Fuscideaceae

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Fuscideaceae
Fuscidea cyathoides 139905995.jpg
Fuscidea cyathoides
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Umbilicariales
Family: Fuscideaceae
Hafellner (1984)
Type genus
Fuscidea
V.Wirth & Vězda (1972)
Genera

Albemarlea
Fuscidea
Hueidea
Maronea
Maronora

Fuscideaceae is a family of fungi that form symbiotic] relationships with algae to create lichens. These lichens typically have a crust-like appearance and are found worldwide, though they are most common in temperate regions. The family includes five genera and about 55 species, which primarily grow on tree bark, rocks, or occasionally on wood or leaves. Fuscideaceae lichens are characterised by their reproductive structures, cup-like formations called apothecia, which can vary in colour from red to dark brown or black. The family has undergone several changes in its classification over the years, with recent genetic studies placing it within the order Umbilicariales. Fuscideaceae lichens produce various chemical compounds (lichen products), some of which are unique to this family, and these chemicals are often used to help identify different species.

Contents

Systematics

Taxonomy

The family was circumscribed by the lichenologist Josef Hafellner in 1984. He included the type genus, Fuscidea , and Maronea in his original conception of the family. He considered Maronea as sort of a version of Fuscidea with lecanorine apothecia and multi-spored asci. [1] In his Outline of the Ascomycota series (2006), Ove Eriksson included the genus Hueidea in Fuscideaceae based on its Fuscidea-type asci as the diagnostic character. [2] Both Loxospora and Sarrameana have been proposed for inclusion in the Fuscideaceae, [3] but they are now both placed in a new family, the Sarrameanaceae. [4]

In a recent proposal by Heidi Lie Andersen and Tor Tønsberg, published in late 2023, there has been a call to conserve the name Fuscidea over Maronea, to addressing a taxonomic and nomenclatural issue in the Fuscideaceae. This suggestion stems from multiple molecular studies, particularly those by Anya Bylin et al. (2007), [5] Jolanta Miadlikowska et al. (2014), [6] and research by Martina Zahradnikova (2017), [7] which demonstrated that Maronea is paraphyletic to Fuscidea, with Maronea species nested within a larger monophyletic Fuscidea clade. The genus Maronea, described by Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo in 1856, consists of about 12 species, with a more restricted distribution compared to Fuscidea, which comprises over 40 widely distributed species. To preserve nomenclatural stability and avoid the extensive renaming that transferring all Fuscidea species to Maronea or splitting Fuscidea into several smaller genera would entail, the authors advocate for conserving the name Fuscidea against Maronea. This approach aims to minimise name changes, maintaining a monophyletic group within Fuscideaceae and supporting nomenclatural consistency. [8]

Classification

Since its proposal in 1984, the classification of family Fuscidaceae has been a matter of some debate. Hafellner originally thought the family to be more closely related to the Teloschistaceae than to the Lecideaceae or Lecanoraceae, and he classified the family in the suborder Teloschistineae of the order Teloschistales. He described the similarities in the ascus structure between the Teloschistaceae and Fuscideaceae as "unmistakable". [1] Miadlikowska and colleagues (2006) discovered that the resemblance in ascus structure between the Fuscideaceae and Teloschistales is due to homoplasy. [9]

In some preliminary molecular work, Lutzoni and colleagues concluded that the family was associated with the Ostropomycetidae. [10] Reeb and colleagues (2004) identified the Umbilicariaceae as a closely related group to the Fuscideaceae, suggesting the establishment of a new order named Umbilicariales to encompass both groups. [11] Wedin and others (2005) acknowledged a potential relationship between the Fuscideaceae and Umbilicariaceae, though with limited evidence. [12] In 2006, Miadlikowska and her team recommended placing the Fuscideaceae-Ophioparmaceae-Umbilicariaceae grouping into a distinct order, Umbilicariales, under the class Lecanoromycetidae, yet this classification was not officially adopted. [6] Bylin and associates (2007) observed Fuscideacea as a close relative to Umbilicariales, despite a lack of strong evidence. [5] The Ropalosporaceae were reclassified with a provisional placement within the Umbilicariales due to an unclear relationship. Contrarily, Bendiksby and Timdal (2013) contested the inclusion of Fuscideaceae within the Umbilicariales despite noting similarities in the ascus structure between Umbilicaria and Fuscidea, characterised by an amyloid inner and outer layer separated by a nonamyloid layer. [13] Molecular work by Miadlikowska and colleagues in 2014 showed that the family occupies an outlying clade within the order Umbilicariales, which includes the Ophioparmaceae and Ropalosporaceae as well as the Umbilicariaceae itself. [6]

Description

Fuscideaceae lichens have a crust-like body (thallus), which often presents as a collection of tightly packed, cracked segments ( areolate ). It is not uncommon for these lichens to have a darker outline or base ( prothallus ), and some species may develop clusters of reproductive structures (soralia) on their surface. The photosynthetic partner within these lichens is typically chlorococcoid —a form of green algae. [14]

The reproductive structures of these lichens, known as ascomata, take the form of apothecia , which are cup-like fungal structures. These can be either partially embedded in the thallus or sitting atop it (ranging from more or less immersed to sessile ), and may or may not have a noticeable rim ( thalline margin ). The colour of the apothecia's disc varies from red to dark brown or black. Inside these structures, the supportive tissue ( hamathecium ) consists of sparsely to richly branched filaments (paraphyses), which often have coloured tips. [14]

Kidney bean-shaped spore of Fuscidea recensa Fuscidea recensa-8.jpg
Kidney bean-shaped spore of Fuscidea recensa

The spore-producing cells (asci) feature a distinctive staining pattern when treated with certain chemical dyes (K/I+ dark blue for the external and internal layers, surrounded by a thick K/I+ pale blue gelatinous cap, but with a K/I– tube at the centre, or tholus ). Fuscideaceae asci typically release eight or more spores, which are generally non-segmented (aseptate) or rarely divided once (1-septate), and range in colour from clear to pale brown. The shape of these spores can vary, with some resembling beans or showing a pinched middle section. [14] The conidiomata are in the form of pycnidia; the conidia are non-septate, fusiform to ellipsoid in shape, and hyaline. [15]

Chemistry

Fuscideaceae species typically have either depsides, depsidones, or no lichen products at all. [15] Other secondary chemical compounds found in Fuscideaceae include anthraquinones, benzyl esters, higher aliphatic acids, and usnic acid. [16] [17] [18] Specific compounds identified from various members of the family include the orcinol depsides divaricatic acid, nordivaricatic acid, and imbricaric acid; the benzyl esters alectorialic acid and barbatolic acid. [16]

Habitat and distribution

Collectively, the Fuscideaceae has a cosmopolitan distribution, although species are predominantly found in temperate locales. [15] The most extensive genus within this group, Fuscidea, contains over 40 species that are primarily found in the Northern Hemisphere, although they also occur in the Southern Hemisphere. [8] Genus Albemarlea contains a single species that is found exclusively in North Carolina's Albemarle-Pamlico Peninsula, [19] whereas New South Wales, Australia, is the only known location for the granite rock-dwelling Hueidea . [20]

Fuscideaceae species usually grow on bark, on rocks, or more rarely, on wood or leaves. [15]

Genera

Tentative placement in the Fuscideaceae. Its single species has a crust-like thallus, Fuscidea-type asci, and green coccoid photobiont, but lacks any lichen products. [19]

The genus Orphniospora Körb. (1874) was previously included in the family, but molecular analysis published in 2017 has since excluded it, [7] and its phylogenetic affinity is considered uncertain. [14] Lettauia is another genus that was included in the Fuscideaceae (sometimes tentatively), [15] but it has since been synonymised with Cryptodiscus (family Stictidaceae). [23] Maronea is kept in the Fuscideaceae pending the nomenclatural decision regarding its name. [8]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peltigerales</span> Order of fungi

Peltigerales is an order of lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. The taxonomy of the group has seen numerous changes; it was formerly often treated as a suborder of the order Lecanorales. It contains two suborders, eight families and about 45 genera such as Lobaria and Peltigera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acarosporaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Acarosporaceae are a family of fungi in the order Acarosporales. Members of this family have a widespread distribution, and are mostly lichenized with green algae. According to a 2021 estimate, the family contains 11 genera and about 260 species. The family is characterised by a hamathecium formed of paraphysoids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ostropomycetidae</span> Subclass of fungi

The Ostropomycetidae are a subclass of mostly lichen-forming fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. The subclass was circumscribed in 2004 by Catherine Reeb, François M. Lutzoni, and Claude Roux. It contains ten orders and 36 families.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baeomycetales</span> Order of fungi

The Baeomycetales are an order of mostly lichen-forming fungi in the subclass Ostropomycetidae, in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 8 families, 33 genera and about 170 species. As a result of molecular phylogenetics research published in the late 2010s, several orders were folded into the Baeomycetales, resulting in a substantial increase in the number of taxa.

Calathaspis is a lichen genus in the family Cladoniaceae. A monotypic genus, Calathapsis contains the single species Calathaspis devexa, which is found in Papua New Guinea in middle- and high-altitude forests at altitudes ranging from 2,000–4,000 metres (6,600–13,100 ft). The genus name, which combines the Greek κάλαθος and κάλαθος ("shield"), refers to the shape of the apothecia. The species epithet devexa, from the Latin devexus, refers to the arrangement of the thalline laciniae.

<i>Herteliana</i> Genus of lichen-forming fungi

Herteliana is a genus of lichen-forming fungi. It contains four species of crustose lichens.

<i>Psilolechia</i> Genus of fungi

Psilolechia is a genus of four species of crustose lichens. It is the only member of Psilolechiaceae, a family that was created in 2014 to contain this genus.

<i>Pycnora</i> Genus of lichen

Pycnora is a genus of fungi in the monotypic family Pycnoraceae. It contains three species. The genus was circumscribed by Josef Hafellner in 2001; the family was proposed by Mika Bendiksby and Einar Timdal in 2013.

<i>Ramboldia</i> Genus of lichen-forming fungi

Ramboldia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ramboldiaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 1994 by Gintaras Kantvilas and John Alan Elix. It was emended in 2008 by the inclusion of Pyrrhospora species containing the anthraquinone russulone in their apothecia and having a prosoplectenchymatous exciple. The family Ramboldiaceae was circumscribed in 2014 to contain the genus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Umbilicariales</span> Order of fungi

The Umbilicariales are an order of lichenized fungi in the subclass Umbilicariomycetidae, class Lecanoromycetes. It contains five families: Elixiaceae, Fuscideaceae, Ophioparmaceae, Ropalosporaceae, and Umbilicariaceae. Umbilicariales was proposed as a new order in 2007, while the subclass Umbilicariomycetidae was proposed in 2013.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhizocarpaceae</span> Family of fungi

Rhizocarpaceae is a family of crustose, lecideoid, lichen-forming fungi and together with the family Sporastatiaceae it constitutes the order Rhizocarpales in the Ascomycota, class Lecanoromycetes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arctomiaceae</span> Family of lichens

The Arctomiaceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota, class Baeomycetales. The family was named by Theodor Magnus Fries in 1861, with Arctomia as the type genus. Species in this family are found in arctic and subarctic habitats, usually associated with bryophytes.

<i>Megalaria</i> Genus of lichen-forming fungi

Megalaria is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ramalinaceae. It contains 44 species of crustose lichens, the majority of which grow on bark.

<i>Crespoa</i> Genus of fungi

Crespoa is a genus of five species of lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Species in this genus are characterized by having an upper thallus surface that is wrinkled and reticulately ridged to coarsely foveolate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trapeliaceae</span> Family of lichens in the order Baeomycetales

Trapeliaceae is a family of lichens in the order Baeomycetales. The family contains 12 genera and about 125 species.

<i>Bilimbia</i> Genus of fungi

Bilimbia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ramalinaceae.

<i>Schaereria</i> Genus of lichen

Schaereria is a genus of lichen-forming fungi. It is the sole genus in the family Schaereriaceae, which itself is the only family in the Schaereriales, an order in the subclass Ostropomycetidae of the class Lecanoromycetes. Most Schaereria species are crustose lichens that live on rocks. Schaereria was first proposed by Gustav Wilhelm Körber in 1855 and was later taken up by other lichenologists despite periods of disuse.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhizocarpales</span> Order of fungi

The Rhizocarpales are an order of lichen-forming fungi in the subclass Lecanoromycetidae of the class Lecanoromycetes. It has two families, Rhizocarpaceae and Sporastatiaceae, which contain mostly crustose lichens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sarrameanaceae</span> Family of lichen-forming fungi

Sarrameanaceae is a family of lichen-forming fungi in the monotypic order Sarrameanales. It contains the genera Loxospora and Sarrameana, the type genus. The genus Chicitaea was proposed in 2024 to contain Loxospora species containing 2'-O-methylperlatolic acid. The family was circumscribed by Josef Hafellner in 1984. The order Sarrameanales was proposed by Brendan Hodkinson and James Lendemer in 2011, as they had noted that previously published large-scale molecular phylogenetic studies had shown that the group of species contained in the family Sarrameanaceae were distinct and separate from the clade containing all of the other orders of the Ostropomycetidae. However, the name Sarrameanales was not validly published according to the rules of botanical nomenclature, because it was not accompanied by a suitable description. Despite this, the order continues to be used in lichenological literature.

Strangospora is a genus of lichen-forming fungi. It is the only genus in the family Strangosporaceae, which itself is of uncertain taxonomic placement in the Ascomycota. It contains 10 species.

References

  1. 1 2 Hafellner, J. (1984). Studien in Richtung einer natürlichen Gliederung der Sammelfamilien Lecanoracae und Lecideaceae [Studies towards a natural classification of the collective families Lecanoraceae and Lecideaceae]. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia (in German). Vol. 79. p. 278.
  2. ↑ Eriksson, O.E. (2006). "Outline of Ascomycota – 2006". Myconet. 12: 1–82. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  3. ↑ Tehler, A.; Wedin, M. (2008). "Systematics of lichenized fungi". In Nash III, Thomas H. (ed.). Lichen Biology (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-69216-8.
  4. ↑ Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453 [164]. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2 . hdl: 10481/76378 .
  5. 1 2 Bylin, Anya; Arnerup Christiansson, Jenny; Högberg, Nils; Thor, Göran (2007). "A phylogenetic study of Fuscideaceae using mtSSU rDNA". In Frisch, Andreas; Lange, Ute; Staiger, Bettina (eds.). Lichenologische Nebenstunden. Contributions to lichen taxonomy and ecology in honour of Klaus Kalb. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 96. Berlin/Stuttgart: J. Cramer. pp. 49–60. ISBN   978-3-443-58075-9.
  6. 1 2 3 Miadlikowska, Jolanta; Kauff, Frank; Högnabba, Filip; Oliver, Jeffrey C.; Molnár, Katalin; Fraker, Emily; et al. (2014). "A multigene phylogenetic synthesis for the class Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota): 1307 fungi representing 1139 infrageneric taxa, 317 genera and 66 families". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 79: 132–168. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.04.003. PMC   4185256 . PMID   24747130.
  7. 1 2 Zahradníková, Martina (2017). Taxonomy and phylogeny of the family Fuscideaceae (Umbilicariales, Ascomycota) with special emphasis on Fuscidea (PhD). Bergen: University of Bergen. pp. 88 pp.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Andersen, Heidi Lie; Tønsberg, Tor (2023). "(2968) Proposal to conserve the name Fuscidea against Maronea (lichenized Ascomycota)". Taxon. 72 (4): 925–926. doi: 10.1002/tax.12995 .
  9. ↑ Miadlikowska, J.; Kauff, F.; Hofstetter, V.; Fraker, E.; Grube, M.; Hafellner, J.; Reeb, V.; Hodkinson, B.P.; Kukwa, M.; Lücking, R.; Hestmark, G.; Otalora, M.G.; Rauhut, A.; Büdel, B.; Scheidegger, C.; Timdal, E.; Stenroos, S.; Brodo, I.; Perlmutter, G.B.; Ertz, D.; Diederich, P.; Lendemer, J.C.; May, P.; Schoch, C.L.; Arnold, A.E. (2006). "New insights into classification and evolution of the Lecanoromycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) from phylogenetic analyses of three ribosomal RNA and two protein-coding genes". Mycologia. 98 (6): 1088–1103. doi:10.1080/15572536.2006.11832636. PMID   17486983.
  10. ↑ Lutzoni, François; Kauff, Frank; Cox, Cymon J.; McLaughlin, David; Celio, Gail; Dentinger, Bryn; et al. (2004). "Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1446–1480. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1446. PMID   21652303.
  11. ↑ Reeb, Valérie; Lutzoni, François; Roux, Claude (2004). "Contribution of RPB2 to multilocus phylogenetic studies of the euascomycetes (Pezizomycotina, Fungi) with special emphasis on the lichen-forming Acarosporaceae and evolution of polyspory". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 32 (3): 1036–1060. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.04.012. PMID   15288074.
  12. ↑ Wedin, Mats; Wiklund, Elisabeth; Crewe, Anna; Döring, Heidi; Ekman, Stefan; Nyberg, Åsa; Schmitt, Imke; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2005). "Phylogenetic relationships of Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) as revealed by analyses of mtSSU and nuLSU rDNA sequence data". Mycological Research. 109 (2): 159–172. doi:10.1017/s0953756204002102. PMID   15839100.
  13. ↑ Bendiksby, Mika; Timdal, Einar (2013). "Molecular phylogenetics and taxonomy of Hypocenomyce sensu lato (Ascomycota: Lecanoromycetes): Extreme polyphyly and morphological/ecological convergence". Taxon. 62 (5): 940–956. doi: 10.12705/625.18 .
  14. 1 2 3 4 Cannon, Paul; Fryday, Alan; Coppins, Brian; Aptroot, André; Sanderson, Neil; Simkin, Janet (2024). Umbilicariales, including Elixia (Elixiaceae), Fuscidea (Fuscideaceae), Hypocenomyce and Ophioparma (Ophioparmaceae), Ropalospora (Ropalosporaceae) and Lasallia, Umbilicaria and Xylopsora (Umbilicariaceae) (PDF). Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. Vol. 39. p. 3.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Jaklitsch, Walter; Baral, Hans-Otto; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2016). Frey, Wolfgang (ed.). Syllabus of Plant Families: Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. Vol. 1/2 (13 ed.). Berlin Stuttgart: Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Borntraeger Science Publishers. pp. 150–151. ISBN   978-3-443-01089-8. OCLC   429208213.
  16. 1 2 Tønsberg, T. (1992). The Sorediate and Isidiate, Corticolous, Crustose Lichens in Norway. Sommerfeltia. Vol. 14. pp. 51–53. ISBN   82-7420-015-2.
  17. ↑ Ekman, Stefan (1993). "A taxonomic study of Ropalospora chlorantha, and a comparison between Ropalospora and Fuscidea". Bryologist. 96 (44): 582–591. doi:10.2307/3243989. JSTOR   3243989.
  18. ↑ Kantvilas, G. 2004. Fuscideaceae. Pp. 173–187 in: McCarthy, P.M. & Mallett, K. (eds), Flora of Australia 56A, Lichens 4. Melbourne: ABRS, Canberra & CSIRO Publishing.
  19. 1 2 3 Lendemer, James C.; Harris, Richard C.; Ruiz, Ana Maria (2016). "A Review of the Lichens of the Dare Regional Biodiversity Hotspot in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina, Eastern North America". Castanea. 81 (1): 1–77. doi: 10.2179/15-073r2 .
  20. 1 2 Kantvilas, Gintaras; McCarthy, Patrick M. (2003). "Hueidea (Fuscideaceae), a new lichen genus from alpine Australia". The Lichenologist. 35 (5–6): 397–407. doi:10.1016/j.lichenologist.2003.08.002.
  21. ↑ Wirth, V.; Vězda, A. (1972). "Zur Systematik der Lecidea cyathoides-Gruppe" [On the taxonomy of the Lecidea cyathoides group]. Beiträge zur Naturkundlichen Forschung in Südwestdeutschland (in German). 31: 91–92.
  22. ↑ Kalb, Klaus; Aptroot, André (2018). "New lichen species from Brazil and Venezuela". The Bryologist. 121 (1): 56–66. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-121.1.056.
  23. ↑ "Record Details: Lettauia D. Hawksw. & R. Sant., in Jahns, Biblthca Lichenol. 38: 136 (1990)". Index Fungorum . Retrieved 1 April 2024.
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