Pathans in India

Last updated
Pathans in India
Total population
3.2 million (2018; AIPJH estimate) [1] [2] [3]
21,677 (2011 census figure of Pashto-speakers) [4]
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Religion
Majority: Sunni Islam
Minority: Shia Islam, Hinduism and Sikhism
  • ^a The census figure only records individuals who speak Pashto as their first language, rather than the total number of individuals of full or partial Pashtun ancestry. [1]

Pathans in India or simply known as Pathans are citizens or residents of India who are of ethnic Pashtun ancestry. "Pathan" is the local Hindavi term for an individual who belongs to the Pashtun ethnic group, or descends from it. [6] [7] The term additionally finds mention among Western sources, mainly in the colonial-era literature of British India. [8] [9] Historically, the term "Afghan" was also synonymous with the Pathans. [10] The Pathans originate from the Eastern Afghanistan and Northwestern Pakistan regions, [11] [12] ethnolinguistically known as Pashtunistan.

Contents

There are varying estimates of the population of Pathan descent living in India, ranging from 3.2 million people per the All India Pakhtoon Jirga-e-Hind [1] [2] [3] to "twice their population in Afghanistan" as per Khan Mohammad Atif, an academic at the University of Lucknow. [13] In the 2011 Census of India, 21,677 individuals reported Pashto as their mother tongue. [4]

Large-scale Pashtun migration began in the 11th and 12th centuries, as a result of the many Muslim empires and dynasties founded by Pashtuns on the Indian subcontinent. [14] Pashtuns also arrived as traders, officers, administrators, diplomats, travelers, religious saints and preachers, [5] students, and as soldiers serving in the armies of India's rulers. In many cases, migration and settlement occurred amongst whole clans. [15] Today, the Pathans are a collection of diversely scattered communities present across the length and breadth of India, with the largest populations principally settled in the plains of northern and central India. [14] [15] [13] Following the partition of India in 1947, many of them migrated to Pakistan. [14] The majority of Indian Pathans are Urdu-speaking communities, [14] who have assimilated into the local society over the course of generations. [16] Pathans have influenced and contributed to various fields in India, particularly politics, the entertainment industry and sports. [13]

History

Pathans that had enlisted in the British Indian Army Pathans of an old frontier regiment with reputation in India 1914.jpg
Pathans that had enlisted in the British Indian Army

The Pathans of India are a community who trace their ancestry to the Pashtun regions of Pakistan and Afghanistan. [11] The Pashtun homeland is located in Central Asia and the northwestern region of South Asia; [17] it roughly stretches from areas south of the Amu River in Afghanistan to west of the Indus River in Pakistan, mainly consisting of southwestern, eastern and some northern and western districts of Afghanistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern Balochistan in western Pakistan, [18] with the Durand Line acting as the border between the two countries. [11] The Hindu Kush mountains straddle the north of the region. [6] [19] Geographically, the Pathans are an eastern Iranic ethnic group who lived west of the Indo-Aryan ethnicities of the northern Indian subcontinent. [20]

Some Pashtuns from the Ghilji tribe historically used to seasonally migrate to India in winter as nomadic merchants. They would buy goods there, and transport these by camel caravan in summer for sale or barter in Afghanistan. [21]

Demographics

Pathans of India descend from different tribes and clans. Some of the common Pashtun tribes found in India including the influential Ahmadzai and others like Afridi, Barakzai, Bettani, Panni, Sulemanzai, Tareen, Yusufzai including the mighty Ghilzai and Durranis, Kakar, Sherani, Khattak, Lodi, Orakzai and the Shinwari. There is also a population of Muslim Rajput Pathans in India (also known as Khanzada Rajputs) whose ancestors were Rajputs but got the title Khan after converting to Islam. After many generations, they are now intermixed with Pathans. [10] [1] [22]

Hindu Pathans

Prithviraj Kapoor in Sikandar (1941). The actor, of Punjabi descent, identified as a Hindu Pathan and spoke Pashto. Prithviraj Kapoor in Sinkandar (1941).jpg
Prithviraj Kapoor in Sikandar (1941). The actor, of Punjabi descent, identified as a Hindu Pathan and spoke Pashto.

The term "Hindu Pathan" is used for Hindus who hailed or were born in the predominately Pashtun regions of British India (now Pakistan), [23] [24] as well as those who arrived from Afghanistan. [25] The 1947 partition of India led to an exodus of Hindus settled in the former North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Baluchistan, which are part of modern Pakistan, into the newly independent India. [26] [27] Notable people from these regions, mainly Peshawar, who identified as Hindu Pathans include independence activist Bhagat Ram Talwar [28] [29] and union minister Mehr Chand Khanna; [30] [31] Prithviraj Kapoor, [32] the progenitor of Bollywood's Kapoor family (along with his sons Raj, [33] Shammi [34] and Shashi Kapoor), [33] also of Punjabi descent; [22] his cousin, Surinder Kapoor (father of Anil Kapoor); [35] actor Vinod Khanna, [15] and film producer F.C. Mehra (father of Umesh Mehra). [36] Pushpa Kumari Bagai writes that the Hindu Pathans in India, especially those who migrated from the Saraiki-speaking area of Dera Ismail Khan, had their own unique vegetarian cuisine. [37] [38] In her historical magnum opus River of Fire , writer Qurratulain Hyder makes reference to Hindu Pathans from the NWFP who were displaced by the partition and settled in India. [39]

Some Hindus who lived in Balochistan prior to 1947, and later migrated to India following the partition, had a highly Pashtunized culture and spoke a form of Pashto or Balochi. [27] [40] [41] They identified themselves culturally as Pathans and members of the Kakari tribe. Originating from Quetta and Loralai, they brought their customs and practices with themselves to India, where they became known as the Sheenkhalai (Pashto for "the blue skinned"). [27] This name stemmed from a novel tradition their womenfolk practiced, who would adorn their faces, hands and skin with permanent tattoos to enhance their appearance. These decorative, tribal tattoos were considered a form of art and beauty in their culture, however they were looked down upon by other Indians. [27] The women wore a traditional hand-embroidered dress known as the kakrai kameez , similar to a firaq – the upper garment worn by Pashtun females. [27] They also listened to Pashto music and would teach the language to their children. [27] Due to their different culture and appearance, they were often stereotyped and considered Muslims or foreigners by the locals. [27] [42] The Sheenkhalai, numbering up to 500 at the time of partition, settled mostly in Rajasthan (in Uniara, Jaipur and Chittorgarh) and Punjab, and adopted Indian culture. [27] In recent years, there have been efforts to revive their indigenous culture. In 2018, former Afghan president Hamid Karzai met members of this community and inaugurated the Sheenkhalai Art Project during the Jaipur Literature Festival. [27] A feature-length documentary titled Sheenkhalai – The Blue Skin produced by Shilpi Batra Adwani, a third-generation Sheenkhalai herself, explores the history and origins of this community and was funded by the India–Afghanistan Foundation. [27]

From the 1950s and onwards, some Pakistani Hindus from Peshawar and surrounding areas moved to India, settling chiefly in Amritsar, Jalandhar, Ludhiana and Firozpur, as well as in Delhi, Rajasthan and other places across India. As of 2005, they numbered over 3,000 families including both Hindus and Sikhs. [43] [44] Amritsar itself was home to over 500 Peshawari families, and most of them lived in an area known as the Peshawari Mohalla where they had set up a Hindu temple for the community. They were mainly businesspeople. [43] [44] According to the Hindustan Times, around 250 Hindu and Sikh families were living in an area named "Mini Peshawar" near Chheharta in Amritsar as of 2016. [44] Although Peshawar was not as violently affected by communal riots as other regions during the partition, the Peshawari Hindus cited economic issues, security challenges and religious violence as reasons for their emigration after independence. A wave of similar migrations continued in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. [43] [45] After living in India for some time, these Hindus are able to secure Indian citizenship. The elderly Peshawari Hindus are distinguishable due to their Peshawari clothing and the Peshawari turban which some of them wear, and they converse in Pashto or the local Peshawari dialect. However, the younger generation is not fluent in these languages. [43] [44]

Since the 1970s, thousands of Afghan Hindus have also settled in India while escaping war and persecution. Many of them had lived in the Pashtun areas for generations, spoke Pashto, and practiced a culture that was Pashtun-influenced. [46]

Diaspora

A secondary diaspora of Pathans from India also exists, including those who were transported from British India to various other colonies as indentured workers in the early 19th century. [47]

Distribution

North India

In July 1954, over 100,000 Pashtun tribes people living in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir were granted Indian nationality. [48] They are a mostly endogamous, Pashto-speaking community whose ancestors migrated from what is now Pakistan and Afghanistan prior to India's independence. [49] The village of Gotli Bagh in Ganderbal district is home to around 10,000 Pashtuns. [49] The community observes Pashtun customs such as jirga for mediation on disputes, and Pashto television channels like Khyber TV are followed to keep up to date with news in the region. [49] They mostly marry within their community, which has allowed their language and culture to be preserved intact. [49]

The city of Malerkotla is home to a significant population of Punjabi Muslims, some of whom are of Pathan origin. [50] It is notably the only Muslim-majority city in Indian Punjab, since the partition in 1947. [51] The princely Malerkotla State was established and ruled by a Pathan dynasty of Sherwani and Lodi origins. [51] [50] The Pathans in Malerkotla were considered an influential group and were principally landowners. Their numbers dwindled after many of them migrated to Pakistan. [50] They are principally divided into the Yusufzai, Lodi, Tareen, Kakar and Sherwani tribes. [50] The rulers of the state historically shared a harmonious relationship with their Hindu and Sikh subjects, giving them protection and equal rights as minorities, which is one of the reasons why the city was mostly spared from violence during the partition. [51] Even after independence, members of the royal Pathan family have continued to receive political support in state elections. [50]

Chandigarh is a common destination for Afghan students who pursue tertiary education in India. They numbered up to 500 as of 2019, and were enrolled in different institutes including Panjab University. [52] [53] The princely Pataudi State, which was founded by the Pataudi family and ruled by the Nawab of Pataudi, was centred in Pataudi in modern Haryana's Gurgaon district. The Pataudis were of Afghan descent, whose ancestors arrived in India in the late 15th century as mercenaries of the Pashtun emperor Bahlul Lodi, during the latter's reign. [54] [55] According to Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi, the family are "basically Afghans with a bit of Turkish blood." [56]

There is a small community of Pashto-speaking [57] Hindus and Sikhs who migrated from Parachinar (in Pakistan's Kurram District) to Himachal Pradesh in 1948. They have an organisation known as the Akhil Bharatiya Parachinar Biradari, which seeks to gain Scheduled Tribal status for the community in order to secure various government incentives and opportunities committed under the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes for "displaced" communities. [58] They are settled in a village also named "Parachinar" in Bharmour in Chamba district. [57] These Parachinaris are noted for their Pathan dresses and turbans, their traditional Chitrali-influenced dance known as the gharra, and the Pashto dialect which they speak. [57]

According to Sohail Hashmi, the Peshawari dress and turban were a common site on the streets of Delhi up until the 1960s. [26] The area of Jangpura has long been a hub for Pathan Muslims, possibly due to its proximity to the Nizamuddin Dargah. [26]

Across North India, the Pathan population is chiefly spread over 74 districts. [14] Beginning in the 17th century, tens of thousands of "Rohilla" Pashtuns migrated into modern Uttar Pradesh and settled in what became known as the Rohilkhand region. [12] [10]

Central India

Western India

Pathans are noted as one of the Muslim castes living in Diu, which is part of the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. [59]

Pathans are noted as one of the many Muslim communities in the state of Goa. They use the surname Khan, while the women may use Khatun, Khatu or Bibi. It has been noted that they freely marry outside their community. [59]

Mumbai has been home to a Pathan community since the 19th century, mostly originating from the tribal areas of northwest Pakistan. [11] Afghanistan has maintained a consulate-general in Bombay since 1915, alluding to the historic presence of Afghans and Pathans in the city. [11]

The Afghan-born Karim Lala was one of the three most influential dons in the Mumbai underworld for decades. As the head of the "Pathan Gang", a mafia group comprising mostly ethnic Pathans involved in various types of organised crime, [60] Karim Lala wielded significant political clout and was well known to both the elite and common man of Mumbai. [61] [62]

In Gujarat state most of the pathans are seen, those are Turks,Yousafzai,Afghans,Babi, Durrani,lodi.there are many notable persons comes from gujrat pathan like cricketer Salim Durrani , Parveen Babi actress.In area of Junagadh there are turk pathan are mainly seen in indian army and business

East India

There are Pathan families present in the city of Ranchi. [63] [64] [65]

Odisha was historically one of the territories conquered by Pathans, most notably under Khwaja Usman. [66] [67] [68]

The Bengal region was historically one of the territories ruled by Pathan dynasties in India. [66] The Karrani dynasty, the last of the dynasties to hold the Bengal Sultanate, was of Pashtun origin. [69] The city of Kolkata has been home to a large Afghan and Pathan community for generations, where they are known by the term Kabuliwala ("people of Kabul") and have historically constituted an integral part of the city's cultural fabric. [70] [71] The term is derived from the iconic and much-romanticised short story of the same name written by Rabindranath Tagore in 1892, which essays the tale of an Afghan merchant who journeys all the way to Kolkata and sells dry fruit. [70] [71] Once numbering over 10,000 in 2001, [71] their population has reduced to no more than 2,000 to 5,000 [70] as of 2015. [71] Many of them were famous for working as traditional moneylenders, an industry which declined following the introduction of microfinance. [71]

South India

During the British Raj in the 19th and early 20th centuries, Pashtun prisoners were amongst those who were transported "across the water" to the penal colony on the Andaman Islands for incarceration. [12] One such incarceree who was serving life imprisonment on the island, Sher Ali Afridi, became known as the assassin of Lord Mayo, the Viceroy of India, while the latter was visiting the settlement in 1872. [72]

According to Kumar Suresh Singh, in the state of Karnataka, the Pathans are "distributed in all districts." [64]

According to S. N. Sadasivan, the Travancore region was home to a group of Pathan Muslims who were descendants of sepoys employed by the maharajas of Travancore. [73] Susan Bayly notes that the 18th-century Travancorean maharajas actively recruited Pathan soldiers to train and lead their armies, as did many other South Indian kingdoms, who were keen to bolster their military capacities with the experiences of such men. [74]

The former Hyderabad State had a Pathan community, and also an organisation known as the Pakhtoon Jirga which looked after the interests of the Pashtuns living within that state. [75]

Northeast India

There are some Afghan businessmen who have been living in Assam for several decades. They are also known as Kabuliwalas. [76]

Rajkumar Jhalajit Singh in A Short History of Manipur mentions Pathans as one of the communities among the Manipuri Muslims. [77]

In Sikkim, the Muslims are categorised into two main social classes: the ashraf (aristocracy) and ajlaf (commoners). The former usually includes people of "Sayyad, Shaikh, Mughal and Pathan ethnic backgrounds." [78]

Culture

In India, the Muslim surname Khan is largely synonymous with and commonly used by Pathans as per Pashtun naming conventions, although not all Khans are necessarily of Pathan descent. [79] [14] The female equivalent used by Pathan women is Khanum or Bibi. [14] In the caste system present among medieval Indian Muslim society, the Pathans (historically also known as ethnic 'Afghans') were classified as one of the ashraf castes – those who claimed descent from foreign immigrants, [79] and who claimed the status of nobility by virtue of conquests and Muslim rule in the Indian subcontinent. [80]

The earlier generations of Indian Pathans spoke their native language Pashto, while some still adhere to the traditional code and Pashtun way of life known as Pashtunwali. [11] The Pashtun empires in India historically used the Dari Persian language. [81] As a result of cultural assimilation with Indians over the course of several centuries, most Pathans in India lost the ability to speak Pashto and instead adopted Hindustani or other local dialects. [16] [5]

Cuisine

Pathan cuisine is known for its high emphasis on meat-based dishes. Typically, meat is either: boiled or roasted; marinated and barbecued in the form of tikka pieces placed on skewers in a grill; formed into different types of kebabs; cooked in large quantities in curries with mild spices; or prepared in a clay pot (e.g. handi gosht) – and eaten by hand with bread (e.g. Peshawari naan [82] or roti ), which is baked on a tandoor oven. [10] [83] [84] Usually, the meat is kept intact and allowed to cook in its own fat. [85] The chapli kebab, which originated in Peshawar, is a popular snack in Indian cities. [86] Afghan immigrants in India have popularised other unique Afghan foods, such as the Afghani burger, [87] Afghani naan, [85] mantu dumplings, [85] and Kabuli pulao. [88] Afghan and Pathan recipes rely less on spices, and tend to be flavoured with salt, garlic, pepper, raisins, pinenuts, walnuts, and various dried or fresh fruits. [85] Lajpat Nagar in Delhi is a hub of Pathan cuisines due to its sizable Afghan population. [88]

Tandoori chicken was popularised in India by Kundan Lal Gujral, a Punjabi Hindu-"Pathan" chef from Peshawar who moved to Delhi in 1947 and founded the Moti Mahal Delux chain of restaurants. Due to the Peshawari influences on Gujral's cooking, it is often regarded as a Punjabi-Pathan dish. [84] [89] Kundal Lal also invented the iconic butter chicken and dal makhani. [83] [84]

Education

Each year, the Indian Council for Cultural Relations grants 2,325 scholarships to international students, with six-hundred and seventy-five spots being reserved especially for Afghans. [90] In India, an increasing number of native students are learning Pashto at academic institutions such as the Jawaharlal Nehru University. [91]

Entertainment industry

Soha Ali Khan, an actress belonging to the Pataudi family. Soha Ali Khan at the Shaadi By Marriott fashion show (04) (cropped).jpg
Soha Ali Khan, an actress belonging to the Pataudi family.

Cinema

The city of Peshawar in the North-West Frontier Province gave birth to several prominent actors in the Hindi film industry, Bollywood. [22] [92] [32] [93] Some Indian actors also have ancestry in Balochistan [94] [95] and Afghanistan. [96] The Qissa Khwani Bazaar area of Peshawar is the location of the ancestral homes of the Kapoor family, Dilip Kumar and Shah Rukh Khan. [97] Notably, the Hindko-origin [98] Dilip Kumar (born Yusuf Khan) [99] [100] [101] and Shah Rukh Khan, [102] [103] [104] or the Punjabi-origin Hindu Pathans like the Kapoor family, [22] [105] [106] while not ethnically Pathans, are often referred to as "Pathans" due to their culture and origins in Peshawar. [22] [107] Actor Naseeruddin Shah, along with his sons Imaad, Vivaan and nephew Mohommed Ali, belong to the family of the 19th-century Afghan warlord Jan-Fishan Khan, who was born in Paghman of Saiyid descent, and moved to India in the 1850s where he became the first Nawab of Sardhana. [108] [109]

Most of the Khans of Bollywood, however, belong to the Pathan community, [22] including the Peshawar-born actor Jayant (born Zakaria Khan) and his son Amjad Khan; [22] Kader Khan, who belonged to the Kakar tribe with parents from Kandahar and Pishin; [110] the Tanoli-origin siblings Feroz, Sanjay and Akbar Khan, whose father settled in Bangalore from Ghazni, [111] [96] and their descendants Fardeen and Zayed Khan; [22] the renowned screenwriter Salim Khan and his sons Salman, Arbaaz and Sohail Khan (see Salim Khan family), whose Alakozai [15] or Akazai [14] ancestors migrated to Indore from the Swat region; [22] the director-cum-producer siblings Nasir and Tahir Hussain – the former being the father of Mansoor Khan and maternal grandfather of Imran Khan, and the latter known as the father of Aamir, Faisal and Nikhat Khan – along with their nephew Tariq Khan, whose Pathan ancestors hailed from Herat; [112] [22] [96] [15] Saif Ali Khan, [104] along with his sister Soha Ali Khan and daughter Sara Ali Khan, who, of royal Pataudi lineage, have relatives in Pakistan and ancestors that migrated from Afghanistan; [54] [55] and Irrfan Khan. [113] Actress Madhubala, who is sometimes called the "Marilyn Monroe of Bollywood," was a Yusufzai Pathan. [97] There have also been other Pathan film directors, producers and scriptwriters, such as Zia Sarhadi; [22] Farah and Sajid Khan, who have Pathan ancestry from Peshawar; [96] and in recent times, Kabir Khan. [22]

Adnan Sami, a pop singer and composer, while performing. Adnansami1.JPG
Adnan Sami, a pop singer and composer, while performing.

Music

Pathans have contributed to Indian music as well; the sarod , a stringed instrument used in Hindustani classical music, descends from the Pashtun rubab and was invented by the Bangash musical gharana which migrated to India (whose descendants include ustads Sakhawat Hussain, Hafiz Ali Khan, and the latter's son Amjad Ali Khan). [114] [115] G. M. Durrani was a noted Bollywood playback singer, music director and radio artist during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. [116] In pop music, the Pakistani-origin Adnan Sami has been called the "reigning King of Indipop." [22] [117]

Pathan characters have been portrayed in many Bollywood films, creating a subgenre of what are known as "Pathan movies". [22] [118] The 1947 theatrical play Pathan was produced by Prithviraj Kapoor's Prithvi Theatre, and was commercially successful across India. Prithviraj played the lead role while his sons Raj, Shammi and Shashi also acted. [22] [119] Kabuliwala (1961), in which Balraj Sahni essays the role of the protagonist, has been called the "mother of all Pathan movies". [22] It is based on the short story of the same name written by Rabindranath Tagore in 1892, featuring the story of a wandering Afghan merchant in Bengal in pre-partition India. Earlier, a Bengali film based on this story was released in 1957. [22]

It is believed that the famous Pathan character of Sher Khan, which was scripted by Salim–Javed and portrayed by Pran in Zanjeer (1973), was based on the Mumbai mafia don Karim Lala. [22] The song Yaari Hai Imaan Mera, Yaar Meri Zindagi ("friendship is my faith, the friend is my life") from that movie features an influence of the Pashtun instrument rubab, and is danced to by men in the attan style. [22] [120] In 2013, a remake of the film was released in Hindi and Telugu simultaneously, in which Sanjay Dutt and Sri Hari reprised the role of Sher Khan, respectively. [121] They featured in a qawwali-style Pathan dance number, Khochey Pathan Ki Zubaan. [122]

The action film Qurbani (1980), in which a police officer named Amjad Khan (played by Amjad Khan himself) chases two fugitives (played by Feroz Khan and Vinod Khanna), featured a song Qurbani Qurbani which was set in a "Pathan's den". In the song, the three protagonists donned Pathan getup. [123] Khuda Gawah (1992) stars Amitabh Bachchan as an Afghan tribesman who settles accounts with his enemies after finding himself trapped in an Indian prison, and was partially shot in Afghanistan. [22] [124]

Literature and media

Urdu poetry in India developed under the influence of Pathans, in addition to various other communities belonging to the Perso-Arabic sphere of influence. [125] One such prominent poet was Josh Malihabadi, an Afridi Pathan. [126] His cousin, Abdur Razzaq Malihabadi, was also a writer. [127]

Pashto in India

Pashto literature thrived in North India from the early 16th century up until the turn of the 19th century, even while Persian remained the dominant language of the region during the Mughal period. [128] [129] It was a provincial language spoken mainly by Pashtun administrative and military elites, and other Pashtun settlers and temporary dwellers in India. [128] Extant manuscripts have provided evidence of Pashto verses and poetry emerging from the Ganges region. [128] Pir Roshan, a Sufi who is regarded as one of the earliest Pashto writers, was a Pashtun from Waziristan who was born in Jalandhar. [130] He inspired the Roshani movement which, during the late 16th and 17th centuries, gave rise to prominent Pashto poets and writers in the Indian subcontinent. [130] [128] The area forming modern-day Uttar Pradesh was among the few regions in India where Pashto literature continuously developed; Pashtun litterateurs from the Rohilla community produced works in the language up until the late 18th century. [128]

The All India Radio (AIR) operates a Pashto-language service. [131] Pashto was the first external radio service of AIR, broadcasting its inaugural transmission on 1 October 1939 for Pashto-listeners across British India's North-West Frontier Province and Afghanistan. Its purpose was to counter German radio propanda infiltrating Afghanistan, Iran and West Asian nations following the outbreak of World War II. [132] [133] The Centre of Persian and Central Asian Studies (CPCAS) at New Delhi's Jawaharlal Nehru University offers bachelor-level degrees in Pashto. [134] [135] [136]

The language is also used by Afghan Pashtun expatriates living in India. [137]

Zakir Husain, India's third president, on a 1998 postage stamp. President Zakir Husain 1998 stamp of India.jpg
Zakir Husain, India's third president, on a 1998 postage stamp.

Military

In British colonial India, the Pathans were classified as one of the "martial races" and enlisted in large numbers into the British Indian Army. [12] [138] The 40th Pathans, which later became part of the Pakistan Army, remained for some time the only all-Pathan regiment in British India. [139] From 1897 to 1908, the number of Pathan servicemen in the British Indian Army arose from 2,500 to 10,500. [8] Around a quarter were Afridis, and a large number were drawn from the tribal areas forming British India's northwestern frontier with Afghanistan. They comprised, in total, 67 companies across 43 regiments. [140] By the time of World War I, their numbers had increased to 28,000. [141] [142]

Politics

Abdul Ghaffar Khan was a Pashtun nationalist and close friend of Mahatma Gandhi who, as leader of the Congress-allied Khudai Khidmatgar, was one of the prominent members of the Indian independence movement against British rule before the partition. [143] [15] After 1947, he became a Pakistani citizen. [144] Zakir Husain, an Afridi Pathan, was an economist and politician who served as the third president of India from 1967 to 1969. Prior to that, he was the second vice president of India, and also served as the governor of Bihar. [104] His maternal grandson Salman Khurshid served as India's minister for minority affairs, law and justice, and external affairs in successive terms. [145] [104] Mohammad Yunus was a career diplomat who served as India's ambassador in various countries, and also became a nominated member of the Rajya Sabha in 1989. [146]

Sport

Irfan Pathan, while bowling in the nets. Irfan Pathan bowling.jpg
Irfan Pathan, while bowling in the nets.

Pathans have represented the Indian national cricket team both before and after independence. They include Jahangir Khan, a Burki Pathan who played for India between 1932 and 1936, later becoming a cricket administrator in Pakistan. [147] Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi, the eighth Nawab of Pataudi, played for both England and India in the 1930s and 1940s, eventually captaining the Indian side in 1946. [55] His son, Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi, also played Test cricket as a batsman for India between 1961 and 1975 and became the country's youngest captain when appointed in 1962. [55] [104] The all-rounder Salim Durani (who in official cricketing records is referred to as the first Afghan-born Test cricketer, but was born near the Khyber Pass) [148] represented India in Test cricket in the 1960s and 1970s. [55] The brother duo of Yusuf and Irfan Pathan have together represented India at the national level across all formats. [13]

In field hockey, Feroze Khan was a gold medalist for India at the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was a Pathan from Jalandhar, and migrated to Pakistan in the early 1950s. [149] [150] Ahmed Khan became a gold medalist for India at the 1936 Summer Olympics, while his son Aslam Sher Khan was a member of the Indian squad which won the 1975 Men's Hockey World Cup. They were Pathans from Bhopal. [151] [152]

In squash, Abdul Bari was one of India's leading players in the 1940s and represented the country at the 1950 British Open. [153] Yusuf Khan was a ten-time all-India champion [154] who later migrated to Seattle, United States, and turned to coaching several professional players; [155] [156] his daughters Shabana and Latasha Khan represented the US. [154] [157]

Ghaus Mohammad was the first Indian tennis player to qualify for Wimbledon quarter-finals, in 1939. He was an Afridi Pathan from Malihabad. [126]

List of Notable Pathans of India

Madhubala from her paternal lineage hailed from the Yusufzai tribe of Pashtuns from the Valley of Peshawar Madhubala1951.jpg
Madhubala from her paternal lineage hailed from the Yusufzai tribe of Pashtuns from the Valley of Peshawar

See also

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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, formerly known as North West Frontier Province (NWFP), is a province of Pakistan. Located in the northwestern region of the country, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the fourth largest province of Pakistan by land area and the third-largest province by population. It is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Balochistan to the south, Punjab to the south-east, the territory of Gilgit-Baltistan to the north and north-east, Islamabad Capital Territory to the east and Azad Kashmir to the north-east. It shares an international border with Afghanistan to the west. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has a varied landscape ranging from rugged mountain ranges, valleys, plains surrounded by hills, undulating submontane areas and dense agricultural farms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pashtuns</span> Ethnic group native to Pakistan and Afghanistan

Pashtuns, also known as Pakhtuns, or Pathans, are a nomadic, pastoral, Eastern Iranic ethnic group primarily residing in northwestern Pakistan and southern and eastern Afghanistan. They historically were also referred to as Afghans until the ratification of the 1964 Constitution of Afghanistan, which stated anyone with citizenship is Afghan, and the 1970s after the term's meaning had become a demonym for members of all ethnic groups in Afghanistan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pashtunistan</span> Geographic region historically inhabited by the Pashtun people

Pashtunistan is a region located on the Iranian Plateau, inhabited by the indigenous Pashtun people of southern Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan, wherein Pashtun culture, the Pashto language, and Pashtun identity have been based. Alternative names historically used for the region include Pashtūnkhwā (پښتونخوا), Pakhtūnistān, Pathānistān, or simply the Pashtun Belt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peshawar</span> Capital city of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Peshawar is the sixth most populous city of Pakistan, with a district population of over 4.7 million in the 2023 census. It is the capital of the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, where it is the largest city. It is situated in the north-west of the country, lying in the Valley of Peshawar. Peshawar is primarily populated by Pashtuns, who comprise the second-largest ethnic group in the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abdul Ghaffar Khan</span> Pashtun Freedom Fighter

Abdul Ghaffār Khān, also known as Bacha Khan or Badshah Khan was a Pashtun Afghan independence activist, and founder of the Khudai Khidmatgar resistance movement against British colonial rule in India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North-West Frontier Province</span> Former Province of British India (1901–1947) and Pakistan (1947–1955; 1970–2010)

The North-West Frontier Province was a province of British India from 1901 to 1947, of the Dominion of Pakistan from 1947 to 1955, and of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan from 1970 to 2010. It was established on 9 November 1901 from the north-western districts of the British Punjab, during the British Raj. Following the referendum in 1947 to join either Pakistan or India, the province voted hugely in favour of joining Pakistan and it acceded accordingly on 14 August 1947. It was dissolved to form a unified province of West Pakistan in 1955 upon promulgation of One Unit Scheme and was reestablished in 1970. It was known by this name until 19 April 2010, when it was dissolved and redesignated as the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa following the passing of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan, by President Asif Ali Zardari.

The Yusufzai or Yousafzai, also referred to as the Esapzai, or Yusufzai Afghans historically, are one of the largest tribes of Pashtuns. They are natively based in the northern part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, to which they migrated from Kabul during the 16th century, but they are also present in parts of Afghanistan, including Kunar, Kabul, Kandahar and Farah. Outside of these countries, they can be found in Ghoriwala District Bannu, Balochistan Sibi (Akazai), Chagai (Hassanzai) and Rohilkandh.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Afridi</span> Pashtun tribe

The Afrīdī are an ethnically Afghan Pashtun tribe present day tribal areas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bangash</span> Pashtun Tribe

The Bangash, Bungish, Bangaš or Bangakh are a tribe of Pashtuns, inhabiting their traditional homeland, the Bangash district which stretches from Kohat to Tall in Hangu and Spīn Ghar, Kurram in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. They also live as a smaller population in Dera Ismail Khel, Bannu while also a smaller population of Bangash inhabit mainly Gardez, Paktia and around the Lōya Paktia region of Afghanistan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Khudai Khidmatgar</span> Pashtun non-violent movement against the British Empire

Khudai Khidmatgar was a predominantly Pashtun nonviolent resistance movement known for its activism against the British Raj in colonial India; it was based in the country's North-West Frontier Province.

The history of Peshawar is intertwined with the history of the broader Indian subcontinent. The region was known as Puruṣapura in Sanskrit, literally meaning "city of men". Being among the most ancient cities of the Indian subcontinent, Peshawar had for centuries been a center of trade between West Asia, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent.

Pashtun diaspora comprises all ethnic Pashtuns. There are millions of Pashtuns who are living outside of their traditional homeland of Pashtunistan, a historic region that is today situated over parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan. While the (erstwhile) Pashtunistan is home to the majority of Pashtun people, there are significant local Pashtun diaspora communities scattered across the neighbouring Pakistani provinces of Sindh and Punjab, particularly in their respective provincial capital cities of Karachi and Lahore. Additionally, people with Pashtun ancestry are also found across India; particularly in Rohilkhand, a region in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh; and in the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan. Outside of South Asia, significant Pashtun diaspora communities are found in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Iran, Australia, Canada, and Russia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hindkowans</span> Name of Hindko-speakers in Pakistan

Hindkowans, also known as the Hindki, is a contemporary designation for speakers of Indo-Aryan languages who live among the neighbouring Pashtuns, particularly the speakers of various Hindko dialects of Western Punjabi (Lahnda). The origins of the term refer merely to the speakers of Indo-Aryan languages rather than to any particular ethnic group. The term is not only applied to several forms of "Northern Lahnda" but also to the Saraiki dialects of the districts of Dera Ghazi Khan, Mianwali, and Dera Ismail Khan, which border the southern Pashto-speaking areas.

The Pathans of Punjab, also called Punjabi Pathans or Pathans, are descendants of Pashtun settlers, an Eastern Iranian ethnic group, in the Punjab region of Pakistan and India. They were originally from the Pashtunistan region of Afghanistan and Pakistan bordering the Punjab region. Most of these Pashtun communities are scattered throughout the Punjab and have over time assimilated and integrated into the Punjabi society and culture.

Abdur Rahman Peshawari, also known as Abdurrahman Bey, was a Turkish soldier, journalist and diplomat who was born in Peshawar in British India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kakazai</span>

The Kakazai, also known as Loi, Loe, or Loye Mamund, a division of the Mamund clan, are a Pashtun tribe part of the larger Tarkani tribe who are primarily settled in Bajaur Agency, Pakistan, but originally hailed from the Laghman province of Afghanistan. However, it has grown and scattered around to such an extent that it is recognized as tribe of its own.

Pashtuns of Kashmir and the Pathans in Kashmir include Pashtun people (Pathans) that may still follow Pashtunwali and speak Pashto as their mother-tongue who have settled in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. While there are also a large number of people throughout Kashmir who claim Pashtun ancestry through forefathers who migrated to the region under the Afghan rule in Kashmir. While exact numbers are hard to determine, cursory estimates put the number of these Pathans or Pashtuns above 100,000. Many of these Pathans have over time absorbed Kashmiriyat and use Kashmiri language as their second language, although some people following Pashtunwali customs and aspects of Pashtun culture and Pashto are still notably practiced among the community, largely of them resides in district Ganderbal (Gutlibagh) and Anantnag, there are also Pathans in district Kishtwar, Baramulla and Kupwara (Haihama).

The Pataudi family is an Indian show business family, primarily working in India's Hindi film industry, commonly known as 'Bollywood'.

British Pashtuns are citizens or residents of the United Kingdom who are of Pashtun ancestry. As of the 2021 census, there were at least 48,000 Pashto-speakers living in the UK. According to other estimates, the total population of British Pashtuns is as high as 100,000, making them the largest Pashtun diaspora community in Europe.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Ali, Arshad (15 February 2018). "Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan's great granddaughter seeks citizenship for 'Phastoons' in India". Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved 21 February 2019. Interacting with mediapersons on Wednesday, Yasmin, the president of All India Pakhtoon Jirga-e-Hind, said that there were 32 lakh Phastoons in the country who were living and working in India but were yet to get citizenship.
  2. 1 2 "Frontier Gandhi's granddaughter urges Centre to grant citizenship to Pathans". The News International. 16 February 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  3. 1 2 Bhattacharya, Ravik (15 February 2018). "Frontier Gandhi's granddaughter urges Centre to grant citizenship to Pathans". The Indian Express . Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  4. 1 2 "Census of India 2011: Language" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India . 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  5. 1 2 3 Nile Green (16 February 2012). Making Space: Sufis and Settlers in Early Modern India. OUP India. pp. 102, 116, 117–. ISBN   978-0-19-908875-1.
  6. 1 2 "Pashtun". Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 29 May 2020. Pashtun, also spelled Pushtun or Pakhtun, Hindustani Pathan, Persian Afghan, Pashto-speaking people residing primarily in the region that lies between the Hindu Kush in northeastern Afghanistan and the northern stretch of the Indus River in Pakistan.
  7. ↑ von Fürer-Haimendorf, Christoph (1985). Tribal populations and cultures of the Indian subcontinent. Handbuch der Orientalistik/2,7. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 126. ISBN   90-04-07120-2. OCLC   240120731 . Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  8. 1 2 George Morton-Jack (24 February 2015). The Indian Army on the Western Front South Asia Edition. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–. ISBN   978-1-107-11765-5. 'Pathan', an Urdu and a Hindi term, was usually used by the British when speaking in English. They preferred it to 'Pashtun', 'Pashtoon', 'Pakhtun' or 'Pukhtun', all Pashtu versions of the same word, which the frontier tribesmen would have used when speaking of themselves in their own Pashtu dialects.
  9. ↑ James William Spain (1963). The Pathan Borderland. Mouton. The most familiar name in the west is Pathan, a Hindi term adopted by the British, which is usually applied only to the people living east of the Durand.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Haleem, Safia (24 July 2007). "Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India". Khyber.org. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lentin, Sifra (12 December 2019). "Bombay's Pathans: living by a code". Gateway House. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Robert L. Canfield; Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek (4 October 2010). Ethnicity, Authority, and Power in Central Asia: New Games Great and Small. Routledge. pp. 145, 153, 154, 212. ISBN   978-1-136-92749-2.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Alavi, Shams Ur Rehman (11 December 2008). "Indian Pathans to broker peace in Afghanistan". Hindustan Times. Pathans are now scattered across the country, and have pockets of influence in parts of UP, Bihar and other states. They have also shone in several fields, especially Bollywood and sports. The three most famous Indian Pathans are Dilip Kumar, Shah Rukh Khan and Irfan Pathan. "The population of Pathans in India is twice their population in Afghanistan and though we no longer have ties (with that country), we have a common ancestry and feel it's our duty to help put an end to this menace", Atif added. Academicians, social activists, writers and religious scholars are part of the initiative. The All India Muslim Majlis, All India Minorities Federation and several other organisations have joined the call for peace and are making preparations for the jirga.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Jasim Khan (27 December 2015). Being Salman. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 34, 35, 37, 38–. ISBN   978-81-8475-094-2. Superstar Salman Khan is a Pashtun from the Akuzai clan...One has to travel roughly forty-five kilometres from Mingora towards Peshawar to reach the nondescript town of Malakand. This is the place where the forebears of Salman Khan once lived. They belonged to the Akuzai clan of the Pashtun tribe...
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Swarup, Shubhangi (27 January 2011). "The Kingdom of Khan". Open. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  16. 1 2 Nile Green (2017). Afghanistan's Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban. Univ of California Press. pp. 18–. ISBN   978-0-520-29413-4.
  17. ↑ Abubakar Siddique (15 June 2014). The Pashtun Question: The Unresolved Key to the Future of Pakistan and Afghanistan. Hurst. pp. 28–. ISBN   978-1-84904-499-8.
  18. ↑ Shane, Scott (5 December 2009). "The War in Pashtunistan". The New York Times . Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  19. ↑ Joyce A. Quinn; Susan L. Woodward (3 February 2015). Earth's Landscape: An Encyclopedia of the World's Geographic Features [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of the World's Geographic Features. ABC-CLIO. pp. 332–. ISBN   978-1-61069-446-9.
  20. ↑ Andrew Simpson (30 August 2007). Language and National Identity in Asia. OUP Oxford. pp. 105–. ISBN   978-0-19-153308-2.
  21. ↑ "Ghilzay". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Lentin, Sifra (30 January 2020). "The Khans of Bombay's Hindi film industry". Gateway House. Archived from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  23. ↑ Reena Nanda (10 February 2018). From Quetta to Delhi: A Partition Story. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 135–. ISBN   978-93-86643-44-5.
  24. ↑ Romi Khosla; Nitin Rai (2005). The idea of Delhi. Marg Publications on behalf of the National Centre for the Performing Arts (India). p. 60. ISBN   9788185026695. One of the first popular beliefs that was challenged with this narrative was the ethnic description of refugees as "Punjabis." Leela Ram described himself and the group as Hindu Pathans with a distinct Derawali/Frontier identity. But curiously, this was not a sort of opening definition that preceded the rest of the account, rather an insistence that they were Punjabis like everybody else even though they spoke a different language/dialect from the Punjabis.
  25. ↑ Vijay, Tarun (11 December 2019). "From Hindukush to Hindustan, no place for the Hindus?". Times of India. Retrieved 30 May 2020. And Hindus, once a large majority in Afghanistan, the Afghan Hindus, the Pathan Hindus simply became extinct and turned refugees taking shelter in Germany and other countries. Hindustan never bothers about them. There are some Afghan Hindus living in Delhi. You can meet them to know what it cost them to be here.
  26. 1 2 3 Hashmi, Sohail (15 August 2017). "The Role of Partition in Making Delhi What It Is Today". The Wire. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Wangchuk, Rinchen Norbu; Hegde, Vinayak (8 August 2018). "Hindu Pashtuns: How One Granddaughter Uncovered India's Forgotten Links to Afghanistan". The Better India. Archived from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  28. ↑ Bose, Mihir (4 April 2017). "Why did Winston Churchill hate the Hindus and prefer the Muslims?". Quartz India. Retrieved 29 April 2020. Bhagat Ram Talwar, later known as Silver, was the only quintuple spy in World War-II, working for the British, Russians, Germans, Italians, and the Japanese. Silver, who identified as a "Hindu Pathan," was born and raised in the northwest region of the subcontinent bordering Afghanistan.
  29. ↑ Sarna, Navtej (15 September 2017). "An unlikely Prince of Spies". TLS. Retrieved 6 August 2022. Born a Hindu Pathan in the North-West Frontier Province of undivided India, of nondescript appearance, armed with broken English but with a limitless talent for deception, Silver ranks with Garbo (Allies), Sorge (Soviet Union) and Cicero (Nazi Germany) in the pantheon of the great spies of the Second World War.
  30. ↑ India. Parliament. Lok Sabha (1959). Lok Sabha Debates. Lok Sabha Secretariat. p. 4111. The Minister of Rehabilitation (Shri Mehr Chand Khanna): I never said that; I object to what has been said by the hon. Member. (Interruption). You live in U.P. and you talk of West Bengal! Shrf S. M. Banerjee: You belong to the Frontier Province and you talk of the whole country. Mr. Deputy-Speaker: Order, order. Shri Mehr Chand Khanna: Bengal. So will I, a Pathan, like to be in Pathan land. So will a Maharashtrian like to be, so will a Gujerati like to be in his own place.
  31. ↑ India. Parliament. Lok Sabha (1970). Lok Sabha Debates. Lok Sabha Secretariat. I asked, "What is the Pathan doing in Hindu Maha Sabha ?" He stood up and said, "I am a Hindu Pathan and I am trying to do what you and others are doing in Bengal." Then I said he must be Mehr Chand Khanna.
  32. 1 2 Khan, M. Ilyas (29 November 2012). "Bollywood's Shah Rukh Khan, Dilip Kumar and the Peshawar club". BBC News. Retrieved 28 May 2020. Kapoor's father, Prithviraj, was the first self-confessed Hindu "Pathan" from Peshawar to make a mark in Bollywood as an actor and producer.
  33. 1 2 Madhu Jain (17 April 2009). Kapoors: The First Family of Indian Cinema. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 75, 214. ISBN   978-81-8475-813-9. Like his father, Raj Kapoor spent much of his childhood in Peshawar. Born in Samundari on 14 December 1924 he was the only one of Prithviraj's children to speak Pashto and imbibe Pathan culture directly... While Raj Kapoor spent many of his impressionable years in the North West Frontier, for Shashi Kapoor it was just a place his father had left behind when he went to Bombay to become an actor. It was somewhere he went for a holiday as a child, or to attend a family wedding. Being a Pathan was more central to the identity of the eldest brother. Pathaniyat for Shammi Kapoor did not go much beyond a Pathan servant of the family...
  34. ↑ Tejaswini Ganti (2013). Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema. Routledge. p. 183. ISBN   978-0-415-58384-8. Shammi Kapoor, a successful star of the 1960s and the younger brother of Raj Kapoor (see chapter 3) reflects on the polyglot nature of Bombay and the Hindi film industry... "I, for one, belong to Peshawar. I'm a Pathan. Someone from Pakistan sent me an email and they said, "How do you qualify as a Pathan? Pathans are only Muslims." So I'm writing to him that Pathan is not a religious group, but a community of people. I come from there...
  35. ↑ Khan, Wajahat S. (8 October 2009). "TalkBack with Wajahat Khan and Anil Kapoor, Episode 33 Part 1". TalkBack with Dawn News . Retrieved 31 May 2020– via YouTube. I'm a Pathan's son. My father, my grandfather, they all were Pathans from Peshawar...
  36. ↑ Seta, Keyur (29 July 2018). "FC Mehra: Suspended air force man who became a successful producer". Cinestaan. Archived from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2020. My family hailed from Peshawar [in the erstwhile North West Frontier Province, now in Pakistan] and we are what we call Hindu Pathans," FC Mehra's son, filmmaker Umesh Mehra, said.
  37. ↑ Raza, Munnazzah (25 June 2015). "Zaiqay Frontier Kay: Cookbook in Urdu and Hindi attempts to bring Pakistan and India closer". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 29 May 2020. Written by the late Pushpa Kumari Bagai, this book is a collection of her special culinary traditions – 80 vegetarian cuisine recipes, each one reflecting the history and culture of the Hindu Pathan community of Dera Ismail Khan.
  38. ↑ "Award-winning Zaiqay Frontier Ke presented to the queen of Bhutan". Daily Times. 30 August 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2020. ...Pushpa Kumari Bagai, who herself was the custodian and exponent of a very special culinary tradition – the vegetarian cuisine of the Hindu Pathans of Dera Ismail Khan.
  39. ↑ Qurratulain Hyder; Qurratulʻain Ḥaidar (1999). River of Fire. New Directions. p. 272. ISBN   978-0-8112-1418-6. The citizens of Lucknow had never heard of Hindu Pathans who were now wandering the lanes of Aminabad, uprooted from the North West Frontier Province.
  40. ↑ George, Anesha (27 January 2019). "See the 'blue-skinned' Pashtun Hindus brought to life in a new film". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  41. ↑ Khan, Naimat (30 June 2020). "70 years on, one Pashtun town still safeguards its old Hindu-Muslim brotherhood". Arab News Pakistan. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  42. ↑ "Hindu Pashtuns, who are considered Pakistani Muslims by many". BBC Punjabi (in Punjabi). 13 April 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2020– via YouTube.
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  45. ↑ Kahol, Vikas (16 August 2012). "Indian citizenship marred with struggle for Pak Hindus". India Today. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  46. ↑ Kumar, Ruchi (1 January 2017). "The decline of Afghanistan's Hindu and Sikh communities". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 31 May 2020. Historically, Hinduism thrived in Afghanistan, particularly in Pashtun areas.
  47. ↑ Chickrie, Raymond (March 2003). "The Afghan Muslims of Guyana and Suriname". Guyana.org. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  48. ↑ "Dated July 20, 1954: Pakhtoons in Kashmir". The Hindu. 20 July 2004. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
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  52. ↑ Ovais, Dar (2 April 2019). "For Afghan students, Chandigarh is their second home". The Indian Express . Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  53. ↑ Arshi, Arshdeep (20 May 2018). "Panjab University in Chandigarh a favourite among Afghan, Iranian students". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
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  59. 1 2 A B de Bragnanca Pereira (14 May 2008). Ethnography of Goa, Daman and Diu. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 76, 83. ISBN   978-93-5118-208-5. The Muslim castes of Goa are Sayyads, Sheiks, Pathans... The Muslim castes of Diu are Agia, Bhati, Kapatia, Dobji-Khoja, Fakir (priest), Ghanchi (oilman), Hora, Khatik (butcher), Khoja, Meman, Mir, Nalia, Pangi-gar Pathan...
  60. ↑ "Karim Lala: The man who shaped Mumbai's underworld". Deccan Herald. 17 January 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  61. ↑ Singh, Sunil; Tiwari, Vaibhav (17 January 2020). "All About Karim Lala, The Name That Fueled Sena-Congress Spat". NDTV. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  62. ↑ "Who was Karim Lala?". Indian Express. 16 January 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  63. ↑ Alpa Shah (2 August 2010). In the Shadows of the State: Indigenous Politics, Environmentalism, and Insurgency in Jharkhand, India. Duke University Press. pp. 42–. ISBN   978-0-8223-9293-4.
  64. 1 2 Kumar Suresh Singh (1998). India's Communities. Oxford University Press. pp. 2775, 2809. ISBN   978-0-19-563354-2. In Bihar, the Pathan, also known as Khan, are distributed in the districts of Gaya, Nawada, Aurangabad, Patna, Munger, Darbhanga, Muzaffarpur, Saran, Bhagalpur, Ranchi and Hazaribagh... In Karnataka, the Pathan are distributed in all districts...
  65. ↑ Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi; Rajendra Behari Lal; India. Planning Commission. Research Programmes Committee (1969). Cultural Configuration of Ranchi: Survey of an Emerging Industrial City of Tribal India, 1960-62. J. N. Basu; [distributor: Bookland. p. 55. Muslims, as indicated earlier, forms 17.8 % of the total number of families in Ranchi city. These Muslim families are divided into 22 castes. The principal castes are Pathan...
  66. 1 2 Swarupa Gupta (24 June 2009). Notions of Nationhood in Bengal: Perspectives on Samaj, c. 1867-1905. BRILL. pp. 133, 134. ISBN   978-90-474-2958-6.
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  68. ↑ Jadunath Sarkar (1994). A History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938. Orient Blackswan. pp. 78–. ISBN   978-81-250-0333-5.
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  77. ↑ R. K. Jhalajit Singh (1965). A Short History of Manipur. O.K. Store. p. 18. There are Pathans and Moghuls among the Manipuri Muslims...
  78. ↑ Islam and the Modern Age. Indiana University. 2000. p. 111. In Sikkim Muslims are mainly categorized into two divisions in terms of social ranking. The first is known as Ashraf or Araf or Khas and the second is called as Ajlaf or Aam. Among these two groups the former is regarded as of aristocrats and the latter as of commoners. In the first category there are Muslim groups consisting of Sayyad, Shaikh, Mughal and Pathan ethnic backgrounds...
  79. 1 2 James Sadler Hamilton (1994). Sitar Music in Calcutta: An Ethnomusicological Study. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. pp. 31–. ISBN   978-81-208-1210-9.
  80. ↑ Ghaus Ansari (1960). Muslim Caste in Uttar Pradesh: A Study of Culture Contact. Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society. pp. 32–35. OCLC   1104993.
  81. ↑ Journal of Historical Research. Department of History, University of Bihar, Ranchi College. 1959. p. 13. Persian language which the Afghan rulers introducted[sic] into India was an Afghan product. The architect of Dari Persian was a Khorassani, Firdawsi. Khorasan was a part of Afghanistan at that time...
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