Hoplophorus

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Hoplophorus
Temporal range: Late Pleistocene (Ensenadan-Lujanian)
~0.126–0.011  Ma
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Hoplophorus sp.jpg
Shell fragment
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Cingulata
Family: Chlamyphoridae
Subfamily:† Glyptodontinae
Genus:† Hoplophorus
Lund, 1837
Species:
†H. euphractus
Binomial name
†Hoplophorus euphractus
Lund, 1837

Hoplophorus is an extinct genus of glyptodont, a subfamily of armadillos . The only confidently known species was H. euphractus, found in Pleistocene deposits in Brazil, though fossils possibly from another species are known from Bolivia. [1] [2]

Contents

History and taxonomy

Hoplophorus euphractus was first described in 1837 by Danish paleontologist Peter Wilhelm Lund on the basis of fossilized osteoderms and carapace fragments unearthed in the Upper Pleistocene cave deposits in Lagoa Santa, Minas Gérais, Brazil. [2] [3] This was one of the first glyptodonts to be described. [2] Lund attributed many other fossils to the species over several years, including limb bones, [4] teeth, vertebrae, [5] foot remains, and an incomplete skull. [2] Lund later erected 3 more Hoplophorus species based on the fossils from Lago Santa: H. selloi, H. minor, & H. meyeri. [2] All three didn’t receive proper descriptions, making them nomen nuda, and many of the fossils used to name them came from Glyptodon, Dayspus, or H. euphractus. In 1845, British paleontologist Sir Richard Owen named a new species of Glyptodon, G. ornatus, based on osteoderms recovered from Ensenadan strata in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. [6] [7] This species was synonymized with H. euphractus by French paleontologist G. Pouchet in 1866, but later analysis that reversed this synonymy placed G. ornatus in the genus but as a distinct species. [8]

As exploration into Argentine fossil deposits surged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, paleontologists like Argentine paleontologist Florentino Ameghino assigned dozens of fossils found in Argentina and the Pampas to new species of Hoplophorus, causing further taxonomic confusion. [9] [10] Many of these actually belonged to Neosclerocalyptus, the genus later created for H. ornatus. [7] [10] Believing that the genus name Hoplophorus was preoccupied, in 1891 Ameghino created a new genus name for its species, Sclerocalyptus, [11] but this was unnecessary as following ICZN regulations Hoplophorus is a valid genus name. [10] [12]

More complete fossil discoveries of Hoplophorus were uncovered from Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene carbonate caves of Lapa do Borges in Minas Gerais were described by Carlos de Paula Caulto in 1947 and 1957. [2] [13] [14] These fossils included an individual, associated skeleton with a fragmentary skull, several postcranial elements, a partial carapace, and caudal tube, which further proved the genus’ distinction from Pampean glyptodont species described by Ameghino. [2] [13] Tarsal elements and osteoderms were unearthed from the caves of the same age in Gruta do Bau, Minas Gerais. [2] Furthermore, fragmentary fossils from outside of the Brazilian intertropical region in areas like Acre State, Brazil and Bolivia. [1] [2] Another Hoplophorus species, H. echazui, was named by Robert Hoffstetter based on the Bolivian fossils, but its validity is uncertain. [2] Additional Hoplophorus fossils were also found in the Brazilian states of Piauí and Pernambuco. [2] After more recent redescription, however, notable differences with Neosclerocalyptus and some similarities with Panochthus have been found in the holotype of H. euphractus. [15] [2] Hoplophorus is currently considered a typical member of the glyptodonts, very close to the genus Panochthus. [15] [2]

Description

This animal was large: it measured up to 2.8 m in length, weighing one ton, mainly due to the large bony armor that covered the body.  As in all glyptodons, this armor was made up of hundreds of osteoderms welded together, and was very little mobile. Hoplophorus must have been very similar to other glyptodons such as Neosclerocalyptus , but unlike this one it had a more globular carapace, formed by plates made wrinkled due to the presence of numerous perforations. Furthermore, the size of Hoplophorus was greater. [7] [2]

The tail was protected by a series of bony rings and by a terminal caudal "tube" made up of numerous osteoderms fused together. This tube differed from that present in other glyptodonts due to the presence of two pairs of large lateral plates, well separated and decorated with a large conical prominence, vaguely similar to that present on the caudal plates of Panochthus.  Furthermore, Hoplophorus also resembled the latter due to the presence of an elongated cuboid facet of the navicular. [10] [2] [7]

Classification

Hoplophorus is a member of the glyptodontinae subfamily, a group of extinct, heavily armored armadillos that existed in the Americas during the Cenozoic. Hoplophorus was one of the last glyptodonts to become extinct, with the youngest fossils dating to the early Holocene and few are older than the Pleistocene. [15] [2] Due to the fragmentary nature of the holotype’s remains, the phylogenetic position of Hoplophorus has historically been very uncertain. [10] [7] [13] [14] Hoplophorus was first described as a close relative of Glyptodon, [3] then classified in its own family, Hoplophoridae, by Ameghino in 1889. [9] Ameghino believed that Hoplophorus was a descendant of Propalaehoplophorus, Palaehoplophorus, and Plohophorus based on the transition of the osteoderms from large, central nodes into smaller, circular nodes and the transition from long tails with movable rings along their entire length. [16] [9] This supposedly led to the fusion of these rings, creating the tails seen in Doedicurus and Hoplophorus. [16] [9] On the other hand, Castellanos made Hoplophoridae a group within Propalaehoplophoridae, Hoplophoridae including Hoplophorus, Lomaphorus, Plohophorus, Palaehoplophorus, and others. Hoplophorinae (Hoplophorus, Sclerocalyptus, Zaphilus, and Lomaphorus) was said to be descended from Glyptatelines, while Plohoplophorines like Plohophorus were descended from Propalaehoplophorus. [17] The phylogenetic position and makeup of Hoplophorinae and Hoplophorinae would change several times after, many of the Hoplophorids would be reclassified as closer to taxa like Doedicurus, Propalaehoplophorus, or as a more basal Glyptodont. [18] [19] [16] Recently, as more complete remains of glyptodonts and reanalysis of older fossils, phylogenetic analyses have been recovering Hoplophorus and Panochthus as sister taxa in a more truncated Hoplophorini compared to older hypotheses. [20] [2]

The following phylogenetic analysis was conducted by Quiñones et al (2020):

Glyptodontidae

Propalaehoplophorus

Glyptodontinae

Boreostemma

Glyptotherium

Glyptodon reticulatus

Plohophorus

Doedicurinae

Doedicurus

Eleutherocercus

Eosclerocalyptus

Hoplophorini

Hoplophorus

Panochthus tuberculatus

Panochthus intermedius

Neosclerocalyptini

Neosclerocalyptus

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glyptodont</span> Subfamily of extinct mammals belonging to the armadillo order of xenarthrans

Glyptodonts are an extinct clade of large, heavily armoured armadillos, reaching up to 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) in height, and maximum body masses of around 2 tonnes. They had short, deep skulls, a fused vertebral column, and a large bony carapace made up of hundreds of individual scutes. Some glyptodonts had clubbed tails, similar to ankylosaurid dinosaurs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cingulata</span> Order of armored mammals from the Americas

Cingulata, part of the superorder Xenarthra, is an order of armored New World placental mammals. Dasypodids and chlamyphorids, the armadillos, are the only surviving families in the order. Two groups of cingulates much larger than extant armadillos existed until recently: pampatheriids, which reached weights of up to 200 kg (440 lb) and chlamyphorid glyptodonts, which attained masses of 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) or more.

<i>Doedicurus</i> An extinct genus of mammals belonging to the armadillo order, Cingulata

Doedicurus is an extinct genus of glyptodont from South America containing one species, D. clavicaudatus. Glyptodonts are a member of the family Chlamyphoridae, which also includes some modern armadillo species, and they are classified in the superorder Xenarthra alongside sloths and anteaters. Being a glyptodont, it was a rotund animal with heavy armor and a carapace. Averaging at an approximate 1,400 kg (3,100 lb), it was one of the largest glyptodonts to have ever lived. Though glyptodonts were quadrupeds, large ones like Doedicurus may have been able to stand on two legs like other xenarthrans. It notably sported a spiked tail club, which may have weighed 40 or 65 kg in life, and it may have swung this in defense against predators or in fights with other Doedicurus at speeds of perhaps 11 m/s.

<i>Glyptotherium</i> An extinct genus of mammals belonging to the armadillo order of xenarthrans

Glyptotherium is a genus of glyptodont in the family Chlamyphoridae that lived from the Early Pliocene, about 3.6 million years ago, to the Late Pleistocene, around 15,000 years ago. It had a wide distribution, living in the United States, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Honduras, El Salvador, Panama, Venezuela, and Brazil. The genus was first described in 1903 by American paleontologist Henry Fairfield Osborn with the type species being, G. texanum, based on fossils that had been found in the Pliocene Blancan Beds in Llano Estacado, Texas, USA. Glyptotherium fossils have since been unearthed from many more fossil sites, from Florida to Colombia. Another species, G. cylindricum, was named in 1912 by fossil hunter Barnum Brown on the basis of a partial skeleton that had been unearthed from the Pleistocene deposits in Jalisco, Mexico. The two species differ in several aspects, including age, with G. texanum being from the older Early Pliocene to Early Pleistocene strata, whereas G. cylindricum is exclusive to the Late Pleistocene.

<i>Panochthus</i> An extinct genus of mammals belonging to the armadillo order of xenarthrans

Panochthus is an extinct genus of glyptodont, which lived in the Gran Chaco-Pampean region of Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay during the Pleistocene epoch.

<i>Glyptodon</i> Genus of large, heavily armored mammals

Glyptodon is a genus of glyptodont, an extinct group of large, herbivorous armadillos, that lived from the Pliocene, around 3.2 million years ago, to the early Holocene, around 11,000 years ago, in Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Argentina, and Colombia. It is one of, if not the, best known genus of glyptodont. Glyptodon has a long and storied past, being the first named extinct cingulate and the type genus of the subfamily Glyptodontinae. Fossils of Glyptodon have been recorded as early as 1814 from Pleistocene aged deposits from Uruguay, though many were incorrectly referred to the ground sloth Megatherium by early paleontologists.

<i>Propalaehoplophorus</i> Extinct genus of mammals

Propalaehoplophorus, also written as Propalaeohoplophorus, is an extinct genus of glyptodont, which lived in South America during the Early Miocene epoch.

<i>Neosclerocalyptus</i> Extinct genus of mammals

Neosclerocalyptus was an extinct genus of glyptodont that lived during the Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene of Southern South America, mostly Argentina. It was small compared to many Glyptodonts at only around 2 meters long and 360 kilograms.

<i>Lomaphorus</i> Extinct genus of mammals belonging to the armadillo order of xenarthrans

Lomaphorus is a possibly dubious extinct genus of glyptodont that lived during the Pleistocene in eastern Argentina. Although many species have been referred, the genus itself is possibly dubious or synonymous with other glyptodonts like Neoslerocalyptus from the same region.

Proeuphractus is an extinct genus of xenarthran, related to the modern armadillos. It lived from the Early to the Late Miocene, and its fossilized remains were discovered in South America.

Palaehoplophorus is an extinct genus of glyptodont. It lived from the Middle to the Late Miocene, and its fossilized remains were discovered in South America.

Urotherium is an extinct genus of Glyptodont. It lived from the Late Miocene to the Late Pliocene, and its fossilized remains were found in South America.

Plohophorus is an extinct genus of glyptodont. it lived from the Late Miocene to the Late Pliocene, and its fossilized remains were discovered in South America.

Phlyctaenopyga is an extinct genus of Glyptodont. It lived from the Late Miocene to the Early Pliocene, and its fossilized remains were discovered in South America.

Neuryurus is an extinct genus of glyptodont. It lived from the Late Pliocene to the Early Holocene, and its fossilized remains were discovered in South America.

Eosclerocalyptus is an extinct genus of glyptodont. It lived during the Late Miocene, and its fossilized remains were discovered in South America.

Stromaphorus is an extinct genus of Glyptodont. It lived during the Late Miocene, and its fossilized remains were discovered in South America.

Comaphorus is a dubious extinct genus of glyptodont. It lived during the Late Miocene in Argentina, but only one fossil has ever been referred to the animal.

<i>Cochlops</i> An extinct genus of mammals belonging to the armadillo order of xenarthrans

Cochlops is an extinct genus of glyptodont. It lived from the Early to Middle Miocene, and its fossilized remains have been found in South America.

Dasypus neogaeus is an extinct species of armadillo, belonging to the genus Dasypus, alongside the modern nine-banded armadillo. The only known fossil is a single osteoderm, though it has been lost, that was found in the Late Miocene strata of Argentina.

References

  1. 1 2 Hoffstetter, Robert (1963-01-01). "Les Glyptodontes du Pleistocene de Tarija (Bolivie): I. Genres Hoplophorus et Panochthus". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. S7-V (1): 126–133. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.S7-V.1.126. ISSN   0037-9409.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Porpino, Kleberson de O.; Fernicola, Juan C.; Bergqvist, Lílian P. (2010-05-18). "Revisiting the intertropical Brazilian species Hoplophorus euphractus (Cingulata, Glyptodontoidea) and the phylogenetic affinities of Hoplophorus". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (3): 911–927. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30..911P. doi:10.1080/02724631003765735. hdl: 11336/69074 . ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   83888299.
  3. 1 2 Lund, P. W. (1837). Blik paa Brasiliens dyreverden foÈr sidste jordomvaeltning. Popp.
  4. ↑ PW, L. (1840). Blik paa Brasiliens dyreverden för sidste jordomvæltning. Fjerde Afhandling: Fortsættelse af Pattedyrene. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Naturvidenskabelige og Mathematiske Afhandlinger, 4(9), 137-208.
  5. ↑ Lund, P. W. (1841). Blik paa Braziliens dyreverden för sidste jordomvaeltning. Trykt i B. Luno's bogtrykkeri.
  6. ↑ Owen, R. (1845). Descriptive and illustrated catalogue of the fossil organic remains of mammalia and aves contained in the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Zurita, Alfredo E.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Scillato-Yané, Gustavo J. (2009-12-01). "Paleobiogeography, biostratigraphy and systematics of the Hoplophorini (Xenarthra, Glyptodontoidea, Hoplophorinae) from the Ensenadan Stage (early Pleistocene to early-middle Pleistocene)". Quaternary International. The Ensenadan Stage/Age in southern South America. 210 (1): 82–92. Bibcode:2009QuInt.210...82Z. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.06.029. ISSN   1040-6182.
  8. ↑ Burmeister, H. 1870–1874. Monografia de los glyptodontes en le Museo Público de Buenos Aires. Anales del Museo Público de Buenos Aires 2: 1–412.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Ameghino, F. (1889). Contribucion al conocimiento de los mamiferos fosiles de la República Argentina: Obra escrita bajo los auspicios de la Academia nacional de ciencias de la República Argentina para ser presentada á la Exposicion universal de Paris de 1889 (Vol. 6).
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Zurita, A. E. (2007). Sistemática y evolución de los Hoplophorini (Xenarthra: glyptodontidae: hoplophorinae. Mioceno tardío-Holoceno temprano) (Doctoral dissertation, Universidad Nacional de La Plata).
  11. ↑ Ameghino, F. (1891). Mamíferos y aves fósiles argentinas. Revista Argentina de Historia Natural, 1.
  12. ↑ Zurita, A. E., Scillato-Yané, G. J., & Mones, A. (2007). Aspectos nomenclaturales de la Familia Glyptodontidae (Mammalia, Xenarthra): el caso de Sclerocalyptus Ameghino, Hoplophorus Lund y la Tribu Sclerocalyptini. Ameghiniana, 44(1), 241-244.
  13. 1 2 3 Paula Couto, C. D. (1957). Sôbre um gliptodonte do Brasil. Boletim Divisão de Geologia e Mineralogia, 165, 1-37.
  14. 1 2 Paula Couto, C. D. (1947). Contribuição para o estudo de Hoplophorus euphractus Lund, 1839. Summa Brasiliensis Geologiae, 1(4), 1-14.
  15. 1 2 3 Asakura, Y., & Oliveira, E. V. (2021). Paleobiology of Hoplophorus euphractus Lund, 1839, a large cingulate from Brazil Intertropical Region. PalZ, 95(2), 359-372.
  16. 1 2 3 Fernicola, J. C., & Porpino, K. D. O. (2012). Exoskeleton and systematics: a historical problem in the classification of glyptodonts. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 19(3), 171-183.
  17. ↑ Castellanos, A. (1931). La librería del Glyptodon de Ameghino. Cultura, Órgano de la biblioteca popular Bernardino Rivadavia, 3, 4-9.
  18. ↑ Castellanos A (1959) Trascendencia de la obra de Florentino Ameghino. Rev Fac Cs Nat Salta 1:35–56.
  19. ↑ Hoffstetter, R. (1958). Xenarthra:. 535-636 in J. Piveteau, ed Traité de Paléontologie, Vol. 6.
  20. ↑ Quiñones, Sofía I.; De los Reyes, Martin; Zurita, Alfredo E.; Cuadrelli, Francisco; Miño-Boilini, Ángel R.; Poiré, Daniel G. (2020-11-01). "Neosclerocalyptus Paula Couto (Xenarthra, Glyptodontidae) in the late Pliocene-earliest Pleistocene of the Pampean region (Argentina): Its contribution to the understanding of evolutionary history of Pleistocene glyptodonts". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 103: 102701. Bibcode:2020JSAES.10302701Q. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102701. ISSN   0895-9811. S2CID   225024450.


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