the IAEA in 1963.
Libya has a Soviet-designed 10 MWt research reactor in Tajura that was built 1981.
In the late 1970s Libya signed a contract with the Soviet nuclear company Atomenergoexport for two VVER-440 reactors, each delivering 440 megawatts (MW) [9] [10] of electrical power on the Gulf of Sirte. The reactors were intended to serve a dual-use for electric power generation and seawater desalination. [11] As Libya was discontented with the technology the USSR wanted to provide them with, the Belgian nuclear company Belgonucleaire was asked to take over the contract. However, due to objection from the United States for concerns regarding misuse of nuclear weapons development, Belgonucleaire refused and Libya asked the USSR again. In the end, the project was stopped during its planning phase in 1986. [12] [13]
In 2006 Libya and France signed an agreement on peaceful uses of atomic energy, [14] and in July 2007, they signed a memorandum of understanding related to building a mid-sized nuclear plant with Areva reactor for seawater desalination. This deal was opposed by Germany. [15] This was followed by a memorandum with Canada, to share nuclear medicine, desalinization technology and co-operation over nuclear energy research. [16]
In 2010, prior to the death of Muammar Gaddafi, Libya confirmed that it intended to create a nuclear energy sector. [17]
The government of Libya promotes renewable energy through the Renewable Energy Authority of Libya. The Libya Renewable Energy Strategic Plan 2013–2025, released in 2012, sets a goal of 10% renewable energy contribution to the country's energy mix by 2025. Renewable energy will come from wind, concentrated solar power, photovoltaic, and solar water heating. [18] [19]
Libya is among 13 countries that have not submitted climate pledges under the Paris Agreement. [20]
The country has a high potential for wind and solar energy. [21] Construction has begun on a 100 MW solar power plant in the town of Kufra in southeastern Libya. [19]
In 2021, Libya generated a total of 34,629 gigawatt-hours (GWh) of electricity, with non-renewable sources accounting for 34,621 GWh, representing almost 100% of the total generation. Renewable sources, notably solar power, had a minimal impact, contributing only 8 GWh. [2] The country's solar power sector primarily consists of small-scale endeavors like mini-grids in hospitals and public lighting projects. The government has set a target of sourcing 22% of its electricity from renewables by 2030 to diversify its energy mix. Libya's solar potential has drawn foreign investment, with TotalEnergies intending to develop 500 MW of solar power projects. [1]
In 2019, Libya's electricity generation reached an estimated output of 32 terawatt-hours (TWh). The primary fuel sources for electricity generation in Libya are natural gas, accounting for 67%, and oil, contributing 33%. Diesel and fuel oil are the main petroleum sources utilized in power plants, although facilities located at oil fields sometimes turn to crude oil when imported refined products are unavailable. Owing to frequent blackouts, many businesses in Libya depend on diesel-fired generators as a backup power source. [1]
Japan is a major consumer of energy, ranking fifth in the world by primary energy use. Fossil fuels accounted for 88% of Japan's primary energy in 2019. Japan imports most of its energy due to scarce domestic resources. As of 2022, the country imports 97% of its oil and is the larger LNG importer globally.
Energy in the United Kingdom came mostly from fossil fuels in 2021. Total energy consumption in the United Kingdom was 142.0 million tonnes of oil equivalent in 2019. In 2014, the UK had an energy consumption per capita of 2.78 tonnes of oil equivalent compared to a world average of 1.92 tonnes of oil equivalent. Demand for electricity in 2014 was 34.42 GW on average coming from a total electricity generation of 335.0 TWh.
China is both the world's largest energy consumer and the largest industrial country, and ensuring adequate energy supply to sustain economic growth has been a core concern of the Chinese Government since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Since the country's industrialization in the 1960s, China is currently the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases, and coal in China is a major cause of global warming. However, from 2010 to 2015 China reduced energy consumption per unit of GDP by 18%, and CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by 20%. On a per-capita basis, China was only the world's 51st largest emitter of greenhouse gases in 2016. China is also the world's largest renewable energy producer, and the largest producer of hydroelectricity, solar power and wind power in the world. The energy policy of China is connected to its industrial policy, where the goals of China's industrial production dictate its energy demand managements.
Energy in Kazakhstan describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Kazakhstan and the politics of Kazakhstan related to energy.
Energy in Mexico describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Mexico.
Energy in Finland describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Finland. Energy policy of Finland describes the politics of Finland related to energy. Electricity sector in Finland is the main article regarding electricity in Finland.
Energy in Switzerland is transitioning towards sustainability, targeting net zero emissions by 2050 and a 50% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.
Majority of electricity production in Sweden relies on hydro power and nuclear power. In 2008 the consumption of electricity in Sweden was 16018 kWh per capita, compared to EU average 7409 kWh per capita. Sweden has a national grid, which is part of the Synchronous grid of Northern Europe. A specialty of the Nordic energy market is the existence of so-called electricity price areas, which complicate the wholesale Nordic energy market.
The electricity sector in France is dominated by its nuclear power, which accounted for 71.7% of total production in 2018, while renewables and fossil fuels accounted for 21.3% and 7.1%, respectively. France has the largest share of nuclear electricity in the world, and together with renewable energy supplies, this has helped its grid achieve very low carbon intensity.
Russia is the fourth largest generator and consumer of electricity in the world. Its 440 power stations have a combined installed generation capacity of 220 GW.
Italy's total electricity consumption was 302.75 terawatt-hour (TWh) in 2020, of which 270.55 TWh (89.3%) was produced domestically and the remaining 10.7% was imported.
Electricity production in Belgium reached 87.9 terawatt-hours (TWh) in 2020, with nuclear power (39%), natural gas (30%), and wind (15%) as the primary sources. Additional contributions came from biofuels and waste (7%), solar (6%), and coal (2%). In the same year, the total electricity demand was 80.9 TWh, with consumption predominantly from the industrial sector (50%), followed by commercial (25%), residential (23%), and transport (2%) sectors.
The electricity sector in Switzerland relies mainly on hydroelectricity, since the Alps cover almost two-thirds of the country's land mass, providing many large mountain lakes and artificial reservoirs suited for hydro power. In addition, the water masses drained from the Swiss Alps are intensively used by run-of-the-river hydroelectricity (ROR). With 9,052 kWh per person in 2008, the country's electricity consumption is relatively high and was 22% above the European Union's average.
Energy in Algeria describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Algeria. Primary energy use in 2009 in Algeria was 462 TWh and 13 TWh per million persons. Algeria is an OPEC country.
Energy in Sweden describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Sweden. Electricity sector in Sweden is the main article of electricity in Sweden. The Swedish climate bill of February 2017 aims to make Sweden carbon neutral by 2045. The Swedish target is to decline emission of climate gases 63% from 1990 to 2030 and international transportation excluding foreign flights 70%. By 2014 just over half of the country's total final energy consumption in electricity, heating and cooling and transport combined was provided by renewables, the highest share amongst the then 28 EU member countries. About a third of Sweden's electricity is generated by nuclear power. In generating a year's worth of this energy, Swedes generate about 4 tonnes of CO2 emissions each. Since 2010, sustainability measures have reduced total emissions even as the population has increased.
Energy in the United Arab Emirates describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The UAE has 7% of global proved oil reserves, about 100 billion barrels. Primary energy usage in 2009 in the UAE was 693 TWh and 151 TWh per million persons.
Energy in Jordan describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Jordan. Jordan is among the highest in the world in dependency on foreign energy sources, with 92.3% of the country's energy supply being imported.
Energy in Belarus describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Belarus. Belarus is a net energy importer. According to IEA, the energy import vastly exceeded the energy production in 2015, describing Belarus as one of the world's least energy sufficient countries in the world. Belarus is very dependent on Russia.
Primary energy use in Slovakia was 194 TWh and 36 TWh per million inhabitants in 2009.
The energy sector in Tunisia includes all production, processing and, transit of energy consumption in this country. The production involves the upstream sector that includes general oil and gas, the downstream sector that includes the only refinery in Tunisia and most of the production of natural gas, and varied electrical/renewable energies. Renewable energy has been a strong point of focus for Tunisia as they look to optimize their green energy sources and advance their developing country. The Tunisian government has partnered with Russia and France in hopes of establishing nuclear energy as a viable alternative to fossil fuels and taking up a nontrivial chunk of the energy production in Tunisia. This is expected to be accomplished in the 2020s.
