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Italian verbs have a high degree of inflection, the majority of which follows one of three common patterns of conjugation. Italian conjugation is affected by mood, person, tense, number, aspect and occasionally gender.
The three classes of verbs (patterns of conjugation) are distinguished by the endings of the infinitive form of the verb:
Additionally, Italian has a number of verbs that do not follow predictable patterns in all conjugation classes, most markedly the present and the absolute past. Often classified together as irregular verbs, their irregularities occur to different degrees, with forms of essere "to be", and somewhat less extremely, avere "to have", the least predictable. Others, such as andare "to go", stare "to stay, to stand", dare "to give", fare "to do, to make", and numerous others, follow various degrees of regularity within paradigms, largely due to suppletion, historical sound change or analogical developments. [2]
The suffixes that form the infinitive are always stressed, except for -ere, which is stressed in some verbs (e.g. vedere/veˈdeːre/ "to see") and unstressed in others (e.g. prendere/ˈprɛndere/ "to take"). A few verbs have a contracted infinitive, but use their uncontracted stem in most conjugations. Fare comes from Latin facere , which can be seen in many of its forms. Similarly, dire ("to say") comes from dīcere , bere ("to drink") comes from bibere and porre ("to put") comes from pōnere .
Together with the traditional patterns of conjugation, new classes and patterns have been suggested, in order to include common verbs such as avviare, which exhibit a quite different form and stress pattern. [3]
The present is used for:
amare /aˈmaːre/ | credere /ˈkreːdere/ | dormire /dorˈmiːre/ | finire /fiˈniːre/ | essere /ˈɛssere/ | avere /aˈveːre/ | andare /anˈdaːre/ | stare /ˈstaːre/ | dare /ˈdaːre/ | fare /ˈfaːre/ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
io /ˈiːo/ | amo /ˈaːmo/ | credo /ˈkreːdo/ | dormo /ˈdɔrmo/ | finisco /fiˈnisko/ | sono /ˈsoːno/ | ho /ɔ/ | vado (Tuscan: vo) /ˈvaːdo/ | sto /stɔ/ | do /dɔ/ | faccio (Tuscan: fo) /ˈfattʃo/ |
tu /tu/ | ami /ˈaːmi/ | credi /ˈkreːdi/ | dormi /ˈdɔrmi/ | finisci /fiˈniʃʃi/ | sei /ˈsɛi/ | hai /ˈai/ | vai /ˈvai/ | stai /ˈstai/ | dai /ˈdai/ | fai /ˈfai/ |
lui / lei / Lei /ˈlui/ | ama /ˈaːma/ | crede /ˈkreːde/ | dorme /ˈdɔrme/ | finisce /fiˈniʃʃe/ | è /ɛ/ | ha /a/ | va /va/ | sta /sta/ | dà /da/ | fa /fa/ |
noi /ˈnoi/ | amiamo /aˈmjaːmo/ | crediamo /kreˈdjaːmo/ | dormiamo /dorˈmjaːmo/ | finiamo /fiˈnjaːmo/ | siamo /ˈsjaːmo/ | abbiamo /abˈbjaːmo/ | andiamo /anˈdjaːmo/ | stiamo /ˈstjaːmo/ | diamo /ˈdjaːmo/ | facciamo /fatˈtʃaːmo/ |
voi /ˈvoi/ | amate /aˈmaːte/ | credete /kreˈdeːte/ | dormite /dorˈmiːte/ | finite /fiˈniːte/ | siete /ˈsjeːte,ˈsjɛːte/ | avete /aˈveːte/ | andate /anˈdaːte/ | state /ˈstaːte/ | date /ˈdaːte/ | fate /ˈfaːte/ |
loro / Loro /ˈloːro/ | amano /ˈaːmano/ | credono /ˈkreːdono/ | dormono /ˈdɔrmono/ | finiscono /fiˈniskono/ | sono /ˈsoːno/ | hanno /ˈanno/ | vanno /ˈvanno/ | stanno /ˈstanno/ | danno /ˈdanno/ | fanno /ˈfanno/ |
Subject pronouns are not obligatory in Italian, and they are normally only used when they are stressed. The conjugation of the verb is normally used to show the subject.
The pronoun tu (and corresponding verb forms) is used in the singular towards children, family members and close friends (cf. "thou"), whereas voi is used in the same manner in the plural (cf. "ye"). The pronouns Lei and Loro (though much more commonly just voi ) are used towards older people, strangers and very important or respectable people. Note that lei and loro can also mean "she" and "they", respectively.
The irregular verb essere has the same form in the first person singular and third person plural.
The forms vado and faccio are the standard Italian first person singular forms of the verbs andare and fare , but vo and fo are used in the Tuscan dialect.
The infix -isc- varies in pronunciation between /isk/ and /iʃʃ/, depending on the following vowel. Similar alternations are found in other verbs:
The present perfect is used for single actions or events (stamattina sono andato a scuola "I went to school this morning"), or change in state (si è arrabbiato quando gliel’ho detto "he got angry when I told him that"), contrasting with the imperfect which is used for habits (andavo in bicicletta a scuola ogni mattina "I used to go to school by bike every morning"), or repeated actions, not happening at a specific time (si arrabbiava ogni volta che qualcuno glielo diceva "he got angry every time someone told him that").
The past participle is used to form the compound pasts (e.g. ho lavorato, avevo lavorato, ebbi lavorato, avrò lavorato). Regular verbs follow a predictable pattern, but there are many verbs with an irregular past participle.
All transitive verbs and most intransitive verbs form the present perfect by combining the auxiliary verb avere "to have" in the present tense with the past participle of the transitive verb.
amare | |
---|---|
io | hoamato |
tu | haiamato |
lui / lei / Lei | haamato |
noi | abbiamoamato |
voi | aveteamato |
loro / Loro | hannoamato |
Except with an immediately preceding third person pronominal direct object, the participle always ends in -o.
A small number of intransitive verbs, namely essere itself and verbs indicating motion (venire "to come", andare "to go", arrivare "to arrive", etc.) use the auxiliary verb essere instead of avere. The past participle in this agrees with gender and number of the subject.
arrivare | |
---|---|
io | sonoarrivato/-a |
tu | seiarrivato/-a |
lui / lei / Lei | èarrivato/-a |
noi | siamoarrivati/-e |
voi | sietearrivati/-e |
loro / Loro | sonoarrivati/-e |
When using essere, the past participle agrees in gender and number with preceding third person direct object clitic pronouns, following the same pattern of nouns and adjectives:
Reflexive verbs always use essere, and their past participle agrees with the subject or with third person object pronouns, if these precede the verb.
The Imperfect fuses past tense with imperfective aspect and is used for:
The difference between imperfective and perfective aspects can be illustrated clearly with the verb sapere 'to know'. The Italian imperfect expresses being in possession of knowledge in the past, while the perfective expresses the moment of acquiring the knowledge.
Imperfective: Sapevo la verità. 'I knew the truth.' Perfective: Ho saputo la verità. 'I found out the truth.'
The Imperfect is, in most cases, formed by taking the stem along with the thematic vowel and adding v + the ending of the '-are' verbs in the present tense (with -amo instead of -iamo). There are no irregular conjugations in the Imperfect except for essere, which uses the stem er- and v appears only in 1st and 2nd person plurals. Verbs with contracted infinitive forms use their full stems, e.g. dicevo (infinitive dire), facevo (infinitive fare), bevevo (infinitive bere), ponevo (infinitive porre).
amare | credere | dormire | finire | essere | avere | andare | stare | dare | fare | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
io | amavo /aˈmaːvo/ | credevo /kreˈdeːvo/ | dormivo /dorˈmiːvo/ | finivo /fiˈniːvo/ | ero /ˈɛːro/ | avevo /aˈveːvo/ | andavo /anˈdaːvo/ | stavo /ˈstaːvo/ | davo /ˈdaːvo/ | facevo /faˈtʃeːvo/ |
tu | amavi /aˈmaːvi/ | credevi /kreˈdeːvi/ | dormivi /dorˈmiːvi/ | finivi /fiˈniːvi/ | eri /ˈɛːri/ | avevi /aˈveːvi/ | andavi /anˈdaːvi/ | stavi /ˈstaːvi/ | davi /ˈdaːvi/ | facevi /faˈtʃeːvi/ |
lui / lei / Lei | amava /aˈmaːva/ | credeva /kreˈdeːva/ | dormiva /dorˈmiːva/ | finiva /fiˈniːva/ | era /ˈɛːra/ | aveva /aˈveːva/ | andava /anˈdaːva/ | stava /ˈstaːva/ | dava /ˈdaːva/ | faceva /faˈtʃeːva/ |
noi | amavamo /amaˈvaːmo/ | credevamo /kredeˈvaːmo/ | dormivamo /dormiˈvaːmo/ | finivamo /finiˈvaːmo/ | eravamo /eraˈvaːmo/ | avevamo /aveˈvaːmo/ | andavamo /andaˈvaːmo/ | stavamo /staˈvaːmo/ | davamo /daˈvaːmo/ | facevamo /fatʃeˈvaːmo/ |
voi | amavate /amaˈvaːte/ | credevate /kredeˈvaːte/ | dormivate /dormiˈvaːte/ | finivate /finiˈvaːte/ | eravate /eraˈvaːte/ | avevate /aveˈvaːte/ | andavate /andaˈvaːte/ | stavate /staˈvaːte/ | davate /daˈvaːte/ | facevate /fatʃeˈvaːte/ |
loro / Loro | amavano /aˈmaːvano/ | credevano /kreˈdeːvano/ | dormivano /dorˈmiːvano/ | finivano /fiˈniːvano/ | erano /ˈɛːrano/ | avevano /aˈveːvano/ | andavano /anˈdaːvano/ | stavano /ˈstaːvano/ | davano /ˈdaːvano/ | facevano /faˈtʃeːvano/ |
The Absolute Past has a function distinct from the Present Perfect. It is used for events which are distant from the present and no longer directly affect it (e.g. telling a story), whereas the Present Perfect is used for more recent events which may have a direct impact on the present. The Absolute Past may at all times be replaced with the Present Perfect (but not vice versa). In many areas of Southern Italy, it is still used commonly in spoken language, whereas in Northern-Central Italy and Sardinia it is restricted to written language.
Like the past participle, regular verbs are very predictable, but many verbs (mainly of the second conjugation) are irregular.
amare | credere | dormire | finire | essere | avere | andare | stare | dare | fare | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
io | amai /aˈmai/ | credei or credetti /kreˈdei/ | dormii /dorˈmiːi/ | finii /fiˈniːi/ | fui /ˈfui/ | ebbi /ˈɛbbi/ | andai /anˈdai/ | stetti /ˈstɛtti/ | diedi or detti /ˈdjɛːdi/ | feci /ˈfeːtʃi/ |
tu | amasti /aˈmasti/ | credesti /kreˈdesti/ | dormisti /dorˈmisti/ | finisti /fiˈnisti/ | fosti /ˈfosti/ | avesti /aˈvesti/ | andasti /anˈdasti/ | stesti /ˈstesti/ | desti /ˈdesti/ | facesti /faˈtʃesti/ |
lui / lei / Lei | amò /aˈmɔ/ | credé or credette /kreˈde/ | dormì /dorˈmi/ | finì /fiˈni/ | fu /fu/ | ebbe /ˈɛbbe/ | andò /anˈdɔ/ | stette /ˈstɛtte/ | diede or dette /ˈdjɛːde/ | fece /ˈfeːtʃe/ |
noi | amammo /aˈmammo/ | credemmo /kreˈdemmo/ | dormimmo /dorˈmimmo/ | finimmo /fiˈnimmo/ | fummo /ˈfummo/ | avemmo /aˈvemmo/ | andammo /anˈdammo/ | stemmo /ˈstemmo/ | demmo /ˈdemmo/ | facemmo /faˈtʃemmo/ |
voi | amaste /aˈmaste/ | credeste /kreˈdeste/ | dormiste /dorˈmiste/ | finiste /fiˈniste/ | foste /ˈfoste/ | aveste /aˈveste/ | andaste /anˈdaste/ | steste /ˈsteste/ | deste /ˈdeste/ | faceste /faˈtʃeste/ |
loro / Loro | amarono /aˈmaːrono/ | crederono or credettero /kreˈdeːrono/ | dormirono /dorˈmiːrono/ | finirono /fiˈniːrono/ | furono /ˈfuːrono/ | ebbero /ˈɛbbero/ | andarono /anˈdaːrono/ | stettero /ˈstɛttero/ | diedero or dettero /ˈdjɛːdero/ | fecero /ˈfeːtʃero/ |
Used for activities done prior to another activity (translates to constructions such as "had eaten", "had seen").
The Past Perfect is formed the same as the Present Perfect, but with the auxiliary verb in the Imperfect.
In literary language, an Absolute Perfect exists which uses the Absolute Past of the auxiliaries, and which is used for activities done prior to another activity which is described with the Absolutive Past. This form is known as trapassato remoto.
The future tense is used for events that will happen in the future. It is formed by adding the forms of avere to the Infinitive (with abbiamo and avete contracted to -emo and -ete respectively). Sometimes the Infinitive undergoes some changes:
To these, the respective suffixes -ò, -ai, -à, -emo, -ete, -anno are added. Historically speaking, these are derived from the present forms of the verb avere.
amare | credere | dormire | finire | essere | avere | andare | stare | dare | fare | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
io | amerò /ameˈrɔ/ | crederò /kredeˈrɔ/ | dormirò /dormiˈrɔ/ | finirò /finiˈrɔ/ | sarò /saˈrɔ/ | avrò /aˈvrɔ/ | andrò /anˈdrɔ/ | starò /staˈrɔ/ | darò /daˈrɔ/ | farò /faˈrɔ/ |
tu | amerai /ameˈrai/ | crederai /kredeˈrai/ | dormirai /dormiˈrai/ | finirai /finiˈrai/ | sarai /saˈrai/ | avrai /aˈvrai/ | andrai /anˈdrai/ | starai /staˈrai/ | darai /daˈrai/ | farai /faˈrai/ |
lui / lei / Lei | amerà /ameˈra/ | crederà /kredeˈra/ | dormirà /dormiˈra/ | finirà /finiˈra/ | sarà /saˈra/ | avrà /aˈvra/ | andrà /anˈdra/ | starà /staˈra/ | darà /daˈra/ | farà /faˈra/ |
noi | ameremo /ameˈreːmo/ | crederemo /kredeˈreːmo/ | dormiremo /dormiˈreːmo/ | finiremo /finiˈreːmo/ | saremo /saˈreːmo/ | avremo /aˈvreːmo/ | andremo /anˈdreːmo/ | staremo /staˈreːmo/ | daremo /daˈreːmo/ | faremo /faˈreːmo/ |
voi | amerete /ameˈreːte/ | crederete /kredeˈreːte/ | dormirete /dormiˈreːte/ | finirete /finiˈreːte/ | sarete /saˈreːte/ | avrete /aˈvreːte/ | andrete /an'dreːte/ | starete /staˈreːte/ | darete /daˈreːte/ | farete /faˈreːte/ |
loro / Loro | ameranno /ameˈranno/ | crederanno /kredeˈranno/ | dormiranno /dormiˈranno/ | finiranno /finiˈranno/ | saranno /saˈranno/ | avranno /aˈvranno/ | andranno /anˈdranno/ | staranno /staˈranno/ | daranno /daˈranno/ | faranno /faˈranno/ |
Used for events that will have happened when or before something else happens in the future.
The Future Perfect is formed the same as the Present Perfect, but with the auxiliary verb in the Future.
Used for:
The Conditional is formed by taking the root of the Future (i.e. an adapted form of the infinitive) and adding the Absolutive Past forms of avere (with ebbi, avesti, avemmo, aveste contracted to -ei, -esti, -emmo, -este resp.).
amare | credere | dormire | |
---|---|---|---|
io | amerei /ameˈrɛi/ | crederei /kredeˈrɛi/ | dormirei /dormiˈrɛi/ |
tu | ameresti /ameˈresti/ | crederesti /kredeˈresti/ | dormiresti /dormiˈresti/ |
lui / lei / Lei | amerebbe /ameˈrɛbbe/ | crederebbe /kredeˈrɛbbe/ | dormirebbe /dormiˈrɛbbe/ |
noi | ameremmo /ameˈremmo/ | crederemmo /kredeˈremmo/ | dormiremmo /dormiˈremmo/ |
voi | amereste /ameˈreste/ | credereste /kredeˈreste/ | dormireste /dormiˈreste/ |
loro / Loro | amerebbero /ameˈrɛbbero/ | crederebbero /kredeˈrɛbbero/ | dormirebbero /dormiˈrɛbbero/ |
Used:
The Conditional Perfect is formed the same as the Present Perfect, but with the auxiliary verb in the Conditional.
Used for subordinate clauses of the present (il presente) to express possibility, opinion, desire, or doubt.
The Subjunctive is formed:
The Subjunctive is almost always preceded by the conjunctive word che (or compounds such as perché, affinché, etc.).
amare | credere | dormire | finire | essere | avere | andare | stare | dare | fare | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
io | che ami /ˈaːmi/ | che creda /ˈkreːda/ | che dorma /ˈdɔrma/ | che finisca /fiˈniska/ | che sia /ˈsiːa/ | che abbia /ˈabbja/ | che vada /ˈvaːda/ | che stia /ˈstiːa/ | che dia /ˈdiːa/ | che faccia /ˈfattʃa/ |
tu | ||||||||||
lui / lei / Lei | ||||||||||
noi | che amiamo /aˈmjaːmo/ | che crediamo /kreˈdjaːmo/ | che dormiamo /dorˈmjaːmo/ | che finiamo /fiˈnjaːmo/ | che siamo /ˈsjaːmo/ | che abbiamo /abˈbjaːmo/ | che andiamo /anˈdjaːmo/ | che stiamo /ˈstjaːmo/ | che diamo /ˈdjaːmo/ | che facciamo /fatˈtʃaːmo/ |
voi | che amiate /aˈmjaːte/ | che crediate /kreˈdjaːte/ | che dormiate /dorˈmjaːte/ | che finiate /fiˈnjaːte/ | che siate /ˈsjaːte/ | che abbiate /abˈbjaːte/ | che andiate /anˈdjaːte/ | che stiate /ˈstjaːte/ | che diate /ˈdjaːte/ | che facciate /fatˈtʃaːte/ |
loro / Loro | che amino /ˈaːmino/ | che credano /ˈkreːdano/ | che dormano /ˈdɔrmano/ | che finiscano /fiˈniskano/ | che siano /ˈsiːano/ | che abbiano /ˈabbjano/ | che vadano /ˈvaːdano/ | che stiano /ˈstiːano/ | che diano /ˈdiːano/ | che facciano /ˈfattʃano/ |
Used for the subordinate clauses of the Imperfect Indicative or the Conditional.
The Imperfect Subjunctive is formed:
amare | credere | dormire | finire | essere | avere | andare | stare | dare | fare | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
io | che amassi /aˈmassi/ | che credessi /kreˈdessi/ | che dormissi /dorˈmissi/ | che finissi /fiˈnissi/ | che fossi /ˈfossi/ | che avessi /aˈvessi/ | che andassi /anˈdassi/ | che stessi /ˈstessi/ | che dessi /ˈdessi/ | che facessi /faˈtʃessi/ |
tu | ||||||||||
lui / lei / Lei | che amasse /aˈmasse/ | che credesse /kreˈdesse/ | che dormisse /dorˈmisse/ | che finisse /fiˈnisse/ | che fosse /ˈfosse/ | che avesse /aˈvesse/ | che andasse /anˈdasse/ | che stesse /ˈstesse/ | che desse /ˈdesse/ | che facesse /faˈtʃesse/ |
noi | che amassimo /aˈmassimo/ | che credessimo /kreˈdessimo/ | che dormissimo /dorˈmissimo/ | che finissimo /fiˈnissimo/ | che fossimo /ˈfossimo/ | che avessimo /aˈvessimo/ | che andassimo /anˈdassimo/ | che stessimo /ˈstessimo/ | che dessimo /ˈdessimo/ | che facessimo /faˈtʃessimo/ |
voi | che amaste /aˈmaste/ | che credeste /kreˈdeste/ | che dormiste /dorˈmiste/ | che finiste /fiˈniste/ | che foste /ˈfoste/ | che aveste /aˈveste/ | che andaste /anˈdaste/ | che steste /ˈsteste/ | che deste /ˈdeste/ | che faceste /faˈtʃeste/ |
loro / Loro | che amassero /aˈmassero/ | che credessero /kreˈdessero/ | che dormissero /dorˈmissero/ | che finissero /fiˈnissero/ | che fossero /ˈfossero/ | che avessero /aˈvessero/ | che andassero /anˈdassero/ | che stessero /ˈstessero/ | che dessero /ˈdessero/ | che facessero /faˈtʃessero/ |
Used for subordinate clauses of the imperfect indicative or the conditional.
The Subjunctive Perfect is formed the same as the Present Perfect, but with the auxiliary verb in the Subjunctive Present.
The Subjunctive Pluperfect is formed the same as the Present Perfect, but with the auxiliary verb in the Subjunctive Imperfect.
The imperative is used for giving commands.
The second-person singular Imperative is formed:
The polite form of the singular is identical to the Present Subjunctive. Objective personal pronouns are placed before the verb, unlike other forms of the imperative which have these after the verb (e.g. Mi aiuti, per favore! "Please help me!" vs. Aiutami! "Help me!", Se ne vada via. "Please go away." vs. Vattene via! (vattene = va’ + te + ne), etc.).
The first-person plural (used for suggestion, e.g. andiamo "let's go!") is identical to the Present Indicative, but allows for pronominal suffixes (e.g. andiamocene "let's go away" vs. ce ne andiamo "we are going away").
The second-person plural is usually identical to the Present Indicative, but in a few irregular cases to the Present Subjunctive.
The polite plural is identical to the Present Subjunctive. As with the polite singular, objective personal pronouns come before the verb as opposed to after it.
amare | credere | dormire | finire | essere | avere | andare | stare | dare | fare | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(tu) | ama! /ˈaːma/ | credi! /ˈkreːdi/ | dormi! /ˈdɔrmi/ | finisci! /fiˈniʃʃi/ | sii! /ˈsiːi/ | abbi! /ˈabbi/ | va’! or vai! /va/ | sta’! or stai! /sta/ | da’! or dai! /da/ | fa’! or fai! /fa/ |
(Lei) | ami! /ˈaːmi/ | creda! /ˈkreːda/ | dorma! /ˈdɔrma/ | finisca! /fiˈniska/ | sia! /ˈsiːa/ | abbia! /ˈabbja/ | vada! /ˈvaːda/ | stia! /ˈstiːa/ | dia! /ˈdiːa/ | faccia! /ˈfattʃa/ |
(noi) | amiamo! /aˈmjaːmo/ | crediamo! /kreˈdjaːmo/ | dormiamo! /dorˈmjaːmo/ | finiamo! /fiˈnjaːmo/ | siamo! /ˈsjaːmo/ | abbiamo! /abˈbjaːmo/ | andiamo! /anˈdjaːmo/ | stiamo! /ˈstjaːmo/ | diamo! /ˈdjaːmo/ | facciamo! /fatˈtʃaːmo/ |
(voi) | amate! /aˈmaːte/ | credete! /kreˈdeːte/ | dormite! /dorˈmiːte/ | finite! /fiˈniːte/ | siate! /ˈsjaːte/ | abbiate! /abˈbjaːte/ | andate! /anˈdaːte/ | state! /ˈstaːte/ | date! /ˈdaːte/ | fate! /ˈfaːte/ |
(Loro) | amino! /ˈaːmino/ | credano! /ˈkreːdano/ | dormano! /ˈdɔrmano/ | finiscano! /fiˈniskano/ | siano! /ˈsiːano/ | abbiano! /ˈabbjano/ | vadano! /ˈvaːdano/ | stiano! /ˈstiːano/ | diano! /ˈdiːano/ | facciano! /ˈfattʃano/ |
The second person singular uses the infinitive instead of its usual form in the negative, while other forms remain unchanged.
amare | credere | dormire | |
---|---|---|---|
(tu) | non amare | non credere | non dormire |
(Lei) | non ami | non creda | non dorma |
(noi) | non amiamo | non crediamo | non dormiamo |
(voi) | non amate | non credete | non dormite |
(Loro) | non amino | non credano | non dormano |
Italian verbs have three additional forms, known as nominal forms, because they can be used as nouns or adjectives, rather than as verbs.
Like the imperative, all nominal verb forms (including the infinitive) have their objective personal pronouns suffixed rather than placed before them.
The following list includes some example conjugations for a number of verbs commonly classified as irregular, not sorted by type or degree of irregularity. Verbs derived from others (e.g. apprèndere, comprèndere, sorprèndere, ... from prèndere) and the ones which end in the same way (e.g. stèndere, rèndere, accèndere, ...; compare véndere, which is regular) are formed according to the same conjugation.
The list does not include essere, avere, andare, stare, dare and fare, that have already been conjugated throughout the article.
• pr. = present;
• p.p. = past perfect;
• p.abs. = past absolute;
• impf. = imperfect;
• fut. = future;
• pr.sub. = present subjunctive;
• impf.sub. = imperfect subjunctive;
• imp. = imperative;
• pr.pt. = present participle
In linguistics and grammar, conjugation has two basic meanings. One meaning is the creation of derived forms of a verb from basic forms, or principal parts.
The subjunctive is a grammatical mood, a feature of an utterance that indicates the speaker's attitude toward it. Subjunctive forms of verbs are typically used to express various states of unreality such as wish, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, obligation, or action that has not yet occurred; the precise situations in which they are used vary from language to language. The subjunctive is one of the irrealis moods, which refer to what is not necessarily real. It is often contrasted with the indicative, a realis mood which principally indicates that something is a statement of fact.
In grammar, a future tense is a verb form that generally marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future. An example of a future tense form is the French achètera, meaning "will buy", derived from the verb acheter. The "future" expressed by the future tense usually means the future relative to the moment of speaking, although in contexts where relative tense is used it may mean the future relative to some other point in time under consideration.
In linguistics, a defective verb is a verb that either lacks a conjugated form or entails incomplete conjugation, and thus cannot be conjugated for certain grammatical tenses, aspects, persons, genders, or moods that the majority of verbs or a "normal" or regular verb in a particular language can be conjugated for. That is to say, a defective verb lacks forms that most verbs in a particular language have.
In Portuguese grammar, nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and articles are moderately inflected: there are two genders and two numbers. The case system of the ancestor language, Latin, has been lost, but personal pronouns are still declined with three main types of forms: subject, object of verb, and object of preposition. Most nouns and many adjectives can take diminutive or augmentative derivational suffixes, and most adjectives can take a so-called "superlative" derivational suffix. Adjectives usually follow their respective nouns.
In some of the Romance languages the copula, the equivalent of the verb to be in English, is relatively complex compared to its counterparts in other languages. A copula is a word that links the subject of a sentence with a predicate. Whereas English has one main copula verb some Romance languages have more complex forms.
Italian grammar is the body of rules describing the properties of the Italian language. Italian words can be divided into the following lexical categories: articles, nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.
In language learning, the principal parts of a verb are the most fundamental forms of a verb that can be conjugated into any form of the verb. The concept originates in the humanist Latin schools, where students learned verbs by chanting them in the four key forms from which all other forms can be deduced, for example:
In French, a verb is inflected to reflect its mood and tense, as well as to agree with its subject in person and number. Following the tradition of Latin grammar, the set of inflected forms of a French verb is called the verb's conjugation.
A feature common to all Indo-European languages is the presence of a verb corresponding to the English verb to be.
In French grammar, verbs are a part of speech. Each verb lexeme has a collection of finite and non-finite forms in its conjugation scheme.
Conjugation is the variation in the endings of verbs (inflections) depending on the person, tense and mood. Most French verbs are regular and their inflections can be entirely determined by their infinitive form. If not regular, a verb may incur changes its stem, changes in the endings or spelling adjustments for the sake of keeping correct pronunciation.
Romance verbs are the most inflected part of speech in the language family. In the transition from Latin to the Romance languages, verbs went through many phonological, syntactic, and semantic changes. Most of the distinctions present in classical Latin continued to be made, but synthetic forms were often replaced with more analytic ones. Other verb forms changed meaning, and new forms also appeared.
Verbs in Middle High German are divided into strong or weak verbs. Strong verbs indicate tense by a change in the quality of a vowel, while weak verbs indicate tense by the addition of an ending.
Bolognese is a dialect of Emilian spoken in the most part in the city of Bologna and its hinterland, but also in the district of Castelfranco Emilia in the province of Modena, and in the towns of Sambuca Pistoiese (Tuscany), Cento, Sant'Agostino, and Poggio Renatico.
Old Norse has three categories of verbs and two categories of nouns. Conjugation and declension are carried out by a mix of inflection and two nonconcatenative morphological processes: umlaut, a backness-based alteration to the root vowel; and ablaut, a replacement of the root vowel, in verbs.
This article discusses the conjugation of verbs in a number of varieties of Catalan-Valencian, including Old Catalan. Each verbal form is accompanied by its phonetic transcription. Widely used dialectal forms are included, even if they are not considered standard in either of the written norms: those of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans and the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua. Other dialectal forms exist, including those characteristic of minor dialects such as Ribagorçan and Algherese and transitional forms of major dialects.
Portuguese verbs display a high degree of inflection. A typical regular verb has over fifty different forms, expressing up to six different grammatical tenses and three moods. Two forms are peculiar to Portuguese within the Romance languages:
Hindustani verbs conjugate according to mood, tense, person, number, and gender. Hindustani inflection is markedly simpler in comparison to Sanskrit, from which Hindustani has inherited its verbal conjugation system. Aspect-marking participles in Hindustani mark the aspect. Gender is not distinct in the present tense of the indicative mood, but all the participle forms agree with the gender and number of the subject. Verbs agree with the gender of the subject or the object depending on whether the subject pronoun is in the dative or ergative case or the nominative case.
The conjugation of Sardinian verbs are mainly divided according to infinitives into -are, -ere, and -ire verbs in north-central dialects for regular verbs, similar to the tripartite systems of Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian. In southern dialects, these infinitives above change to -ai, -i, and -iri, respectively. Irregular verbs also exist as well. Many Sardinian conjugated forms were similar and conservative phonologically to Classical Latin, although the number of tenses were greatly reduced and the remaining tenses rely on periphrasis.