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Khan is a historic Turkic and Mongolic title originating among nomadic tribes in the Central and Eastern Eurasian Steppe to refer to a king. It first appears among the Rouran and then the Göktürks as a variant of khagan and implied a subordinate ruler. In the Seljük Empire, it was the highest noble title, ranking above malik (king) and emir (prince). In the Mongol Empire it signified the ruler of a horde (ulus), while the ruler of all the Mongols was the khagan or great khan. It is a title commonly used to signify the head of a Pashtun tribe or clan.
The Qajar dynasty was an Iranian royal dynasty founded by Mohammad Khan of the Qoyunlu clan of the Turkoman Qajar tribe.
Sardar, also spelled as Sardaar, is a title of royalty and nobility that was originally used to denote princes, noblemen, chiefs, kings and other aristocrats. It has also been used to denote a chief or leader of a tribe or group. It is used as a Persian synonym of the title Emir of Arabic origin.
Aqa Ali Shah, known as Aga Khan II, was the 47th imam of the Nizari Isma'ili Muslims. A member of the Iranian royal family, he became the Imam in 1881. During his lifetime, he helped to better not only his own community, but also the larger Muslim community of India. He was the second Nizari Imam to hold the title Aga Khan.
The Karabakh Khanate was a khanate under Iranian and later Russian suzerainty, which controlled the historical region of Karabakh, now divided between modern-day Armenia and Azerbaijan. In terms of structure, the Karabakh Khanate was a miniature version of Iranian kingship. The administrative and literary language in Karabakh until the end of the 19th century was Persian, with Arabic being used only for religious studies, despite the fact that most of the Muslims in the region spoke a Turkic dialect.
Mir-Fatah-Agha, commonly known as Mushthaid, was a high-ranking Twelver Shi'a Muslim cleric from Tabriz, whom the Russian government credited with keeping the Muslim population of the Caucasus loyal to the Russians, following their recent expansion and conquering of the Caucasus at the expense of Qajar Persia.
Qizilbash or Kizilbash were a diverse array of mainly Turkoman Shia militant groups that flourished in Azerbaijan, Anatolia, the Armenian highlands, the Caucasus, and Kurdistan from the late 15th century onwards, and contributed to the foundation of the Safavid dynasty in early modern Iran.
Ali-Morad Khan Zand was fifth ruler of the Zand dynasty of Iran, ruling from March 15, 1781, until February 11, 1785.
The Ganja Khanate was a khanate under Iranian suzerainty, which controlled the town of Ganja and its surroundings, now located in present-day Azerbaijan.
The Nakhichevan Khanate was a khanate under Iranian suzerainty, which controlled the city of Nakhichevan and its surroundings from 1747 to 1828.
The Erivan Khanate, also known as Chokhur-e Sa'd, was a khanate that was established in Afsharid Iran in the 18th century. It covered an area of roughly 19,500 km2, and corresponded to most of present-day central Armenia, the Iğdır Province and the Kars Province's Kağızman district in present-day Turkey and the Sharur and Sadarak districts of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of present-day Azerbaijan.
Dibaj is a city in the Central District of Damghan County, Semnan province, Iran. It was the administrative center for Rudbar Rural District before being transferred to the city of Kalateh Rudbar.
The Allahdad was an 1839 pogrom perpetrated by Muslims against the Mashhadi Jewish community in the city of Mashhad, Qajar Iran. It was characterized by the mass-killing and forced conversion of the Jews in the area to Islam. Following this event, many of the Mashhadi Jews began to actively practice crypto-Judaism while superficially adhering to Islamic beliefs. The Allahdad incident was a prominent event in the ambivalent history of Jewish–Muslim relations because an entire community of Jews were forced to convert, and it was one of the first times European Jews intervened on behalf of Iranian Jews.
The Muslim Shaikh are a community found in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The Shah Khel community of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, has similar roots.
The Hela are a community found in the state of Rajasthan in India. They are Muslim converts from the Hindu Hela caste.
Muslim in Uttar Pradesh is the second largest religion in the state with 38,483,967 adherents in 2011, forming 19.26% of the total population. Muslims of Uttar Pradesh have also been referred to as Hindustani Musalman. They do not form a unified ethnic community, but are differentiated by sectarian and Baradari divisions, as well as by language and geography. Nevertheless, the community shares some unifying cultural factors. Uttar Pradesh has more Muslims than any Muslim-majority country in the world except Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Egypt, Iran, Turkey, Iraq and Afghanistan.
Heyran Donboli was an Iranian female poet who composed works in Persian, as well as some in Azerbaijani Turkic. Born between 1785–1790, she was a member of the Turkic-speaking Kurdish Donboli tribe in the Azerbaijan region. Her exact name and birthplace remain uncertain, with suggestions including Nakhchivan, Tabriz and Urmia. Following the Iranian cession of Nakhchivan to Russia in 1813, she and her family moved south of the Aras River, settling in the village of Khaneqah Sorkh. Heyran's poetry, characterized by its straightforward language and emotional expression of women's experiences, was a rarity in Qajar Iran, where literacy was low and women's public roles were limited in a male dominated society. She was a proponent of the Bazgasht-e adabi literary movement, advocating a return to classical Persian styles.
The Guarded Domains of Iran, alternatively the Sublime State of Iran and commonly called Qajar Iran, Qajar Persia or the Qajar Empire, was the Iranian state under the rule of the Qajar dynasty, which was of Turkic origin, specifically from the Qajar tribe, from 1789 to 1925. The Qajar family took full control of Iran in 1794, deposing Lotf 'Ali Khan, the last Shah of the Zand dynasty, and re-asserted Iranian sovereignty over large parts of the Caucasus. In 1796, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar seized Mashhad with ease, putting an end to the Afsharid dynasty. He was formally crowned as Shah after his punitive campaign against Iran's Georgian subjects.
Fazel Khan Mohammad Garrusi was a poet and secretary in Qajar Iran, active under Fath-Ali Shah Qajar and Mohammad Shah Qajar. From 1838, he spent his remaining years in Tiflis in the Russian Empire, having fled the country due to the schemes of the vizier of Mazandaran, Asadollah Navai.
References
- 1 2 Lee, Joel (February 2018). "Who is the true Halalkhor ? Genealogy and ethics in dalit Muslim oral traditions". Contributions to Indian Sociology. 52 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1177/0069966717742223. ISSN 0069-9667.
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