Expo '74

Last updated

1974 Spokane, Washington
Expo 74 Spokane logo.jpg
The Expo '74 logo design,
based on the Möbius strip. [1]
Overview
BIE-classSpecialized exposition
NameExpo '74
MottoProgress without pollution
Area100 acres (40 ha) [2]
Visitors5,600,000 [3]
Participant(s)
Countries10 [2]
Location
Country United States
City Spokane, Washington
VenuePresent-day Riverfront Park, the legacy site of Expo '74
Coordinates 47°39′43.9″N117°25′8.4″W / 47.662194°N 117.419000°W / 47.662194; -117.419000
Timeline
OpeningMay 4, 1974 (1974-05-04)
ClosureNovember 3, 1974 (1974-11-03)
Specialized expositions
Previous Expo 71 in Budapest
Next Expo '75 in Okinawa
Universal expositions
Previous Expo '70 in Osaka
Next Seville Expo '92 in Seville
Horticultural expositions
Previous Internationale Gartenbauausstellung 73 in Hamburg
Next Floralies Internationales de Montréal in Montreal
Simultaneous
Horticultural (AIPH) Wiener Internationale Gartenschau 74

Expo '74, officially known as the International Exposition on the Environment, Spokane 1974, [3] was a world's fair held May 4, 1974, to November 3, 1974, in Spokane, Washington in the northwest United States. [2] It was the first environmentally themed world's fair [4] and attended by roughly 5.6 million people. [3] The heart of the fair park grounds was located on Canada Island, Havermale Island, and the adjacent south bank of the Spokane River, comprising present-day Riverfront Park, in the center of the city. [5]

Contents

With the exception of two pavilions, all of the major buildings were modular structures assembled on the site. The fair had 5.6 million visitors [3] and was considered a success, nearly breaking even, revitalizing the blighted urban core, and pumping an estimated $150 million into the local economy and surrounding region.

In proclaiming itself the first exposition on an environmental theme, Expo '74 distanced itself from the more techno-centric world's fairs of the 1960s. The environmental theme was promoted in several high-profile events, such as a symposium on United Nations World Environment Day (June 5) attended by more than 1,200 people including many international representatives, and ECAFE Day for the United Nations Economic Council for Asia and the Far East (June 14) that discussed regional environment issues. [6] : 89–91 

History

Industrial development along the Spokane Falls in the late 1800s. FMIB 34204 Spokane Falls, Spokane, Washington.jpeg
Industrial development along the Spokane Falls in the late 1800s.

Industrialization around the Spokane Falls

Spokane was initially settled in the late 1800s along the Spokane Falls of the Spokane River, a site which was chosen because of the falls' hydropower potential to support a late 19th century city and its economy. [7] As Spokane began to grow over its early years, the area would become heavily industrialized with numerous sawmills, flour mills, [8] and hydroelectricity generators. [9] Railroading would eventually develop around the falls by the early 20th century. [10] [11]

All of the industrialization would engulf and obscure the area from public access and view. [12] The presence of railroads within the downtown core was noted by the Olmsted Brothers in 1908 when they began to develop a master plan for parks in the City of Spokane. [2] As the brothers were planning in the Spokane River Gorge, they skipped the area that would later become the site of Expo '74, sarcastically noting that it had already been partially "improved" (with all the industrial development that was present) and hoped that the City of Spokane would eventually come to its senses and reclaim the area around the Spokane Falls for a park. [13] Spokane would go on to become the site of four transcontinental railroads: Great Northern, Northern Pacific, Union Pacific, and the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad, [14] [15] as well as regional ones like Oregon Railway. [16] By 1914, Union Pacific had built their own station on the park's site, along with elevated tracks leading up to it. [12] The heart of Downtown Spokane would become a hub for passenger and freight rail transport and remained that way for several decades. [12] By the mid-20th century, the problems of having a large amount of railroads in the middle of the city were beginning to be realized. The elevated railway, warehouses, and other lines leading into the park severely restricted both physical and visual access to the Spokane River and its falls, leading some locals to compare it to the Great Wall of China. [2] Additionally, the high volume of train traffic created a very noisy downtown, [12] and numerous at-grade railroad crossings were causing traffic congestion issues. [2]

Beginnings of a world's fair

The site of Expo '74, as seen in 1972, was a former railyard. Spokane River Railyards from Division Street, 1972.tif
The site of Expo '74, as seen in 1972, was a former railyard.

By the 1950s, the core of Downtown Spokane began to empty out due to suburbanization, [17] a trend that was prevalent amongst many American cities during this time. [2] This trend sparked urban renewal discussions in Spokane and in 1959, a group called Spokane Unlimited [17] was formed by local business leaders to try and revitalize Downtown Spokane. The group would hire New York-based Ebasco Services to create an urban renewal plan, which would be released in 1961 and called for the removal of the numerous train tracks and trestles in downtown and reclaiming the attractiveness of the Spokane River [18] in the central business district. [2] [17]

The plan proposed a timeline that would incrementally renew the area over the next two decades, wrapping up in 1980, and proposed that the effort be funded through bonds, gas-taxes, and urban renewal money from the federal government. One part of the plan, and the first portion to go to voters for approval, would have constructed a new government center. [17] However, efforts to pass bonds to fund the construction were overwhelmingly defeated by Spokane voters over the next couple years, [17] and by 1963, Spokane Unlimited had to revise its vision. [2] They hired King Cole, [19] who had recently worked on some urban renewal projects in California, to execute EBASCO's urban renewal plans in Spokane. [20] In light of the failed votes, Cole formed a grassroots citizen group, called the Associations for a Better Community (ABC), to build community support through the 1960s around the idea of beautifying the riverfront and turning Havermale Island into a park. [2]

With support around beautification growing, Spokane Unlimited would go on to commission a feasibility study in 1970 for using a marquee event, proposed to be in 1973 to celebrate the centennial of Spokane, to fund the beautification. However the report stated that a local event would not have the stature to bring in enough funding for the group's beautification aspirations, and that it needed to go bigger; it suggested that Spokane host an international exposition that could bring in state and federal dollars, as well as tourists from outside Spokane, to fund a riverfront transformation. The idea to host caught on—inquiries were made to the Bureau of International Expositions as well as an additional study that was commissioned in the fall of 1970, and results both came back very positive. The 1974 world expo was identified as the target event. [2]

Efforts to host the expo just three-and-a-half years later began immediately and was a tall order considering that Spokane would be the smallest city at the time to ever host a World's Fair, and that the proposed site had 16 owners, including the railroads. Funding came from local, state, and federal sources, including a new business and occupation tax that the Spokane City Council passed in September 1971 after a ballot bond measure to provide local funding failed the month prior. [2] The event was officially recognized by then-President Richard Nixon in October 1971, and the following month, the Bureau of International Expositions gave their sign-off [4] on the event as well. [2]

Construction

Expo '74 Spokane Site Demolition and Construction 1972.tif
Construction on the Expo '74 site began in 1972 with the removal of existing rail lines and trestles. The "538" on the clock tower was a count down of days until Expo.
SITE OF EXPO 74 ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER. EXPO'S THEME WILL BE ENVIRONMENT - NARA - 547997.jpg
Site of Expo '74 under construction, May 1973

With approvals and funding falling in place, one last challenge was transforming the site and removing the railroads. Through intense negotiations, the Expo '74 planners, including King Cole were miraculously able to convince the railroads to agree to a land swap and donate the land needed for the Expo site. [21] [20] [2] [19] The railroads were consolidated onto the Northern Pacific Railway lines further to the south in Downtown Spokane, [11] freeing up the site for construction. Construction that would transform the site to host the environmentally-themed Expo '74 began with the removal of a ceremonial "first spike" at a ground-breaking ceremony on May 8, 1972. [22] The Great Northern depot on Havermale Island and Union Pacific on Spokane Falls Boulevard were both demolished early the following year despite protests from preservationists. [23] [24]

Spokane was the smallest city to host a world's fair recognized by the Bureau International des Expositions until Knoxville, Tennessee held the 1982 World's Fair eight years later (although the Spokane metropolitan area is still smaller than the Knoxville metropolitan area). World's Fairs began at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution as public showcases. Expo '74 was the first fair in decades that did not focus on the space age, futuristic themes, or utopian ideas of living. An environmental theme was decided upon by the organizing committee, but there was some uncertainty about it because it had never been used previously by a World's Fair to that time. After considering several other slogans, such as "How Man Can Live, Work and Play in Harmony With His Environment", Expo '74 settled on "Celebrating Tomorrow's Fresh New Environment." [25]

Uncertainty about the ability of a city the modest size of Spokane to create a successful event caused many nations and corporations to hesitate about making major investments in the fair. Kodak, General Motors, and Ford hosted pavilions at this fair but they were scaled down in size and presence compared to the exhibits constructed for the New York World's Fair ten years earlier. For the first time since the company's beginning, General Electric did not have a fair pavilion but it sponsored the musical group Up with People that performed during the summer at the fair.

Expo '74's official logo debuted in March 1972 and was designed by Spokane artist Lloyd L. Carlson. [1] The logo is a stylized Möbius strip, an endless three-dimensional form, which was chosen to symbolize the continuity of life and mankind's relationship with the environment. [1] The three colors, blue, green, and white, also symbolized the environmental theme of the fair, representing the purity of clean water, the unspoiled natural beauty of growing plants and trees, and the cleanliness of fresh air, respectively. [1]

Opening day

View of the Expo '74 site during the fair. Expo '74, Spokane, Washington, looking northeast.tif
View of the Expo '74 site during the fair.

US President Richard Nixon presided over the fair's opening ceremony on May 4, 1974, [26] [27] where he addressed a crowd of some 85,000. [28] Nixon had high praise of the fair and its environmental theme, noting Washington state's role as the first state in the nation to have environmental protection laws, [27] and urged nations to work together to clean up the environment around the world. [26] The opening of Expo '74 occurred in the midst of the Watergate Scandal investigation, which Nixon was deeply embroiled in, bringing the presence of a number of protestors and hecklers, some of whom shouted "Jail to the Chief!", to Nixon's speech. [28] The hecklers were ignored by Nixon, who continued to give his opening day remarks. [26]

In keeping with the fair's environmental theme, other opening day events included the release of 1,974 rainbow trout into the Spokane River, [26] and releasing 1,000 pigeons into the sky. [27]

The fair

Man Belongs to the Earth, a short documentary using IMAX technology that debuted at Expo '74

Nations with an official presence at the fair included Australia, Canada, West Germany, Iran, Japan, Taiwan, Republic of Korea, the Philippines, the United States and the USSR. [6] : 13  Architectural critics were intrigued[ citation needed ] by the Australian Pavilion with its 36 screen revolving audio visual platform and a model of the newly completed Sydney Opera House. [6] : 92  (The artistic director for the project was film director Jonathan Dawson). However, writer Calvin Trillin tartly commented that the exhibits of several other countries seemed designed to demonstrate their nation's lack of environmental care. "While other world's fairs had introduced the telephone, the escalator, and the Belgian waffle, Spokane's Expo '74 would be associated forever with the 'institutionalized mea culpa,'" Trillin wrote in The New Yorker . [25]

One piece of technology that made its debut at Expo '74 was the IMAX movie theater. The original theater, built inside of the United States Pavilion, had a screen that measured 90×65 ft (27×20 m), completely covering the front wall of the pavilion. It was the largest indoor movie screen at the time and was larger than a typical drive-in theater screen. The quote, "The Earth does not belong to Man, Man belongs to the Earth" (attributed to Chief Seattle) was written in large letters on the outside wall. Inside the pavilion, visitors watched "Man Belongs to the Earth," a 23-minute IMAX film narrated by Chief Dan George and made for Expo by Paramount. [6] : 102–103  Scenes of U.S. splendor led into environmental problems including air pollution in Denver. [29] The film's immersive sense of motion was so realistic—especially during a sequence flying through the Grand Canyon—that motion sickness bags had to be made available. [30]

The fair also featured the interactive movie system Kinoautomat. Pacific Northwest Bell had a pavilion that eliminated the use of air conditioning by using louvered panels on the roof. They demonstrated the use of TTY equipment and discussed the use of 911 for emergency telephone services. [6] : 105  Expo '74 was the last time that the Bell system would exhibit at a world's fair before its breakup ten years later.

Legacy

Expo74 Stamp.jpg
Expo 74 Plate.png
Peter Max-designed U.S. postage stamp commemorating Expo '74 and a souvenir plate

After the event closed, the exposition site became the city's 100-acre (40 ha) Riverfront Park, [5] containing the former U.S. Pavilion and a clock tower (part of a Great Northern rail depot that was demolished for Expo '74), which are featured prominently in the park's past [31] [32] and current [33] logos.

Several structures built for the fair are still standing. The Washington State Pavilion still stands and is used as the Spokane Convention Center and the First Interstate Center for the Arts. The building constructed to house Spokane's iconic Looff Carrousel was disassembled in March 2017 (it housed a German beer garden during the fair), with a new building planned. The carrousel originated in Natatorium Park, which closed in 1967, and was restored for the World's Fair. [34] [35] An additional six structures, including the Republic of China Pavilion, were moved 150 miles south to Walla Walla where they were re-purposed to be used as classrooms and a performing arts theater for the Walla Walla Community College. [36] Several sculptures created for the fair remain at Riverfront Park, including the Garbage Goat designed by the "welding nun" Paula Mary Turnbull. [37]

The original covering of the US pavilion was a thick vinyl sheeting that was not designed to last. It was allowed to remain until it began to deteriorate, become unsightly and was thought a safety hazard. When the city opted to remove the covering, chunks of the thick vinyl could be purchased as keep-sakes. The tent design itself with its heavy cables was not intended to stay up, however the people of Spokane voiced the opinion that it should remain as a unique architectural statement, and a monument to the 1974 exposition.

As with other expositions, numerous souvenirs were produced and sold both at the site and for years afterwards.

Entertainment and famous visitors

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">World's fair</span> Large international exhibition

A world's fair, also known as a universal exhibition, is a large global exhibition designed to showcase the achievements of nations. These exhibitions vary in character and are held in different parts of the world at a specific site for a period of time, typically between three and six months.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Century 21 Exposition</span> Worlds fair held in Seattle, Washington

The Century 21 Exposition was a world's fair held April 21, 1962, to October 21, 1962, in Seattle, Washington, United States. Nearly 10 million people attended the fair during its six-month run.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Expo 67</span> Worlds fair held in Montreal, Quebec

The 1967 International and Universal Exposition, commonly known as Expo 67, was a general exhibition from April 28 to October 29, 1967. It was a category one world's fair held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is considered to be one of the most successful World's Fairs of the 20th century with the most attendees to that date and 62 nations participating. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world's fair, with 569,500 visitors on its third day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spokane, Washington</span> City in Washington, United States

Spokane is the most populous city in eastern Washington and the county seat of Spokane County, Washington, United States. It lies along the Spokane River, adjacent to the Selkirk Mountains, and west of the Rocky Mountain foothills, 92 miles (148 km) south of the Canadian border, 18.5 miles (30 km) west of the Washington–Idaho border, and 279 miles (449 km) east of Seattle, along Interstate 90.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1982 World's Fair</span> 1982 international exposition in Knoxville, Tennessee, U.S.

The 1982 World's Fair, officially known as the Knoxville International Energy Exposition (KIEE) and simply as Energy Expo '82 and Expo '82, was an international exposition held in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. Focused on energy and electricity generation, with the theme Energy Turns the World, it was officially registered as a "World's Fair" by the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Expo '70</span> Worlds fair held in Osaka Prefecture, Japan

The Japan World Exposition, Osaka, 1970 or Expo '70 was a world's fair held in Suita, Osaka Prefecture, Japan between 15 March and 13 September 1970. Its theme was "Progress and Harmony for Mankind." In Japanese, Expo '70 is often referred to as Ōsaka Banpaku (大阪万博). It was the first world's fair held in Japan and in Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Downtown Spokane</span> Central business district of Spokane in Washington, United States

Downtown Spokane or Riverside is the central business district of Spokane, Washington. The Riverside neighborhood is roughly bounded by I-90 to the south, Division Street to the east, Monroe Street to the west and Boone Avenue to the north. The topography of Downtown Spokane is mostly flat except for areas downstream of the Spokane Falls which are located in a canyon; the elevation is approximately 1,900 feet (580 m) above sea level.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spokane Convention Center</span>

Spokane Convention Center is the primary convention center in Spokane, Washington, in the northwest United States, and consists of two interconnected buildings along the south bank of the Spokane River in downtown Spokane. The facility, owned and operated by the Spokane Public Facilities District, is part of a larger campus, historically referred to as Spokane Center, that also contains the adjacent First Interstate Center for the Arts which is connected to the Davenport Grand hotel across the street via a skywalk.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First Interstate Center for the Arts</span>

The First Interstate Center for the Arts is a 2,609-seat theater and entertainment venue in Spokane, Washington. It is located in Downtown Spokane along the south bank of the Spokane River adjacent to the Spokane Convention Center. The facility is owned and operated by the Spokane Public Facilities District.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Spokane, Washington</span>

The history of Spokane, Washington in the northwestern United States developed because Spokane Falls and its surroundings were a gathering place for numerous cultures for thousands of years. The area's indigenous people settled there due to the fertile hunting grounds and abundance of salmon in the Spokane River. The first European to explore the Inland Northwest was Canadian explorer-geographer David Thompson, working as head of the North West Company's Columbia Department. At the nexus of the Little Spokane and the Spokane, Thompson's men built a new fur trading post, which is the first long-term European settlement in Washington state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Riverfront Park Carousel</span> United States historic place

The Riverfront Park Carrousel, also known as the Looff Carrousel and the Natatorium Park Carousel, is a carousel in Spokane, Washington built in 1909 by Charles I. D. Looff as a gift for Looff's daughter Emma Vogel and her husband Louis Vogel, who owned Natatorium Park in Spokane. It remained at Natatorium Park until 1968 when the park closed. The carousel was then relocated to its present location at Riverfront Park in 1975 where it continues to operate. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 19, 1977.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">River Park Square</span> Shopping mall in Washington, United States

River Park Square is a shopping mall and entertainment complex in Spokane, Washington. The shopping center was originally opened in 1974. Following years of decline, the center was redeveloped in 1999 using public and private funds in an effort to revitalize downtown Spokane. The mall, still privately owned by Cowles Company, is anchored by Nordstrom and contains an outpost of AMC Theatres.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Riverfront Park (Spokane, Washington)</span> Urban park and Expo 74 legacy site in Spokane, Washington, United States

Riverfront Park, branded as Riverfront Spokane, is a public urban park in downtown Spokane, Washington that is owned and operated by the Spokane Parks & Recreation Department. The 100-acre (40 ha) park is situated along the Spokane River and encompasses the Upper Spokane Falls, which is the largest urban waterfall in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Expo 86</span> Worlds Fair held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

The 1986 World Exposition on Transportation and Communication, or simply Expo 86, was a world's fair held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada from May 2 until October 13, 1986. The fair, the theme of which was "Transportation and Communication: World in Motion – World in Touch", coincided with Vancouver's centennial and was held on the north shore of False Creek.

<i>Expo 74</i> (train) Former American passenger train service

The Expo '74 was a passenger train operated by Amtrak between Spokane and Seattle, Washington. It operated in the summer months of 1974 in coordination with its namesake, Expo '74. With the addition of the Expo '74 to the Empire Builder and North Coast Hiawatha, Amtrak provided thrice-daily service between Seattle and Spokane, the highest level seen since Amtrak's formation and unmatched since.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">High Bridge Park</span> Park in Spokane, Washington, United States of America

High Bridge Park is a 200 acres (810,000 m2) public park located at Riverside Ave. and A St. in Latah/Hangman, Spokane, Washington. It is open daily, without charge.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Numerica Skate Ribbon</span> Venue within Riverfront Park in Spokane, Washington

The Numerica Skate Ribbon is a multi-purpose venue and attraction located in Riverfront Park in Downtown Spokane, Washington. It primarily serves as a year-round outdoor venue for skating, supporting hard surface skating activities such as roller skating, scootering, and skateboarding in the warm months, and converting over for ice skating during the winter months. The ribbon also hosts other events and programmed activities, such as art walks, throughout the year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Architecture of Spokane, Washington</span> Overview of the architecture in Spokane, Washington

Spokane and its neighborhoods contain a patchwork of architectural styles that give them a distinct identity and illustrate the changes throughout the city's history. Spokane has a rich architectural history for a western city of its size and much of it is a product of its circumstances at the turn of the 20th century when as a rapidly growing city, the Great Fire of 1889 destroyed 32 blocks of the city center which was quickly rebuilt in a more grand fashion by a community flush with money coming from regional mining districts. Many of the architects that found work in the city and building on the blank slate of the downtown commercial district became highly esteemed architects such as Kirtland Cutter, who has been credited with giving the city a distinctive character. In particular, the city has a high concentration of Romanesque Revival style institutional and commercial buildings and American Craftsman bungalow residences. The architecture of Spokane gained national recognition in industry publications in the early 20th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paula Mary Turnbull</span> American sculptor and nun (1921–2018)

Sister Paula Mary Turnbull was an American sculptor and educator. Known as the "welding nun", she created liturgical and whimsical metal sculptures. Her most famous work is Garbage Goat, a steel sculpture in Riverfront Park in Spokane, Washington, that incorporates a vacuum apparatus allowing the goat to "eat" trash. During her career, Turnbull created dozens of public artworks in Spokane and helped organize the installation of public art at the Expo '74 world's fair.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Garbage Goat</span> Metal sculpture in Spokane, Washington

The Garbage Goat is a metal sculpture in Spokane, Washington's Riverfront Park. It was created by Paula Mary Turnbull, a local artist known as the "welding nun", for Expo '74, the city's 1974 world's fair. The sculpture was designed with an internal vacuum mechanism allowing the goat to "eat" trash held close to its mouth. It is also known as the Garbage-Eating Goat; the sculpture does not have a known official name, though Turnbull originally referred to the goat as "Billy".

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Expo '74 symbol selected". Spokesman-Review. March 12, 1972. p. 1.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Kershner, Jim. "Expo '74: Spokane World's Fair". HistoryLink.org. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "1974 Spokane". Bureau International des Expositions. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
  4. 1 2 "1974 Spokane - The Expo". Bureau International des Expositions. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
  5. 1 2 Butler, Marv (March 6, 1979). "Pavilion still focal point". Spokane Daily Chronicle. (aerial photo). p. 1.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Bowers, Dawn (1974). Expo '74 World's Fair Spokane: Official Commemorative of the Spokane World Exposition 1974 . Expo '74 Corporation. LCCN   74-15913.
  7. ↑ Kensel, W.H. (Spring 1971). "Spokane: The First Decade" (PDF). Idaho Yesterdays. 15 (1). Boise, Idaho: Idaho State Historical Society: 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 1, 2019. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
  8. ↑ "The 1890s: A Burgeoning City". Riverfront Park History. City - County of Spokane Historic Preservation Office. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  9. ↑ "1880s". Spokane Electric. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  10. ↑ "Spokane History". Downtown Spokane Heritage Walk. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  11. 1 2 Tinsley, Jesse (May 18, 2020). "Then and Now: Transcontinental railroads". The Spokesman-Review. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  12. 1 2 3 4 "History". Riverfront Park: A Journey through the Decades. 2017 Mid-Century Survey Listed Properties Historic Properties Map Check out our Facebook Page! Historic Spokane Heritage Tours Contact Us! Search City - County of Spokane Historic Preservation Office. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  13. ↑ Kershner, Jim. "Olmsted Parks in Spokane". HistoryLink.org Essay 8218. HistoryLink.org. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
  14. ↑ Schmeltzer, Michael (1988). Spokane: The City and The People. American Geographic Publishing. p. 44. ISBN   0-938314-53-X.
  15. ↑ Stratton, David H (2005). Spokane and the Inland Empire: An Interior Pacific Northwest Anthology. Pullman, Washington: Washington State University Press. p. 33. ISBN   978-0-87422-277-7.
  16. ↑ Rydell, Robert W.; Youngs, J. William T. (2001–2006). "The Fair and the Falls: Spokane's Expo '74: Transforming an American Environment". The Journal of American History. 88 (1): 302. doi:10.2307/2675068. ISSN   0021-8723. JSTOR   2675068.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 Deshais, Nicholas (November 23, 2017). "Before Expo was Ebasco, the plan to save downtown Spokane". The Spokesman-Review. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  18. ↑ "Rediscovering the River". Spokane Historical. Eastern Washington University. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  19. 1 2 Rebecca, Nappi (December 20, 2010). "King Cole, 'father' of Expo '74, dies". Seattle Times. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  20. 1 2 Carpenter, Cory. "The Father of the Fair". Spokane Historical. Eastern Washington University. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  21. ↑ "The 1970s: The World Visits Spokane". Riverfront Park History. City - County of Spokane Historic Preservation Office. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  22. ↑ Powers, Dorothy R. (May 9, 1972). "Action Starts on Expo '74". The Spokesman-Review. p. 6. Retrieved June 4, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  23. ↑ Kershner, Jim (January 7, 2007). "Towering presence". The Spokesman-Review. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
  24. ↑ Powers, Dorothy R. (February 28, 1973). "Expo Site in Midst of Massive Transition Stage". The Spokesman-Review. p. 22. Retrieved June 17, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  25. 1 2 William T. Youngs (April 21, 2010). "Expo '74 and Earth Day". The Inlander. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Bartel, Frank (May 4, 1974). "President opens Expo '74". Spokane Daily Chronicle. p. 1.
  27. 1 2 3 Powers, Dorothy R. (May 5, 1974). "President praises Spokane, Expo '74". Spokesman-Review. p. 1.
  28. 1 2 Kershner, Jim (May 20, 2014). "President Richard M. Nixon presides over the opening of Expo '74, Spokane's World's Fair, on May 4, 1974". HistoryLink . Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  29. ↑ Man Belongs to Earth. The U.S. Pavilion (Motion picture). 1974. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  30. ↑ Sommerfeld, Seth (May 2, 2024). "Expo '74 featured the biggest movie screen on the planet — IMAX". Inlander. Retrieved December 18, 2024.
  31. ↑ About the Park, archived from the original on August 23, 2000
  32. ↑ Riverfront Park Official Website, archived from the original on June 15, 2012
  33. ↑ "Riverfront Spokane Brand Overview" (PDF). Riverfront Spokane. City of Spokane Parks and Recreation. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
  34. ↑ Roberts, Jesse. "Looff Carrousel". Spokane Historical. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  35. ↑ Spokane's Natatorium Park - Home Page Archived February 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine The Forestry Pavilion was re-purposed as a picnic shelter for Riverfront Park, and can still be seen on the far side of the hill on which the former U.S. Pavilion (now known simply as "The Pavilion") sits. Other structures that remain in Spokane include the floating stage in front of the opera house, the Harold Balazs sculpture next to the opera house and the trash-eating goat near what is now the carousel building.
  36. ↑ Expo ‘74 Spokane: China Pavilion
  37. ↑ Overstreet, Audrey (March 18, 2018). "Sculpted by the spirit: Sister Paula Turnbull's work continues to tell her story". The Spokesman-Review.
  38. 1 2 3 "Spokane World Fair 2-Week Attendance Hits 427,981 Mark". Daily Variety . May 23, 1974. p. 6.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.