Epipactis helleborine

Last updated

Epipactis helleborine
Epipactis helleborine flowers1 220703.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Epidendroideae
Genus: Epipactis
Species:
E. helleborine
Binomial name
Epipactis helleborine
Subspecies and varieties [1]
  • E. h. subsp. bithynica
  • E. h. subsp. helleborine
  • E. h. subsp. neerlandica
  • E. h. var. tangutica
  • E. h. subsp. tremolsii
Synonyms [1]
List
    • Epipactis latifolia subsp. helleborine
    • Helleborine helleborine
    • Serapias helleborine
Flowers Epipactis helleborine - Keila.jpg
Flowers

Epipactis helleborine, the broad-leaved helleborine, is a terrestrial species of orchid with a broad distribution. It is a long lived herb which varies morphologically with ability to self-pollinate. [2]

Contents

Description

Epipactis helleborine can grow to a maximum height of 1 m (3 ft 3 in) or more under good conditions, and has broad dull green leaves which are strongly ribbed and flat. [3] [4] The flowers are arranged in long drooping racemes with dull green sepals and shorter upper petals. The lower labellum is pale red and is much shorter than the upper petals. [5]

Achlorophyllous, white Epipactis helleborine plants have been found. Achlorophyllous forms tend to be shorter, as small as 17 cm. [3]

Flowering occurs June–September. [6]

Taxonomy

Epipactis helleborine was given the scientific name Serapias helleborine by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. The botanist Heinrich Johann Nepomuk von Crantz moved the species to Epipactis in 1769 giving the species its accepted name. It is classified as a member of the family Orchidaceae. [1]

Subspecies

Over 100 names have been proposed for subspecies, varieties and forms of Epipactis helleborine. [7] [8] However, according the Plants of the World Online there are just four accepted subspecies and one variety: [1]

  1. Epipactis helleborine subsp. bithynica(Robatsch) Kreutz – Turkey, Caucasus [9]
  2. Epipactis helleborine subsp. helleborine – widespread [7]
  3. Epipactis helleborine subsp. neerlandica(Verm.) Buttler – Great Britain, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands, France, Germany [10]
  4. Epipactis helleborine var. tangutica(Schltr.) S.C.Chen & G.H.Zhu – China [11]
  5. Epipactis helleborine subsp. tremolsii(Pau) E.Klein – France, Spain, Portugal, Sardinia, Italy, Algeria, Morocco [8]

It has 224 synonyms of the species or one of its lower taxa. [1] [9] [7] [10] [11] [8]

Table of Synonyms
NameYearRankSynonym of:Notes
Amesia consimilis(D.Don) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.1913speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Amesia discolor(Kraenzl.) Hu1925speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Amesia latifolia(L.) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.1913speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Amesia latifolia f. monotropoidesMousley1927formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Amesia latifolia f. variegataMousley1927formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Amesia longibracteataSchweinf.1929speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Amesia monticola(Schltr.) Hu1925speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Amesia orbicularis(K.Richt.) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.1913speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Amesia pycnostachys(K.Koch) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.1913speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Amesia squamellosa(Schltr.) Hu1925speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Amesia tangutica(Schltr.) Hu1925speciessubsp. tangutica≡ hom.
Amesia tenii(Schltr.) Hu1925speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Amesia yunnanensis(Schltr.) Hu1925speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Calliphyllon latifolium(L.) Bubani1901speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Cymbidium latifolium(L.) Sw.1800speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis aspromontanaBartolo, Pulv. & Robatsch1996speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis atropurpurea var. tremolsii(Pau) Schltr.1928varietysubsp. tremolsii≡ hom.
Epipactis atroviridisLinton1903speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis autumnalisDoro2007speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis bithynicaRobatsch1991speciessubsp. bithynica≡ hom.
Epipactis calabricaU.Grabner, S.Hertel & Presser2014speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis cardinaBenito & C.E.Hermos.1998speciessubsp. tremolsii= het.
Epipactis collarisS.Hertel2015speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis consimilisD.Don1825speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis dalhousieaeWight1851speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis degeniiSzentp. & Mónus1999speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis densifoliaW.Hahn, Passin & R.Wegener2003speciessubsp. tremolsii= het.
Epipactis discolorKraenzl.1921speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis distansArv.-Touv.1872speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis duriensisBernardos, D.Tyteca, Revuelta & Amich2004speciessubsp. tremolsii= het.
Epipactis etruscaPresser & S.Hertel2014speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis greuteri var. aspromontana(Bartolo, Pulv. & Robatsch) P.Delforge2006varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis gutta-sanguinisArv.-Touv.1872speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis halacsyi subsp. degenii(Szentp. & Mónus) Kreutz2004subspeciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine f. alba(Webster) B.Boivin1967formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine f. albifoliaM.R.Lowe1990formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine subsp. aspromontana(Bartolo, Pulv. & Robatsch) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz2005subspeciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine f. brevibracteata(Zapał.) Bordz.1950formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine var. castanearumGévaudan, Nicole & Anglade2011varietysubsp. tremolsii= het.
Epipactis helleborine var. chloranthaVerm.1949varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine subsp. degenii(Szentp. & Mónus) Kreutz2007subspeciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine var. densifloraVerm.1949varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine subsp. densifolia(W.Hahn, Passin & R.Wegener) Kreutz2005subspeciessubsp. tremolsii= het.
Epipactis helleborine f. dentata(Zapał.) Soó1969formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine f. dilatata(Asch. & Graebn.) Soó1969formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine subsp. distans(Arv.-Touv.) R.Engel & P.Quentin1996subspeciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine var. diversifoliaVerm.1949varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine var. herbacea(Lindl.) S.N.Mitra1973varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine var. interruptaBeck1890varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine lusus interrupta(Beck) Verm.1958sportsubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine var. intrusa(Lindl.) S.N.Mitra1973varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine var. lancifolia(Zapał.) Bordz.1950varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine subsp. latifolia(L.) Syme1869subspeciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine var. latifolia(L.) A.Blytt1903varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine subsp. latinaW.Rossi & E.Klein1987subspeciessubsp. tremolsii= het.
Epipactis helleborine var. laxifloraVerm.1949varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine subsp. leutei(Robatsch) Kreutz2004subspeciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine subsp. levantinaKreutz, Óvári & Shifman2010subspeciessubsp. tremolsii= het.
Epipactis helleborine subsp. lusitanica(D.Tyteca) J.-M.Tison2010subspeciessubsp. tremolsii= het., with incorrect basionym ref.
Epipactis helleborine f. luteolaP.M.Br.1996formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine f. macrophyllaSnarskis1963formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine subsp. minor(R.Engel) R.Engel1992subspeciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine var. minorR.Engel1984varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine f. minor(R.Engel) P.Delforge2006formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine subsp. molochina(P.Delforge) Kreutz2004subspeciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine var. monotropoides(Mousley) L.Lewis2015varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine f. monotropoides(Mousley) Scoggan1978formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine f. montana(Zapał.) Bordz.1950formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine subsp. moratoriaRiech. & Zirnsack2008subspeciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine var. moratoria(Riech. & Zirnsack) P.Delforge2011varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine var. neerlandicaVerm.1949varietysubsp. neerlandica≡ hom.
Epipactis helleborine f. obtusa(Zapał.) Soó1969formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine subsp. orbicularis(K.Richt.) E.Klein1997subspeciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine var. orbicularis(K.Richt.) Verm.1958varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine f. parviflora(Zapał.) Bordz.1950formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine var. phoeniceaVerm.1949varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine f. przemysliensis(Zapał.) Verm.1958formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine f. remota(Zapał.) Bordz.1950formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine subsp. renzii(Robatsch) Løjtnant1996subspeciessubsp. neerlandica= het.
Epipactis helleborine var. renzii(Robatsch) J.Claess. Kleynen & Wielinga1998varietysubsp. neerlandica= het.
Epipactis helleborine subsp. schubertiorum(Bartolo, Pulv. & Robatsch) Kreutz2004subspeciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine var. thomsonii(Hook.f.) S.N.Mitra1973varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine subsp. turcica(Kreutz) Véla & Viglione2015subspeciessubsp. tremolsii= het.
Epipactis helleborine f. variegata(Webster) B.Boivin1967formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine var. viridensA.Gray1879varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine subsp. viridisSoó1969subspeciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis helleborine var. youngiana(A.J.Richards & A.F.Porter) Kreutz2004varietysubsp. neerlandica= het.
Epipactis helleborine subsp. zirnsackiana(Riech.) Riech.2010subspeciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis heracleaP.Delforge & Kreutz2003speciessubsp. tremolsii= het.
Epipactis herbaceaLindl.1839speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis intrusaLindl.1857speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis kezlinekiiBatoušek2009speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis latifolia(L.) All.1785speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis latifolia var. acutilobaHuter1904varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis latifolia f. albaWebster1898formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis latifolia f. albifloraE.G.Camus1929formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis latifolia var. angustifoliaBrooke1950varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis latifolia var. condensataE.G.Camus & A.Camus1912varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis latifolia var. decipiensE.G.Camus1908varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis latifolia var. dentata(Zapał.) E.G.Camus1929varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis latifolia var. dilatataAsch. & Graebn.1907varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis latifolia subsp. helleborine(L.) Rivas Goday & Borja1961subspeciesE. helleborine≡ hom., nom. illeg.
Epipactis latifolia var. interrupta(Beck) M.Schulze1894varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis latifolia var. intrusa(Lindl.) Hook.f.1890varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis latifolia var. majorNeilr.1859varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis latifolia subsp. orbicularis(K.Richt.) K.Richt.1890subspeciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis latifolia var. orbicularis(K.Richt.) E.G.Camus1929varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis latifolia subsp. ovalis(Bab.) Nyman1882subspeciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis latifolia var. pallensGaudin1829varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis latifolia var. platyphyllaIrmisch1842varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis latifolia f. pseudovariansEngenst.1912formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis latifolia var. pycnostachysK.Koch1846varietysubsp. helleborine= het., nom. nud.
Epipactis latifolia var. pygmaeaWalth.Zimm.1912varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis latifolia var. robustaPodp.1922varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis latifolia var. thomsoniiHook.f.1890varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis latifolia f. variegataWebster1898formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis latifolia var. vulgarisCoss. & Germ.1845varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis latina(W.Rossi & E.Klein) B.Baumann & H.Baumann1988speciessubsp. tremolsii= het.
Epipactis leptochila subsp. aspromontana(Bartolo, Pulv. & Robatsch) Kreutz2004subspeciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis leuteiRobatsch1989speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis levantina(Kreutz, Óvári & Shifman) P.Delforge2015speciessubsp. tremolsii= het.
Epipactis ligulataHand.-Mazz.1936speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis longibracteata(Schweinf.) S.Y.Hu1972speciessubsp. helleborine= het., nom. illeg.
Epipactis lucanaPresser, S.Hertel & V.A.Romano2015speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis lusitanicaD.Tyteca1988speciessubsp. tremolsii= het.
Epipactis macrostachyaLindl.1840speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis magnibracteataC.Schweinf.1937speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis meridionalisH.Baumann & R.Lorenz1988speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis micranthaE.Peter1937speciessubsp. helleborine= het., nom. illeg.
Epipactis minor(R.Engel) Kreutz2021speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis molochinaP.Delforge2004speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis monticolaSchltr.1924speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis moratoria(Riech. & Zirnsack) Riech. & Zirnsack2015speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis neerlandica(Verm.) Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers1991speciessubsp. neerlandica≡ hom.
Epipactis neerlandica var. renzii(Robatsch) P.Delforge2009varietysubsp. neerlandica= het.
Epipactis nephrocordiaSchltr.1924speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis nordeniorumRobatsch1991speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis orbicularisK.Richt.1887speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis ovalisBab.1843speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis pycnostachysK.Koch1849speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis renziiRobatsch1988speciessubsp. neerlandica= het.
Epipactis sanguineaS.Hertel & Presser2014speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis schubertiorumBartolo, Pulv. & Robatsch1996speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis squamellosaSchltr.1919speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis tallosiiA.Molnár & Robatsch1996speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis tallosii subsp. zaupolensisBarbaro & Kreutz2007subspeciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis tanguticaSchltr.1919speciessubsp. tangutica≡ hom.
Epipactis teniiSchltr.1921speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis tremolsiiPau1914speciessubsp. tremolsii≡ hom.
Epipactis tremolsii subsp. cardina(Benito & C.E.Hermos.) Kreutz2005subspeciessubsp. tremolsii= het.
Epipactis tremolsii subsp. densifolia(W.Hahn, Passin & R.Wegener) Kreutz2004subspeciessubsp. tremolsii= het.
Epipactis tremolsii subsp. duriensis(Bernardos, D.Tyteca, Revuelta & Amich) Kreutz2004subspeciessubsp. tremolsii= het.
Epipactis tremolsii var. duriensis(Bernardos, D.Tyteca, Revuelta & Amich) P.Delforge2004varietysubsp. tremolsii= het.
Epipactis tremolsii subsp. heraclea(P.Delforge & Kreutz) Kreutz2004subspeciessubsp. tremolsii= het.
Epipactis tremolsii subsp. latina(W.Rossi & E.Klein) S.Hertel & Riech.2003subspeciessubsp. tremolsii= het.
Epipactis tremolsii subsp. lusitanica(D.Tyteca) Kreutz2004subspeciessubsp. tremolsii= het.
Epipactis tremolsii subsp. turcica(Kreutz) Kreutz2004subspeciessubsp. tremolsii= het.
Epipactis tremolsii var. viridifloraJ.Benito1999varietysubsp. tremolsii= het.
Epipactis turcicaKreutz1997speciessubsp. tremolsii= het.
Epipactis uliginosaVest1825speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis viridans var. brevibracteataZapał.1906varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis viridans var. dentataZapał.1906varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis viridans f. humilisZapał.1906formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis viridans f. interrupta(Beck) Zapał.1906formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis viridans var. lancifoliaZapał.1906varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis viridans var. lithuanicaZapał.1906varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis viridans f. minorZapał.1906formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis viridans var. montanaZapał.1906varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis viridans var. obtusaZapał.1906varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis viridans f. parvifloraZapał.1906formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis viridans var. przemysliensisZapał.1906varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis viridans f. remotaZapał.1906formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis viridans var. subrotundifoliaZapał.1906varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis viridifloraRupr.1847speciessubsp. helleborine= het., nom. illeg.
Epipactis voethiiRobatsch1993speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis youngianaA.J.Richards & A.F.Porter1982speciessubsp. neerlandica= het.
Epipactis yunnanensisSchltr.1919speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis zaupolensis(Barbaro & Kreutz) Bongiorni, De Vivo & Fori2010speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Epipactis zirnsackianaRiech.2010speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine atropurpurea var. tremolsii(Pau) Soó1927varietysubsp. tremolsii≡ hom.
Helleborine atroviridis(Linton) F.Hanb.1908speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine helleborine(L.) Druce1924speciesE. helleborine≡ hom., not validly publ.
Helleborine latifolia(L.) Moench1802speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine latifolia f. acutiloba(Huter) Graber1923formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine latifolia f. albifloraGraber1923formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine latifolia var. angustifoliaDruce1930varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine latifolia var. atroviridis(Linton) Druce1930varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine latifolia f. brevibracteata(Zapał.) Soó1927formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine latifolia f. dentata(Zapał.) Soó1927formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine latifolia var. dilatata(Asch. & Graebn.) Graber1923varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine latifolia f. dilatata(Asch. & Graebn.) Soó1927formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine latifolia f. foliosaGraber1923formsubsp. helleborine= het., nom. illeg.
Helleborine latifolia f. interrupta(Beck) Graber1923formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine latifolia f. lancifolia(Zapał.) Soó1927formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine latifolia f. montana(Zapał.) Soó1927formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine latifolia f. obtusa(Zapał.) Soó1927formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine latifolia subvar. orbicularis(K.Richt.) Graber1923subvarietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine latifolia f. orbicularis(K.Richt.) Soó1927formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine latifolia f. parviflora(Zapał.) Soó1927formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine latifolia subvar. paucifoliaGaille & Graber1923subvarietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine latifolia subsp. platyphylla(Irmisch) Graber1923subspeciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine latifolia var. platyphylla(Irmisch) Briq.1910varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine latifolia f. przemysliensis(Zapał.) Soó1927formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine latifolia f. pseudovarians(Engenst.) Soó1927formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine latifolia f. pycnostachys(K.Koch) Soó1927formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine latifolia f. pygmaea(W.Zimm.) Soó1927formsubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine macrostachya(Lindl.) Soó1929speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine nephrocardia(Schltr.) Soó1929speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine orbicularis(K.Richt.) Druce1908speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine ovalis(Bab.) Druce1905speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine pycnostachys(K.Koch) Druce1909speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine squamellosa(Schltr.) Soó1929speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine tangutica(Schltr.) Soó1929speciessubsp. tangutica≡ hom.
Helleborine tenii(Schltr.) Soó1929speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine variansSoó1928speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Helleborine yunnanensis(Schltr.) Soó1929speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Limodorum latifolium(L.) Kuntze1891speciessubsp. helleborine= het., nom. illeg.
Serapias consimilis(D.Don) A.A.Eaton1908speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Serapias helleborineL.1753speciesE. helleborine≡ hom., nom. cons.
Serapias helleborine var. latifoliaL.1753varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Serapias latifolia(L.) Huds.1762speciessubsp. helleborine= het.
Serapias latifolia var. pallidaRosén & Wahlenb.1821varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Serapias latifolia var. vulgarisRosén & Wahlenb.1821varietysubsp. helleborine= het.
Serapias memoralisSalisb.1796speciessubsp. helleborine= het., nom. superfl.
Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym  ; = heterotypic synonym

Distribution

This species is widespread across much of Europe and Asia, from Portugal to China, as well as northern Africa. [12] [13] [14]

In the United Kingdom, the species is widespread and common in England and Wales, but is absent from most of Scotland scattered across Ireland. [15]

In North America, it is an introduced species and widely naturalized mostly in the Northeastern United States, eastern Canada and the Great Lakes Region, but also in scattered locations in other parts of the continent. [16] [17] [12] In the US it is sometimes referred to as the "weed orchid" or "weedy orchid" and continues to spread throughout the country to new areas including Michigan, [18] Wisconsin, [19] and the San Francisco Bay Area. [20]

Habitat

Found in woods and hedge-banks [21] and often not far from paths near human activity. [22] It is one of the most likely European orchids to be found within a city, with many sites for example in Glasgow, London and Moscow. Sometimes spotted beside car parks. [23]

Epipactis helleborine is known for its successful colonization of human-made or anthropogenic habitats such as parks, gardens or roadsides. [23] These roadside orchids exhibit special features such as large plant size and greater ability to produce flowers. [23] Pollination plays a huge role as pollinators such as Syrphidae, Culicidae, Apidae etc. possess greater species diversity and visits the flowering sites more in anthropogenic habitats as compared to native ones. [23] The visitation rates along with the reproductive success of these orchids are higher in large populations as they are more attractive to pollinators. [2]

Ecology

Hoverfly depositing an egg on an Epipactis helleborine leaf as a predatory response to aphids which are farmed by ants. Hoverfly depositing egg.jpg
Hoverfly depositing an egg on an Epipactis helleborine leaf as a predatory response to aphids which are farmed by ants.

This species of orchid is pollinated by several species of Hymenoptera, particularly the common wasp, but also other species in the genera Vespula and Dolichovespula . Flowers release a sweet nectar to attract the wasps, which has an intoxicating effect on them. [24] [25] Eight populations of Epipactis helleborine in central Europe (Lower Silesia, Poland) had their nectar studied and they were found to contain naturally occurring oxycodone (as well as another narcotic-like opioid) in minute amounts. [26]

Epipactis helleborine requires a mycorrhizal symbiosis to germinate successfully and remains partially dependent upon the fungus when plants mature, however it is not particularly selective among fungal species. Fungi associated with the live roots include Tuber , Helotiales , Peziza , Leptodontidium , Hydnotrya and Wilcoxina . [27] [28]

It has been suggested that the presence of this orchid species in a woodland is an indicator that edible truffles can be found there, [29] but this is not always the case.

Chemistry

Trace amounts of narcotic compounds have been identified in the plants nectar, namely 3-{2-{3-{3-(benzyloxy)propyl}-3-indol-7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-3,6-D-morphinan and oxycodone. [26]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 9 October 2025.
  2. 1 2 Ehlers, B. K.; Olesen, J. M.; Ågren, J. (2002). "Floral morphology and reproductive success in the orchid Epipactis helleborine: regional and local across-habitat variation". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 236 (1/2): 19–32. Bibcode:2002PSyEv.236...19E. doi:10.1007/s00606-002-0197-x. ISSN   0378-2697. JSTOR   23644960. S2CID   9878820.
  3. 1 2 General Morphology and Anatomy of Chlorophyll-free and Green Forms of Epipactis helleborine
  4. ↑ Solbraa, Knut (2013). 50 norske og svenske orkideer (in Norwegian). Oplandske Bokforlag, Vallset. Norway. p. 26. ISBN   978-82-7518-211-9. Under gode vekstforhold kan den nå høyder på over meteren. (Under good conditions it can reach heights of more than a metre.)
  5. ↑ Webb, D.A., Parnell, J. and Doogue,D . 1996. An Irish Flora. Dundalgan Press (W. Tempest) Ltd. Dundalk. ISBN   0-85221-131-7
  6. ↑ First Nature - Epipactis Helleborine
  7. 1 2 3 "Epipactis helleborine subsp. helleborine". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 9 October 2025.
  8. 1 2 3 "Epipactis helleborine subsp. tremolsii (Pau) E.Klein". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 9 October 2025.
  9. 1 2 "Epipactis helleborine subsp. bithynica (Robatsch) Kreutz". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 9 October 2025.
  10. 1 2 "Epipactis helleborine subsp. neerlandica (Verm.) Buttler". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 9 October 2025.
  11. 1 2 "Epipactis helleborine subsp. tangutica (Schltr.) S.C.Chen & G.H.Zhu". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 9 October 2025.
  12. 1 2 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Species, Epipactis helleborine
  13. ↑ Altervista Flora Italiana, Elleborine comune, Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz
  14. ↑ Flora of China v 25 p 180, 火烧兰 huo shao lan, Epipactis helleborine (Linnaeus) Crantz
  15. ↑ Cole, Sean (2020). Britain's Orchids. WildGuides. p. 126.
  16. ↑ Flora of North America v 26 p 586, Epipactis helleborine (Linnaeus) Crantz
  17. ↑ Biota of North America Program, county range map
  18. ↑ Tenney, Angela; Hill, Erin (2022-06-24). "Broad-leaved helleborine: A weedy orchid invading lawns and flowerbeds". Michigan State University Extension.
  19. ↑ "Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas: Plants to Watch". Archived from the original on 2010-12-10.
  20. ↑ "Epipactis helleborine".
  21. ↑ Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg, E.F. 1968. Excursion Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press ISBN   0 521 04656 4
  22. ↑ Beesley, S. and Wild, J. 1997. Urban Flora of Belfast. Institute of Irish Studies and The Queen's University of Belfast. ISBN   0-85389-695 X
  23. 1 2 3 4 Rewicz, Agnieszka; Jaskuła, Radomir; Rewicz, Tomasz; Tończyk, Grzegorz (2017-04-18). "Pollinator diversity and reproductive success of Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz (Orchidaceae) in anthropogenic and natural habitats". PeerJ. 5 e3159. doi: 10.7717/peerj.3159 . ISSN   2167-8359. PMC   5398293 . PMID   28439457.
  24. ↑ "London Wildlife Trust - Orchid for July". Archived from the original on 2018-12-19. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  25. ↑ Bioinfo - Epipactis helleborine
  26. 1 2 Jakubska, A.; Przado, D.; Steininger, M.; Aniol-Kwaitkowska, J.; Kadej, M. (2005). "Why do pollinators become "sluggish"? Nectar chemical constituents from Epipactus helleborine (L.) Crantz (Orchidaceae)" . Applied Ecology and Environmental Research. 3 (2): 29–38. Bibcode:2005ApEER...3...29J. doi: 10.15666/aeer/0302_029038 .
  27. ↑ Jacquemyn, H.; Waud, M.; Lievens, B.; Brys, R. (2016). "Differences in mycorrhizal communities between Epipactis palustris, e. Helleborine and its presumed sister species e. Neerlandica". Annals of Botany. 118 (1): 105–114. doi:10.1093/aob/mcw015. PMC   4934391 . PMID   26946528.
  28. ↑ Ogura-Tsujita, Yuki; Yukawa, Tomohisa (2008). "Epipactis helleborine shows strong mycorrhizal preference towards ectomycorrhizal fungi with contrasting geographic distributions in Japan". Mycorrhiza. 18 (6–7): 331–338. Bibcode:2008Mycor..18..331O. doi:10.1007/s00572-008-0187-0. PMID   18661158. S2CID   19796924.
  29. ↑ Ouanphanivanh, Noémi; Merényi, Zsolt; Orczán, Ákos Kund; Bratek, Zoltán; Szigeti, Zoltán; Illyés, Zoltán (January 2008). "Could orchids indicate truffle habitats? Mycorrhizal association between orchids and truffles". Acta Biologica Szegediensis. 52 (1): 229–232.
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