Eucalyptus sideroxylon

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Mugga ironbark, red ironbark
Eucalyptus sideroxylon1.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Myrtaceae
Genus: Eucalyptus
Species:
E. sideroxylon
Binomial name
Eucalyptus sideroxylon
E sideroxylon.jpg
E. sideroxylon, field distribution
flower buds and flowers - white form Eucalyptus sideroxylon buds.jpg
flower buds and flowers - white form
flowers - red form Eucalyptus sideroxylon flowers.jpg
flowers - red form

Eucalyptus sideroxylon, commonly known as mugga ironbark, [3] or red ironbark [4] is a small to medium-sized tree that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has dark, deeply furrowed ironbark, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, white, red, pink or creamy yellow flowers and cup-shaped to shortened spherical fruit.

Contents

Description

Eucalyptus sideroxylon is a tree that typically grows to a height of 25–35 m (82–115 ft) and forms a lignotuber. The bark is dark grey to black, deeply furrowed ironbark on the trunk and larger branches, smooth white to grey on the thinnest branches. Young plants and coppice regrowth have lance-shaped to oblong or linear leaves that are 30–110 mm (1.2–4.3 in) long and 5–35 mm (0.20–1.38 in) wide. Adult leaves are lance-shaped, the same shade of green on both sides, 50–140 mm (2.0–5.5 in) long and 10–40 mm (0.39–1.57 in) wide tapering to a petiole 5–25 mm (0.20–0.98 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils on an unbranched peduncle 7–29 mm (0.28–1.14 in) long, the individual buds on pedicels 3–15 mm (0.12–0.59 in) long. Mature buds are oval or diamond-shaped, 6–15 mm (0.24–0.59 in) long and 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) wide with a conical to beaked operculum. Flowering occurs from April to December and the flowers are white, red, pink or creamy yellow. The fruit is a woody cup-shaped to shortened spherical capsule 5–11 mm (0.20–0.43 in) long and 5–10 mm (0.20–0.39 in) wide with the valves below the level of the rim. [3] [5] [6] [7] [8]

Taxonomy and naming

Allan Cunningham recorded the name Eucalyptus sideroxylon in Thomas Mitchell's 1848 Journal of an Expedition into the Interior of Tropical Australia but did not provide a description of the plant. The first formal description of the species was published in 1887 by William Woolls in Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales . [9] [10] The specific epithet (sideroxylon) is derived from the ancient Greek words sidēros (σίδηρος), meaning "iron" and xylon (ξύλον), meaning "wood". [11]

Two subspecies of E. sideroxylon are accepted by the Australian Plant Census as at December 2019:

Distribution and habitat

Mugga ironbark is widespread and often abundant in woodland from south-eastern Queensland through New South Wales to Victoria. Subspecies improcera is only known from the Barakula State Forest north-northwest of Chinchilla. [3] [5] [13]

Uses

The leaves are used in the production of cineole based eucalyptus oil. [15]

Apiarists in New South Wales place hives in red-ironbark woodlands to collect the honey. [8]

Chemistry

Molecules produced by plants in case of pathogens attacks are called phytoalexins. Such compounds can be implied in the hypersensitive response of plants. High levels of polyphenols (stilbenoids and ellagitannins) in E. sideroxylon wood can explain its natural preservation against rot. [16]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<i>Eucalyptus viminalis</i> Species of plant

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<i>Eucalyptus fibrosa</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus fibrosa, commonly known as the red ironbark, broad-leaved red ironbark or broad-leaved red ironbark, is a species of medium-sized to tall tree endemic to eastern Australia. It has grey to black ironbark, lance-shaped to egg-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between seven and eleven, white flowers and conical fruit.

<i>Eucalyptus melliodora</i> Species of eucalyptus

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<i>Eucalyptus leucoxylon</i> Species of plant

Eucalyptus leucoxylon, commonly known as yellow gum, blue gum or white ironbark, is a species of small to medium-sized tree that is endemic to south-eastern continental Australia. It has smooth yellowish bark with some rough bark near the base, lance-shaped or curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of three and cylindrical, barrel-shaped or shortened spherical fruit. A widely cultivated species, it has white, red or pink flowers.

<i>Eucalyptus goniocalyx</i> Species of plant

Eucalyptus goniocalyx, commonly known as long-leaved box, olive-barked box or bundy, is a species of small to medium-sized tree that is endemic to southeastern Australia. It has rough, fibrous or flaky bark, lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, white flowers and cup-shaped, cylindrical or barrel-shaped fruit.

<i>Eucalyptus cordata</i> Species of eucalyptus

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<i>Eucalyptus tricarpa</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus tricarpa, commonly known as red ironbark or mugga ironbark, is a species of tree that is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It has thick, rough ironbark on the trunk and branches, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds usually in groups of three, white flowers and cylindrical or spherical fruit.

<i>Eucalyptus polyanthemos</i> Species of eucalyptus

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<i>Eucalyptus camphora</i> Species of eucalyptus

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<i>Eucalyptus caleyi</i> Species of eucalyptus

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<i>Eucalyptus sargentii</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus sargentii, commonly known as Salt River gum, is a species of mallet, mallee or small tree that is endemic to Western Australia. It has rough bark on part or all of the trunk, smooth bark above, linear to narrow lance-shaped leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, whitish to creamy yellow flowers and conical fruit.

<i>Eucalyptus xanthonema</i> Species of eucalyptus

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<i>Eucalyptus densa</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus densa is a species of mallee or mallet that is endemic to Western Australia. It has smooth greyish bark that is shed in curly strips, linear to narrow lance-shaped adult leaves, long, spindle-shaped flower buds in groups of seven or nine, pale yellow or lemon-coloured flowers and conical, cylindrical or barrel-shaped fruit.

<i>Eucalyptus diversifolia</i> Species of eucalyptus

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<i>Eucalyptus petiolaris</i> Species of plant

Eucalyptus petiolaris, commonly known as Eyre Peninsula blue gum, water gum or blue gum, is a species of small to medium-sized tree that is endemic to South Australia. It is also naturalised in Western Australia. It has rough, flaky bark on the trunk, smooth greyish bark above, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of three, cream-coloured, yellow, pink or red flowers and cup-shaped or barrel-shaped fruit.

Eucalyptus socialis subsp. viridans, commonly known as the green-leaved red mallee, is a subspecies of mallee that is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It usually has rough bark on the base of the trunk, smooth bark above, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between seven and eleven, pale creamy yellow flowers and barrel-shaped to urn-shaped or spherical fruit.

References

  1. ↑ Fensham, R.; Laffineur, B.; Collingwood, T. "Red Ironbark Eucalyptus sideroxylon". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species : e.T133377043A133377045. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T133377043A133377045.en . Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  2. ↑ "Eucalyptus sideroxylon". Australian Plant Census. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  3. 1 2 3 Hill, Ken. "Eucalyptus sideroxylon". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Archived from the original on 19 August 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  4. 1 2 Brooker, M. Ian H.; Slee, Andrew V. "Eucalyptus sideroxylon". Royal Botanic Gardens, Victoria. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  5. 1 2 "Eucalyptus sideroxylon". Euclid: Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research. Archived from the original on 22 June 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  6. ↑ Chippendale, George M. "Eucalyptus sideroxylon". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of the Environment and Energy, Canberra. Archived from the original on 19 August 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  7. ↑ Messina, Andre; Stajsic, Val. "Eucalyptus sideroxylon subsp. sideroxylon". Royal Botanic Gardens, Victoria. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  8. 1 2 Dean Nicolle (30 April 2010). "An illustrated guide to Australia's gum blossoms". Australian Geographic. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
  9. ↑ "Eucalyptus sideroxylon". APNI. Archived from the original on 19 August 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  10. ↑ Woolls, William (1887). "Notes on Eucalyptus leucoxylon (Series 2)". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 1: 859–860. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  11. ↑ Backer, C.A. (1936). Verklarend woordenboek der wetenschappelijke namen van de in Nederland en Nederlandsch-Indië in het wild groeiende en in tuinen en parken gekweekte varens en hoogere planten (Edition Nicoline van der Sijs).
  12. ↑ "Eucalyptus sideroxylon subsp. improcera". Australian Plant Census. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  13. 1 2 Bean, Anthony R. (2010). "A new subspecies of Eucalyptus sideroxylon A.Cunn. ex Woolls (Myrtaceae) from Queensland". Austrobaileya. 8 (2): 139–141. doi:10.5962/p.299794. JSTOR   41739124.
  14. ↑ "Eucalyptus sideroxylon subsp. sideroxylon". Australian Plant Census. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  15. ↑ Boland, D.J., Brophy, J.J., and A.P.N. House, Eucalyptus Leaf Oils, 1991, ISBN   0-909605-69-6
  16. ↑ Hart, John H.; Hillis, W. E. (1974). "Inhibition of wood-rotting fungi by stilbenes and other polyphenols in Eucalyptus sideroxylon". Phytopathology. 64 (7): 939–48. doi:10.1094/Phyto-64-939.
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