Erigeron canadensis

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Erigeron canadensis
Erigeron canadensis from Britain by D Merrick 14.jpg
Status TNC G5.svg
Secure  (NatureServe)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Erigeron
Species:
E. canadensis
Binomial name
Erigeron canadensis
Synonyms [1]
Alphabetical list
    • Aster canadensis(L.) E.H.L.Krause
    • Caenotus canadensis(L.) Raf.
    • Caenotus pusillusRaf.
    • Conyza canadensis(L.) Cronquist
    • Conyza parvaCronquist
    • Conyzella canadensis(L.) Rupr.
    • Erigeron myriocephalusRech.f. & Edelb.
    • Erigeron paniculatusLam.
    • Erigeron pusillusNutt.
    • Erigeron ruderalisSalisb.
    • Erigeron strictusDC.
    • Inula canadensisBernh.
    • Leptilon canadense(L.) Britton
    • Leptilon pusillum(Nutt.) Britton
    • Marsea canadensis(L.) V.M.Badillo
    • Senecio ciliatusWalter
    • Tessenia canadensis(L.) Bubani
    • Trimorpha canadensis(L.) Lindm.
Canadian fleabane (Erigeron canadensis) essential oil in a clear glass vial CanadianFleabaneEssentialOil.png
Canadian fleabane (Erigeron canadensis) essential oil in a clear glass vial

Erigeron canadensis (synonym Conyza canadensis) is an annual plant native throughout most of North America and Central America. It is also widely naturalized in Eurasia and Australia. Common names include horseweed, Canadian horseweed, Canadian fleabane, coltstail, marestail, and butterweed. It was the first weed to have developed glyphosate resistance, reported in 2001 from Delaware.

Contents

Description

Erigeron canadensis is an annual, herbaceous plant growing to 1.5 metres (5 feet) tall, with sparsely hairy stems. The leaves are unstalked, slender, 2–10 centimetres (0.8–3.9 inches) long, and up to 1 cm (0.4 in) wide, with a coarsely toothed margin. They grow in an alternate spiral up the stem, and the lower ones wither early. The flower heads are produced in dense inflorescences and are 1 cm (0.4 in) in diameter. Each individual flower has a ring of white or pale purple ray florets and a centre of yellow disc florets. The fruit is a cypsela tipped with dirty white down. [2]

Erigeron canadensis can easily be confused with Erigeron sumatrensis , which may grow to a height of 2 m (6.6 ft), and the more hairy Erigeron bonariensis , which does not exceed 1 m (3.3 ft). E. canadensis is distinguished by bracts that have a brownish inner surface with no red dot at the tip, and are free (or nearly free) of the hairs found on the bracts of the other species. [3] [4] [5]

Distribution and habitat

Horseweed originated in North America and Central America and is widespread in its native range. [6] It has spread to inhabited areas of most of the temperate zone of Asia, [7] Europe, [2] [8] and Australia. [9] It is found in Britain from northern Scotland to Cornwall, growing as a weed of arable land and man-made environments. It is considered invasive in China. [10]

Weed status

Horseweed is commonly considered a weed, and in Ohio, Oregon, and some other locations, [11] it has been declared a noxious weed. [12] [13] It was the first weed to have developed glyphosate resistance, reported in 2001 from Delaware. [14]

It can be found in fields, meadows, and gardens throughout its native range. Horseweed infestations (specifically of 105 plants per 10 ft²) have reduced soybean yields by as much as 83%, [15] with one estimate claiming it can reduce yields by up to 90%. [16] Severe infestations have reduced sugar beet yields by 64%. [15]

It is an especially problematic weed in no-till agriculture, as it is often resistant to glyphosate [14] and other herbicides. [17] Farmers are advised to include 2,4-D or dicamba in a burndown application prior to planting to control horseweed. [18] [19]

Uses

The Zuni people insert the crushed flowers of E. canadensis var. canadensis into the nostrils to cause sneezing, relieving rhinitis. [20] Other[ who? ] Native Americans have used a preparation of the plant's leaves to treat sore throat and dysentery. [21] A tincture can be made from the dried flowering tops of the plants.[ citation needed ]

Horseweed is a preferable material for use in the hand drill-method of making friction fire. [2] [ failed verification ]

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Related Research Articles

<i>Erigeron</i> Genus of flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae

Erigeron is a large genus of plants in the composite family (Asteraceae). It is placed in the tribe Astereae and is closely related to the Old World asters (Aster) and the true daisies (Bellis). The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, but the highest diversity occurs in North America.

<i>Conyza</i> Genus of plants in the family Asteraceae

Conyza is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.

<i>Erigeron bonariensis</i> Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae

Erigeron bonariensis is a species in the family Asteraceae, found throughout the tropics and subtropics as a pioneer plant; its precise origin is unknown, but most likely it stems from Central America or South America. It has become naturalized in many other regions, including North America, Europe and Australia.

<i>Centaurea calcitrapa</i> Species of flowering plant

Centaurea calcitrapa is a species of flowering plant known by several common names, including red star-thistle and purple star thistle. It is native to Europe but is rarely found there, it is known across the globe as an introduced species and often a noxious weed. The species name calcitrapa comes from the word caltrop, a type of weapon covered in sharp spikes.

<i>Amaranthus palmeri</i> Species of plant

Amaranthus palmeri is a species of edible flowering plant in the amaranth genus. It has several common names, including carelessweed, dioecious amaranth, Palmer's amaranth, Palmer amaranth, and Palmer's pigweed.

<i>Erigeron sumatrensis</i> Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae

Erigeron sumatrensis is an annual herb probably native to South America, but widely naturalised in tropical and subtropical regions, and regarded as an invasive weed in many places.

<i>Erigeron philadelphicus</i> Species of flowering plant

Erigeron philadelphicus, the Philadelphia fleabane, is a species of flowering plant in the composite family (Asteraceae). Other common names include common fleabane, daisy fleabane, frost-root, marsh fleabane, poor robin's plantain, skervish, and, in the British Isles, robin's-plantain, but all of these names are shared with other species of fleabanes (Erigeron). It is native to North America and has been introduced to Eurasia.

<i>Erigeron annuus</i> Species of flowering plant

Erigeron annuus, the annual fleabane, daisy fleabane, or eastern daisy fleabane, is a species of herbaceous, annual or biennial flowering plant in the family Asteraceae.

Erigeron breweri is a North American species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae known by the common name Brewer's fleabane.

<i>Erigeron eatonii</i> Species of flowering plant

Erigeron eatonii is a North American species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae known by the common name Eaton's fleabane.

<i>Anoda cristata</i> Species of flowering plant

Anoda cristata is a species of flowering plant in the mallow family known by many common names, including spurred anoda, crested anoda, and violettas. It is native to North and South America. It is known throughout the rest of the Americas as well as Australia as an introduced species and often a noxious weed. It has been found as a weed in Belgium. Naturally, it is often found near streams, in moist meadows, and in disturbed areas.

<i>Erigeron tener</i> Species of flowering plant

Erigeron tener is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name slender fleabane. It is native to the western United States, largely in the Great Basin, in the states of California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Oregon, Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana.

<i>Erigeron lonchophyllus</i> Species of flowering plant

Erigeron lonchophyllus is an Asian and North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name shortray fleabane.

<i>Erigeron pulchellus</i> Species of flowering plant

Erigeron pulchellus, the Robin's plantain, blue spring daisy or hairy fleabane, is a North American species of plants in the family Asteraceae. It is widespread across much of the United States and Canada from Québec and Ontario south as far as eastern Texas and the Florida Panhandle.

<i>Erigeron pumilus</i> Species of flowering plant

Erigeron pumilus, the shaggy fleabane, or vernal daisy, is a hairy North American species of perennial plants in the family Asteraceae. It is widespread across much of western Canada and the western United States, from British Columbia east to Saskatchewan and south as far as Oklahoma and the San Bernardino Mountains of California. There have been reports of the plant growing in Yukon Territory, but these were based on misidentified specimens.

<i>Conyza ramosissima</i> Species of flowering plant

Conyza ramosissima, the dwarf horseweed, is a species of North American plants in the family Asteraceae. It is widespread and common across the central part of the United States, its range extending from New Mexico east to Alabama and north as far as Pennsylvania, Ontario, and North Dakota.

<i>Erigeron poliospermus</i> Species of flowering plant

Erigeron poliospermus is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common names gray-seeded fleabane, purple cushion fleabane, and hairy-seed fleabane. Native to western North America, it is mainly found to the east of the Cascade Range in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho.

Erigeron floribundus is an annual/biennial plant native to South America to Mexico and introduced to many parts of the world. Its common names include tall fleabane, Bilbao's fleabane, and many-flowered fleabane.

References

  1. 1 2 "Erigeron canadensis L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  2. 1 2 3 "Canadian Fleabane: Conyza canadensis". NatureGate. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
  3. Conyza sumatrensis, International Environmental Weed Foundation.
  4. Green, Deane (31 August 2011). "Horseweed, Marestail" . Retrieved 2014-08-09.
  5. Flora of North America, Conyza canadensis (Linnaeus) Cronquist, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 70: 632. 1943. Vergerette du Canada.
  6. Biota of North America Program, 2014 county distribution map, Erigeron canadensis.
  7. Flora of China, Erigeron canadensis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 863. 1753. 小蓬草 xiao peng cao
  8. Altervista Flora Italiana, Cespica canadese, avoadinha, Berufkraut, Erigeron canadensis L. includes photos and European distribution map
  9. Atlas of Living Australia, Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist Canadian Fleabane
  10. Wu, Bingde; Zhang, Huanshi; Jiang, Kun; Zhou, Jiawei; Wang, Congyan (2019). "Erigeron canadensis affects the taxonomic and functional diversity of plant communities in two climate zones in the North of China". Ecological Research. 34 (4): 535–547. doi:10.1111/1440-1703.12024. S2CID   198244222.
  11. "Appendix H.Noxious and Invasive WeedControlPlan" (PDF).
  12. "Erigeron canadensis". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2017-12-18.
  13. "Noxious Weed Program | Deschutes County Oregon". www.deschutes.org. Retrieved 2023-06-13.
  14. 1 2 VanGessel, Mark J. (2001). "Glyphosate-resistant horseweed from Delaware". Weed Science. 49 (6): 703–705. doi:10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0703:RPRHFD]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR   4046416. S2CID   86256252.
  15. 1 2 "Marestail (Horseweed)". Weeds. Retrieved 2023-06-13.
  16. Froemke, A. M. (April 24, 2020). "HORSEWEED (ERIGERON CANADENSIS) CONTROL IN NO-TILL SOYBEAN SYSTEMS ON A COARSE TEXTURED SOIL" (PDF). North Dakota State University. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
  17. Kruger, Greg R.; Davis, Vince M.; Weller, Stephen C.; Johnson, William G. (2010). "Growth and Seed Production of Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) Populations after Exposure to Postemergence 2,4-D". Weed Science. 58 (4): 413–419. doi:10.1614/WS-D-10-00022.1. S2CID   55366555.
  18. Dilliott, Meghan; Soltani, Nader; Hooker, David C.; Robinson, Darren E.; Sikkema, Peter H. (March 15, 2022). "When using glyphosate plus dicamba, 2,4-D, halauxifen or pyraflufen/2,4-D for glyphosate-resistant horseweed (Erigeron canadensis) control in soybean, which third mix partner is better, saflufenacil or metribuzin?". Weed Technology. 36 (2): 295–302. doi: 10.1017/wet.2022.18 . ISSN   0890-037X.
  19. "Horseweed/Marestail". Take Action. Retrieved 2023-06-13.
  20. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe 1915 Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #30 (p.55).
  21. Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 377. ISBN   0-394-50432-1.

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