Georgian conjugation

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For non-native speakers, verb conjugation in Georgian presents a number of challenges since verbs in Georgian present numerous idiosyncracies and wide irregularities.

Contents

This article presupposes familiarity with Georgian grammar. In short, important factors to keep track of are the following:

  1. Georgian has four classes of verbs: transitive, intransitive, medial and indirect verbs. [1] Each class has its own set of rules of conjugation for all screeves (counterpart of tense-aspect-moods). [2] However, numerous verbs in Georgian do not conform to the conjugation of a single class (see irregular verbs below).
  2. Preverb. Although preverbs may have directional meanings, it is often diachronic patterns that indicate which verb takes which preverb. In addition, many verbs in Georgian can have a common verb stem. Since preverbs are absent in the present screeves, these verbs are identical in the present series, and differ in the rest of the series, because different preverbs are prefixed to the verb stem.
  3. Versions. The versioners in Georgian establish the language's polypersonalism. Although each version vowel has a specific meaning, most of the time, like preverbs, they have arbitrary meanings. Therefore, when learning a new verb, the version vowel the verb employs should also be learnt.
  4. Thematic suffix. Thematic suffixes are the stems that follow the root of the verb. They are used in the present and future screeves and are mostly (though not always) absent in the aorist and perfective screeves. Like preverbs and versions, thematic suffixes are not only arbitrary, but they also determine the conjugation in the aorist and perfective screeves for transitive (class 1) verbs. There are nine thematic suffixes in Georgian, and almost all the verbs have a specific thematic suffix. Again, when learning a new verb, the thematic suffix has to be learnt together with the other elements.
  5. In addition, one also has to take into account which suffixal nominal marker is to be used for each verb. This is, however, not arbitrary. The use of appropriate suffixal nominal marker depends on the thematic suffix (as stated above). For each thematic suffix, there are rules for whether the conjugation is strong or weak for the aorist series and the perfective series of screeves. These rules for each thematic suffix have to be mastered.
  6. Georgian has many irregular verbs. It is not possible to give an exact number, because there are different levels of irregularities. Some verbs have different verb roots in different screeves and, thus, are considered irregular. Some other verbs use the same verb root throughout all the screeves, but their conjugations deviate from the normal paradigm of the verb class that they belong to. In addition, some indirect verbs (class 4) are also considered irregular, because they only behave like indirect verbs in the present screeves, and behave like transitive verbs (class 1) in the rest of the screeves.

Class 1 (transitive verbs)

Here is a full conjugation of a verb with all persons in all screeves:

Verb root

შენ, šen; infinite form აშენება, ašeneba (to build)

Present subseries

The thematic suffix -eb is present, but without the preverb:

 Present indicativeImperfect ¹Present subjunctive ²
1sვაშენებ v-a-šen-ebვაშენებდი, v-a-šen-eb-d-iვაშენებდე v-a-šen-eb-de
2sაშენებ a-šen-ebაშენებდი, a-šen-eb-d-iაშენებდე a-šen-eb-de
3sაშენებს a-šen-eb-sაშენებდა a-šen-eb-d-aაშენებდეს a-šen-eb-des
1pვაშენებთ v-a-šen-eb-tვაშენებდით v-a-šen-eb-d-i-tვაშენებდეთ v-a-šen-eb-det
2pაშენებთ a-šen-eb-tაშენებდით a-šen-eb-d-i-tაშენებდეთ a-šen-eb-det
3pაშენებენ a-šen-eb-enაშენებდნენ a-šen-eb-d-nenაშენებდნენ a-šen-eb-d-nen

Future subseries

The preverb a- emerges:

 Future indicativeConditionalFuture subjunctive
1sავაშენებ, a-v-a-šen-ebავაშენებდი, a-v-a-šen-eb-d-iავაშენებდე, a-v-a-šen-eb-de
2sააშენებ, a-a-šen-ebააშენებდი, a-a-šen-eb-d-iააშენებდე, a-a-šen-eb-de
3sააშენებს, a-a-šen-eb-sააშენებდა, a-a-šen-eb-d-aააშენებდეს, a-a-šen-eb-des
1pავაშენებთ, a-v-a-šen-ebtავაშენებდით, a-v-a-šen-eb-d-itავაშენებდეთ, a-v-a-šen-eb-d-et
2pააშენებთ, a-a-šen-ebtააშენებდით, a-a-šen-eb-d-itააშენებდეთ, a-a-šen-eb-d-et
3pააშენებენ, a-a-šen-eb-enააშენებდნენ, a-a-šen-eb-d-nenააშენებდნენ, a-a-šen-eb-d-nen

Aorist series

The preverb is present; the thematic suffix is lost:

 Aorist indicative ³Optative
1sავაშენე, a-v-a-šeneავაშენო, a-v-a-šen-o
2sააშენე, a-a-šeneააშენო, a-a-šen-o
3sააშენა, a-a-šen-aააშენოს, a-a-šen-o-s
1pავაშენეთ, a-v-a-šenetავაშენოთ, a-v-a-šen-o-t
2pააშენეთ, a-a-šenetააშენოთ, a-a-šen-o-t
3pააშენეს,a-a-šenesააშენონ,a-a-šen-o-n

Perfective series

The preverb is present; the thematic suffix is present (due to vowel in root). N.B. subject is marked with the m- set, and the verb form here assumes a 3rd person singular direct object:

 Perfect †Pluperfect ‡Perfect subjunctive
1sამიშენებია, a-m-i-šen-eb-i-aამეშენებინა, a-m-e-šen-eb-in-aამეშენებინოს, a-m-e-šen-eb-in-o-s
2sაგიშენებია, a-g-i-šen-eb-i-aაგეშენებინა, a-g-e-šen-eb-in-aაგეშენებინოს, a-g-e-šen-eb-in-o-s
3sაუშენებია, a-u-šen-eb-i-aაეშენებინა, a-e-šen-eb-in-aაეშენებინოს, a-e-šen-eb-in-o-s
1pაგვიშენებია, a-gv-i-šen-eb-i-aაგვეშენებინა, a-gv-e-šen-eb-in-aაგვეშენებინოს, a-gv-e-šen-eb-in-o-s
2pაგიშენებიათ, a-g-i-šen-eb-i-a-tაგეშენებინათ, a-g-e-šen-eb-in-a-tაგეშენებინოთ, a-g-e-šen-eb-in-o-t
3pაუშენებიათ, a-u-šen-eb-i-a-tაეშენებინათ, a-e-šen-eb-in-a-tაეშენებინოთ, a-e-šen-eb-in-o-t

Notes

¹ The imperfective screeve of class 1 verbs always takes the strong suffixal nominal marker -i

² The present subjunctive screeve of class 1 verbs always takes the weak suffixal nominal marker -e

³ Class 1 verbs which take the weak suffixal nominal marker in the aorist screeve, take the -o- nominal marker in the optative screeve, and verbs which take the strong suffixal nominal marker in the aorist screeve, take the -a- nominal marker in the optative screeve.

† The perfective screeve of class 1 verbs always uses the -i- versioner.

‡ The pluperfect and the perfect subjunctive screeves of class 1 verbs always employ the -e- versioner.

Class 2 (intransitive verbs)

  1. prefixal: i- appears immediately before the verb root
  2. suffixal: -d appears immediately after the verb root
  3. markerless: no affixes appear

Below is a full conjugation of an intransitive verb:

Verb root

ბად, bad; infinite form დაბადება, dabadeba (to be born)

This verb exhibits the prefixal intransitive pattern; ი-, i- is placed immediately before the verb root in all series apart from the perfective.

Present subseries

The thematic suffix -eb is present, without the preverb:

 Present indicativeImperfectPresent subjunctive
1sვიბადები, v-i-bad-eb-iვიბადებოდი, v-i-bad-eb-od-iვიბადებოდე, v-i-bad-eb-od-e
2sიბადები, i-bad-eb-iიბადებოდი, i-bad-eb-od-iიბადებოდე, i-bad-eb-od-e
3sიბადება, i-bad-eb-aიბადებოდა, i-bad-eb-od-aიბადებოდეს, i-bad-eb-od-e-s
1pვიბადებით, v-i-bad-eb-i-tვიბადებოდით, v-i-bad-eb-od-i-tვიბადებოდეთ, v-i-bad-eb-od-e-t
2pიბადებით, i-bad-eb-i-tიბადებოდით, i-bad-eb-od-i-tიბადებოდეთ, i-bad-eb-od-e-t
3pიბადებიან, i-bad-eb-i-anიბადებოდნენ, i-bad-eb-od-nenიბადებოდნენ, i-bad-eb-od-nen

Future subseries

The preverb da- emerges:

 Future indicativeConditionalFuture subjunctive
1sდავიბადები, da-v-i-bad-eb-iდავიბადებოდი, da-v-i-bad-eb-od-iდავიბადებოდე, da-v-i-bad-eb-od-e
2sდაიბადები, da-i-bad-eb-iდაიბადებოდი, da-i-bad-eb-od-iდაიბადებოდე, da-i-bad-eb-od-e
3sდაიბადება, da-i-bad-eb-aდაიბადებოდა, da-i-bad-eb-od-aდაიბადებოდეს, da-i-bad-eb-od-e-s
1pდავიბადებით, da-v-i-bad-eb-i-tდავიბადებოდით, da-v-i-bad-eb-od-i-tდავიბადებოდეთ, da-v-i-bad-eb-od-e-t
2pდაიბადებით, da-i-bad-eb-i-tდაიბადებოდით, da-i-bad-eb-od-i-tდაიბადებოდეთ, da-i-bad-eb-od-e-t
3pდაიბადებიან, da-i-bad-eb-i-anდაიბადებოდნენ, da-i-bad-eb-od-nenდაიბადებოდნენ, da-i-bad-eb-od-nen

Aorist series

The preverb is present; the thematic suffix is lost:

 Aorist indicativeOptative
1sდავიბადე, da-v-i-bad-eდავიბადო, da-v-i-bad-o
2sდაიბადე, da-i-bad-eდაიბადო, da-i-bad-o
3sდაიბადა, da-i-bad-aდაიბადოს, da-i-bad-o-s
1pდავიბადეთ, da-v-i-bad-e-tდავიბადოთ, da-v-i-bad-o-t
2pდაიბადეთ, da-i-bad-e-tდაიბადოთ, da-i-bad-o-t
3pდაიბადნენ, da-i-bad-nenდაიბადონ, da-i-bad-o-n

Perfective series

Formation comprises the past participle (da-(v)-bad-eb-ul-i), followed by a form of the copula:

 PerfectPluperfectPerfect subjunctive
1sდავბადებულვარ, da-v-bad-eb-ul-v-a-rდავბადებულიყავი, da-v-bad-eb-ul-i-q̇av-iდავბადებულიყო, da-v-bad-eb-ul-i-q̇-o
2sდაბადებულხარ, da-bad-eb-ul-x-a-rდაბადებულიყავი, da-bad-eb-ul-i-q̇av-iდაბადებულიყო, da-bad-eb-ul-i-q̇-o
3sდაბადებულა, da-bad-eb-ul-aდაბადებულიყო, da-bad-eb-ul-i-q̇-oდაბადებულიყოს, da-bad-eb-ul-i-q̇-o-s
1pდავბადებულვართ, da-v-bad-eb-ul-v-a-r-tდავბადებულიყავით, da-v-bad-eb-ul-i-q̇av-i-tდავბადებულიყოთ, da-v-bad-eb-ul-i-q̇-o-t
2pდაბადებულხართ, da-bad-eb-ul-x-a-r-tდაბადებულიყავით, da-bad-eb-ul-i-q̇av-i-tდაბადებულიყოთ, da-bad-eb-ul-i-q̇-o-t
3pდაბადებულან, da-bad-eb-ul-anდაბადებულიყვნენ, da-bad-eb-ul-i-q̇v-nenდაბადებულიყონ, da-bad-eb-ul-i-q̇-o-n

Class 3 (medial verbs)

Full conjugation follows:

Verb root

თამაშ, tamaš; infinite form თამაშობა, tamašoba (to play)

Present subseries

The thematic suffix -ob is present:

 Present indicativeImperfectPresent subjunctive
1sვთამაშობ, v-tamaš-obვთამაშობდი, v-tamaš-ob-d-iვთამაშობდე, v-tamaš-ob-d-e
2sთამაშობ, tamaš-obთამაშობდი, tamaš-ob-d-iთამაშობდე, tamaš-ob-d-e
3sთამაშობს, tamaš-ob-sთამაშობდა, tamaš-ob-d-aთამაშობდეს, tamaš-ob-d-e-s
1pვთამაშობთ, v-tamaš-ob-tვთამაშობდით, v-tamaš-ob-d-i-tვთამაშობდეთ, v-tamaš-ob-d-e-t
2pთამაშობთ, tamaš-ob-tთამაშობდით, tamaš-ob-d-i-tთამაშობდეთ, tamaš-ob-d-e-t
3pთამაშობენ, tamaš-ob-enთამაშობდნენ, tamaš-ob-d-nenთამაშობდნენ, tamaš-ob-d-nen

Future subseries

A type of preverb i- emerges, in combination with the thematic suffix -eb which replaces -ob (or any thematic suffix):

 Future indicativeConditionalFuture subjunctive
1sვითამაშებ, v-i-tamaš-ebვითამაშებდი, v-i-tamaš-eb-d-iვითამაშებდე, v-i-tamaš-eb-d-e
2sითამაშებ, i-tamaš-ebითამაშებდი, i-tamaš-eb-d-iითამაშებდე, i-tamaš-eb-d-e
3sითამაშებს, i-tamaš-eb-sითამაშებდა, i-tamaš-eb-d-aითამაშებდეს, i-tamaš-eb-d-e-s
1pვითამაშებთ, v-i-tamaš-eb-tვითამაშებდით, v-i-tamaš-eb-d-i-tვითამაშებდეთ, v-i-tamaš-eb-d-e-t
2pითამაშებთ, i-tamaš-eb-tითამაშებდით, i-tamaš-eb-d-i-tითამაშებდეთ, i-tamaš-eb-d-e-t
3pითამაშებენ, i-tamaš-eb-enითამაშებდნენ, i-tamaš-eb-d-nenითამაშებდნენ, i-tamaš-eb-d-nen

Aorist series

Based on the future form with prefix, but with the loss of the thematic suffix:

 Aorist indicativeOptative
1sვითამაშე, v-i-tamaš-eვითამაშო, v-i-tamaš-o
2sითამაშე, i-tamaš-eითამაშო, i-tamaš-o
3sითამაშა, i-tamaš-aითამაშოს, i-tamaš-o-s
1pვითამაშეთ, v-i-tamaš-e-tვითამაშოთ, v-i-tamaš-o-t
2pითამაშეთ, i-tamaš-e-tითამაშოთ, i-tamaš-o-t
3pითამაშეს, i-tamaš-esითამაშონ, i-tamaš-o-n

Perfect series

There is no preverb or thematic suffix; subjects are marked in the same way as in class 1 (i.e. with the m- set and appropriate formant vowels). The object (if present in context) is assumed to be 3rd person singular. N.B in this series, for some unknown reason, all screeves allow an optional -n- directly after the stem.

 PerfectPluperfectPerfect subjunctive
1sმითამაშ(ნ)ია, m-i-tamaš-(n-)i-aმეთამაშ(ნ)ა, m-e-tamaš-(n-)aმეთამაშ(ნ)ოს, m-e-tamaš-(n-)o-s
2sგითამაშ(ნ)იაg-i-tamaš-(n-)i-aგეთამაშ(ნ)ა, g-e-tamaš-(n-)aგეთამაშ(ნ)ოს, g-e-tamaš-(n-)-o-s
3sუთამაშ(ნ)ია, u-tamaš-(n-)i-aეთამაშ(ნ)ა, e-tamaš-(n-)aეთამაშ(ნ)ოს, e-tamaš-(n-)-o-s
1pგვითამაშ(ნ)ია, gv-i-tamaš-(n-)-i-aგვეთამაშ(ნ)ა, gv-e-tamaš-(n-)aგვეთამაშ(ნ)ოს, gv-e-tamaš-(n-)-o-s
2pგითამაშ(ნ)ია, g-i-tamaš-(n-)i-a-tგეთამაშ(ნ)ათ, g-e-tamaš-(n-)a-tგეთამაშ(ნ)ოს, g-e-tamaš-(n-)-o-t
3pუთამაშ(ნ)იათ, u-tamaš-(n-)i-a-tეთამაშ(ნ)ათ, e-tamaš-(n-)a-tეთამაშ(ნ)ოს, e-tamaš-(n-)-o-t

Class 4 (indirect or 'inversion' verbs)

The verb paradigm follows. For simplicity, the verb form always assumes a 3rd person singular object:

Verb root

ყვარ, q̇var - to love

Present subseries

The verb takes the 'subjective' versioniser i- in the 1st and 2nd persons, 'objective' u- in the 3rd person. Note the ending of the 2nd and 3rd person plural (subject) marker -t takes precedence over the 3rd person singular (object) marker -s:

 Present indicativeImperfectPresent subjunctive
1sმიყვარს, m-i-q̇var-sმიყვარდა, m-i-q̇var-d-aმიყვარდეს, m-i-q̇var-d-e-s
2sგიყვარს, g-i-q̇var-sგიყვარდა, g-i-q̇var-d-aგიყვარდეს, g-i-q̇var-d-e-s
3sუყვარს, u-q̇var-sუყვარდა, u-q̇var-d-aუყვარდეს, u-q̇var-d-e-s
1pგვიყვარს, gv-i-q̇var-sგვიყვარდა, gv-i-q̇var-d-aგვიყვარდეს, gv-i-q̇var-d-e-s
2pგიყვართ, g-i-q̇var-tგიყვარდათ, g-i-q̇var-d-a-tგიყვარდეთ, g-i-q̇var-d-e-t
3pუყვართ, u-q̇var-tუყვარდათ, u-q̇var-d-a-tუყვარდეთ, u-q̇var-d-e-t

Future subseries

Here the verb forms its screeves by using a pre-radical vowel e-, and the thematic suffix -eb, in a way similar to the class 2 verbs (but without the preverb):

 Future indicativeConditionalFuture subjunctive
1sმეყვარება, m-e-q̇var-eb-aმეყვარებოდა, m-e-q̇var-eb-od-aმეყვარებოდეს, m-e-q̇var-eb-od-e-s
2sგეყვარება, g-e-q̇var-eb-aგეყვარებოდა, g-e-q̇var-eb-od-aგეყვარებოდეს, g-e-q̇var-eb-od-e-s
3sეყვარება, e-q̇var-eb-aეყვარებოდა, e-q̇var-eb-od-aეყვარებოდეს, e-q̇var-eb-od-e-s
1pგვეყვარება, gv-e-q̇var-eb-aგვეყვარებოდა, gv-e-q̇var-eb-od-aგვეყვარებოდეს, gv-e-q̇var-eb-od-e-s
2pგეყვარებათ, g-e-q̇var-eb-a-tგეყვარებოდათ, g-e-q̇var-eb-od-a-tგეყვარებოდეთ, g-e-q̇var-eb-od-e-t
3pეყვარებათ, e-q̇var-eb-a-tეყვარებოდათ, e-q̇var-eb-od-a-tეყვარებოდეთ, e-q̇var-eb-od-e-t

Aorist series

Since the verb does not have an aorist form, and uses the imperfect instead (like many other class 4 verbs), the aorist forms of šegiq̇vardeba 'you'll fall in love with X' are substituted:

 Aorist indicativeOptative
1sშემიყვარდა, še-m-i-q̇var-d-aშემიყვარდეს, še-m-i-q̇var-d-e-s
2sშეგიყვარდა, še-g-i-q̇var-d-aშეგიყვარდეს, še-g-i-q̇var-d-e-s
3sშეუყვარდა, še-u-q̇var-d-aშეუყვარდეს, še-u-q̇var-d-e-s
1pშეგვიყვარდა, še-gv-i-q̇var-d-aშეგვიყვარდეს, še-gv-i-q̇var-d-e-s
2pშეგიყვარდათ, še-g-i-q̇var-d-a-tშეგიყვარდეთ, še-g-i-q̇var-d-e-t
3pშეუყვარდათ, še-u-q̇var-d-a-tშეუყვარდეთ, še-u-q̇var-d-e-t

Perfect series

This series is not especially consistent: the perfect screeve uses versionisers before the root, whereas the pluperfect and perfect subjunctive screeves take no versioniser. The series forms using the suffix -eb, with -od as a further suffix in the pluperfect and perfect subjunctive screeves.

 PerfectPluperfectPerfect subjunctive
1sმყვარებია, m-q̇var-eb-i-aმყვარებოდა, m-q̇var-eb-od-aმყვარებოდეს, m-q̇var-eb-od-e-s
2sგყვარებია, g-q̇var-eb-i-aგყვარებოდა, g-q̇var-eb-od-aგყვარებოდეს, g-q̇var-eb-od-e-s
3sჰყვარებია, h-q̇var-eb-i-aჰყვარებოდა, h-q̇var-eb-od-aჰყვარებოდეს, h-q̇var-eb-od-e-s
1pგვყვარებია, gv-q̇var-eb-i-aგვყვარებოდა, gv-q̇var-eb-od-aგვყვარებოდეს, gv-q̇var-eb-od-e-s
2pგყვარებიათ, g-q̇var-eb-i-a-tგყვარებოდათ, g-q̇var-eb-od-a-tგყვარებოდეთ, g-q̇var-eb-od-e-t
3pჰყვარებიათ, h-q̇var-eb-i-a-tჰყვარებოდათ, h-q̇var-eb-od-a-tჰყვარებოდეთ, h-q̇var-eb-od-e-t

N.B. It is important to bear in mind that each verb form given in the tables has a further five forms corresponding to the 1st and 2nd person singular direct objects, and the 1st, 2nd and 3rd person plural direct objects, giving a theoretical total of 396 bi-personal forms! In practice however these forms are not always distinct (for example the plurality of the 3rd person is not always present in the form). For further discussion, see 'Direct and indirect objects'.

Direct and indirect objects

Preverbs

Preverbs in Georgian can either add directionality to a verb, or can change the meaning of the verb entirely. It is also important to use the appropriate versioner in each case.

Since preverbs are absent in the present series, it is important to consider the role of the verb in the context of the entire sentence as the verb by itself could convey any meaning in the present screeves.

Notes

  1. When used to mean "throw down to someone", the -u versioner is required.

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Hewitt, George (2005). Georgian - A learner's grammar (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN   0415333717.
  2. Makharoblidze, Tamar. "The Georgian Verb" (PDF). Ilia State University . Retrieved 17 August 2018.