Gastric folds

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Gastric folds
Gastrointestinal wall of human stomach hariadhi.svg
Stomach
Details
Identifiers
Latin plicae gastricae
TA98 A05.5.01.028
TA2 2915
FMA 75653
Anatomical terminology

The gastric folds (or gastric rugae ) are coiled sections of tissue that exist in the mucosal and submucosal layers of the stomach. [1] They provide elasticity by allowing the stomach to expand when a bolus enters it. These folds stretch outward through the action of mechanoreceptors, which respond to the increase in pressure. [2] This allows the stomach to expand, therefore increasing the volume of the stomach without increasing pressure. [2] They also provide the stomach with an increased surface area for nutrient absorption during digestion. [2] Gastric folds may be seen during esophagogastroduodenoscopy or in radiological studies. [3] [4]

Contents

Layers

The gastric folds consist of two layers:

Drawing of the interior of the stomach. Gray's Anatomy - Fig. 1050.gif
Drawing of the interior of the stomach.

Clinical significance

Thickening of the gastric folds may be observed by endoscopy or radiography and may aid in the differential diagnosis of many disease processes including: [3]

Gastritis
The folds become very thick due to inflammation. [7]
Peptic ulcer disease
Ulcers cause breaks in the mucosa and cause erosion of the sub-mucosa.
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Gastrin levels increase due to tumors, which cause an increase in the gastric fold size. [7]
Ménétrier's disease
The mucosa pits are in excess causing thickening of the folds. [7]
Carcinoma
Helicobacter pylori infection
Causes inflammation of the folds.
Gastric syphilis [8]
Cytomegalovirus
Mucosa change shape causing rugae enlargement. [9]
Sarcoidosis
Causes thickening of the folds.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stomach</span> Digestive organ

The stomach is a muscular, hollow organ in the upper gastrointestinal tract of humans and many other animals, including several invertebrates. The stomach has a dilated structure and functions as a vital organ in the digestive system. The stomach is involved in the gastric phase of digestion, following the cephalic phase in which the sight and smell of food and the act of chewing are stimuli. In the stomach a chemical breakdown of food takes place by means of secreted digestive enzymes and gastric acid.

Peptic ulcer disease is a break in the inner lining of the stomach, the first part of the small intestine, or sometimes the lower esophagus. An ulcer in the stomach is called a gastric ulcer, while one in the first part of the intestines is a duodenal ulcer. The most common symptoms of a duodenal ulcer are waking at night with upper abdominal pain, and upper abdominal pain that improves with eating. With a gastric ulcer, the pain may worsen with eating. The pain is often described as a burning or dull ache. Other symptoms include belching, vomiting, weight loss, or poor appetite. About a third of older people with peptic ulcers have no symptoms. Complications may include bleeding, perforation, and blockage of the stomach. Bleeding occurs in as many as 15% of cases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gastrointestinal tract</span> Organ system within humans and other animals

The gastrointestinal tract is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans and other animals, including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Food taken in through the mouth is digested to extract nutrients and absorb energy, and the waste expelled at the anus as faeces. Gastrointestinal is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the stomach and intestines.

Heartburn, also known as pyrosis, cardialgia or acid indigestion, is a burning sensation in the central chest or upper central abdomen. Heartburn is usually due to regurgitation of gastric acid into the esophagus. It is the major symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

<i>Helicobacter pylori</i> Species of bacteria

Helicobacter pylori, previously known as Campylobacter pylori, is a gram-negative, flagellated, helical bacterium. Mutants can have a rod or curved rod shape, and these are less effective. Its helical body is thought to have evolved in order to penetrate the mucous lining of the stomach, helped by its flagella, and thereby establish infection. The bacterium was first identified as the causal agent of gastric ulcers in 1983 by the Australian doctors Barry Marshall and Robin Warren.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mouth ulcer</span> Sore on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity

A mouth ulcer (aphtha) is an ulcer that occurs on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity. Mouth ulcers are very common, occurring in association with many diseases and by many different mechanisms, but usually there is no serious underlying cause. Rarely, a mouth ulcer that does not heal may be a sign of oral cancer. These ulcers may form individually or multiple ulcers may appear at once. Once formed, an ulcer may be maintained by inflammation and/or secondary infection.

Coffee ground vomitus refers to a particular appearance of vomit. Within organic heme molecules of red blood cells is the element iron, which oxidizes following exposure to gastric acid. This reaction causes the vomitus to look like ground coffee.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Esophagogastroduodenoscopy</span> Diagnostic endoscopic procedure

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) or oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD), also called by various other names, is a diagnostic endoscopic procedure that visualizes the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract down to the duodenum. It is considered a minimally invasive procedure since it does not require an incision into one of the major body cavities and does not require any significant recovery after the procedure. However, a sore throat is common.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gastritis</span> Stomach disease

Gastritis is the inflammation of the lining of the stomach. It may occur as a short episode or may be of a long duration. There may be no symptoms but, when symptoms are present, the most common is upper abdominal pain. Other possible symptoms include nausea and vomiting, bloating, loss of appetite and heartburn. Complications may include stomach bleeding, stomach ulcers, and stomach tumors. When due to autoimmune problems, low red blood cells due to not enough vitamin B12 may occur, a condition known as pernicious anemia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gastrointestinal disease</span> Medical condition

Gastrointestinal diseases refer to diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract, namely the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum; and the accessory organs of digestion, the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atrophic gastritis</span> Medical condition

Atrophic gastritis is a process of chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa of the stomach, leading to a loss of gastric glandular cells and their eventual replacement by intestinal and fibrous tissues. As a result, the stomach's secretion of essential substances such as hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor is impaired, leading to digestive problems. The most common are vitamin B12 deficiency possibly leading to pernicious anemia; and malabsorption of iron, leading to iron deficiency anaemia. It can be caused by persistent infection with Helicobacter pylori, or can be autoimmune in origin. Those with autoimmune atrophic gastritis (Type A gastritis) are statistically more likely to develop gastric carcinoma, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and achlorhydria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ménétrier's disease</span> Medical condition

Ménétrier disease is a rare, acquired, premalignant disease of the stomach characterized by massive gastric folds, excessive mucous production with resultant protein loss, and little or no acid production. The disorder is associated with excessive secretion of transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α). It is named after a French physician Pierre Eugène Ménétrier, 1859–1935.

Gastric erosion occurs when the mucous membrane lining the stomach becomes inflamed. Specifically, the term "erosion," in this context means damage that is limited to the mucosa. An erosion is different from an ulcer. An "ulcer" is an area of damage to the gastrointestinal wall that extends deeper through the wall than an erosion. See gastrointestinal wall.

A stress ulcer is a single or multiple mucosal defect usually caused by physiological stress which can become complicated by upper gastrointestinal bleeding. These ulcers can be caused by shock, sepsis, trauma or other conditions and are found in patients with chronic illnesses. These ulcers are a significant issue in patients in critical and intensive care.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stomach disease</span> Medical condition

Stomach diseases include gastritis, gastroparesis, Crohn's disease and various cancers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Troxipide</span> Chemical compound

Troxipide is a drug used in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Troxipide is a systemic non-antisecretory gastric cytoprotective agent with anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory and mucus secreting properties irrespective of pH of stomach or duodenum. Troxipide is currently marketed in Japan (Aplace), China (Shuqi), South Korea (Defensa), and India (Troxip). It is used for the management of gastric ulcers, and amelioration of gastric mucosal lesions in acute gastritis and acute exacerbation of chronic gastritis.

Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome or SRUS is a chronic, benign disorder of the rectal mucosa. It commonly occurs with varying degrees of rectal prolapse. The condition is thought to be caused by different factors, such as long term constipation, straining during defecation, and dyssynergic defecation. Treatment is by normalization of bowel habits, biofeedback, and other conservative measures. In more severe cases various surgical procedures may be indicated. The condition is relatively rare, affecting approximately 1 in 100,000 people per year. It affects mainly adults aged 30–50. Females are affected slightly more often than males. The disorder can be confused clinically with rectal cancer or other conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, even when a biopsy is done.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gastrointestinal wall</span> Digestive system structure

The gastrointestinal wall of the gastrointestinal tract is made up of four layers of specialised tissue. From the inner cavity of the gut outwards, these are the mucosa, the submucosa, the muscular layer and the serosa or adventitia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human digestive system</span> Digestive system in humans

The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion. Digestion involves the breakdown of food into smaller and smaller components, until they can be absorbed and assimilated into the body. The process of digestion has three stages: the cephalic phase, the gastric phase, and the intestinal phase.

Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is a common cause of colic and decreased performance in horses. Horses form ulcers in the mucosa of the stomach, leading to pain, decreased appetite, weight loss, and behavioral changes. Treatment generally involves reducing acid production of the stomach and dietary management. Unlike some animals, however, stomach rupture is rare, and the main goal of treating is to reduce pain and improve performance of animals used for showing or racing.

References

  1. David., Shier (2009). Hole's essentials of human anatomy & physiology. Butler, Jackie., Lewis, Ricki. (10th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 421. ISBN   978-0077221355. OCLC   171614173.
  2. 1 2 3 Michelle., McGuire (2013). Nutritional sciences : from fundamentals to food. Beerman, Kathy A. (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. p. 90. ISBN   978-0840058201. OCLC   786272310.
  3. 1 2 L., Eisenberg, Ronald (2003). Gastrointestinal radiology : a pattern approach (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 223–236. ISBN   978-0781737067. OCLC   49550593.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. "The Stomach and Its Role in Digestion". www.laparoscopic.md. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
  5. Taylor, Tim. "Stomach". InnerBody. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
  6. "Stomach". BioNet. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
  7. 1 2 3 "Gastritis, Giant Hypertrophic - NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  8. Butz, William; Watts, John; Rosales-Qiuntana, Sergio; Hicklin, Martin (1975). "Erosive Gastritis as a Manifestation of Secondary Syphilis" (PDF). American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 63 (6): 895–900. doi:10.1093/ajcp/63.6.895. PMID   1096590 . Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  9. Dughera, Francesca; Baino, Sara. "Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome". flipper.diff.org. Retrieved 9 December 2017.