Peltephilidae

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Peltephilids
Temporal range: Early Eocene (Riochican) to late Miocene (Chasicoan),
57–9  Ma
Peltephilus ferox skull.jpg
Skull of Peltephilus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Placentalia
Superorder: Xenarthra
Order: Cingulata
Family:† Peltephilidae
Ameghino, 1894
Type species
† Peltephilus strepens
Ameghino, 1887
Genera

Peltephilidae (meaning "armor-liking") is a family of South American cingulates (armadillos) that lived for over 40 million years, but peaked in diversity towards the end of the Oligocene and beginning of the Miocene in what is now Argentina. They were exclusive to South America due to its geographic isolation at the time, one of many of the continent's strange endemic families. Peltephilids are one of the earliest known cingulates, diverging from the rest of Cingulata in the Early Eocene.

Contents

History of research

Fossils of peltephilids were first unearthed in the 1880s by Argentine paleontologist Carlos Ameghino, who had been searching for mammal remains in the Miocene-aged strata of the Santa Cruz Formation in Barrancas del Río Santa Cruz in Santa Cruz, Argentina. [1] The outcrops that were visited had previously been mentioned by Francisco Moreno, who mentioned the discovery of cingulate fossils from the locale in 1882. [2] [1] The material recovered by Ameghino was later described by his brother Florentino, who was one of the most prolific paleontologists of the 19th century. [3] Florentino Ameghino went on to name 11 species of armadillo based on the remains collected by Carlos, including two species of a new genus he dubbed called Peltephilus. [4] [1] The fossils were very fragmentary, consisting purely of unusual, isolated osteoderms (bony "scales" in the skin) that he believed were of a dasypodid. [4] Even more strange osteoderms were found by Carlos in later expeditions to the exposures of the Santa Cruz Formation until, resulting in the discovery of a skull and associated osteoderms from Monte Observacion, which he dubbed Peltephilus ferox. [5] [6] Ameghino noted the strange nature of the skull, inspiring him to create the family Peltephilidae three years later. [7]

Of the six established genera of peltephilid, four of them were named by Ameghino between 1887 and 1904. [8] [9] [4] Since Ameghino's death, the genera Parapeltecoelus in 1938 [10] and Ronwolffia in 2017 have been dubbed, both known from osteoderms and skull material. [9]

Classification

Peltephilids were not recognized as a distinct family of cingulates until 1894, when the discovery of several distinctly short, horned skulls in association with unusual osteoderms, which had been described previously as Peltephilus in 1887, was reported by Argentine paleontologist Florentino Ameghino. Since 1887, four more peltephilid genera represented by at least 12 species have been named, [11] [12] [13] all of which are from the Cenozoic deposits of Argentina, [11] [14] [4] Chile, [15] [16] and Bolivia. [9] Several indeterminate fossils have also been mentioned in literature, including a Paleogene-aged find in Peru. [17]

The family Peltephilidae is within the order Cingulata, which contains all pampatheres, pachyarmatheres, glyptodonts, and extant armadillo clades. [18] Peltephilidae is theorized to have split off from the rest of Cingulata in the Paleocene, just after cingulates diverged from Pilosa and other xenarthrans in the Late Cretaceous. [9]

Related Research Articles

<i>Hoplophorus</i> An extinct genus of mammals belonging to the armadillo order of xenarthrans

Hoplophorus is an extinct genus of glyptodont, a subfamily of armadillos. The only confidently known species was H. euphractus, found in Pleistocene deposits in Brazil, though fossils possibly from another species are known from Bolivia.

<i>Interatherium</i> Extinct genus of notoungulates

Interatherium is an extinct genus of interatheriid notoungulate from the Early to Middle Miocene (Colhuehuapian-Mayoan). Fossils have been found in the Santa Cruz, Collón Curá and Sarmiento Formations in Argentina.

<i>Patagornis</i> Extinct genus of birds

Patagornis is a genus of extinct flightless predatory birds of the family Phorusrhacidae. Known as "terror birds", these lived in what is now Argentina during the Early and Middle Miocene; the Santa Cruz Formation in Patagonia contains numerous specimens. Patagornis was an agile, medium sized Patagornithine and was likely a pursuit predator.

<i>Propalaehoplophorus</i> Extinct genus of mammals

Propalaehoplophorus, also written as Propalaeohoplophorus, is an extinct genus of glyptodont, which lived in South America during the Early Miocene epoch.

<i>Stegotherium</i> Extinct genus of mammals in the armadillo order of xenarthrans

Stegotherium is an extinct genus of long-nosed armadillo, belonging to the Dasypodidae family alongside the nine-banded armadillo. It is currently the only genus recognized as a member of the tribe Stegotheriini. It lived during the Early Miocene of Patagonia and was found in Colhuehuapian rocks from the Sarmiento Formation, Santacrucian rocks from the Santa Cruz Formation, and potentially also in Colloncuran rocks from the Middle Miocene Collón Curá Formation. Its strange, almost toothless and elongated skull indicates a specialization for myrmecophagy, the eating of ants, unique among the order Cingulata, which includes pampatheres, glyptodonts and all the extant species of armadillos.

<i>Neosclerocalyptus</i> Extinct genus of mammals

Neosclerocalyptus was an extinct genus of glyptodont that lived during the Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene of Southern South America, mostly Argentina. It was small compared to many glyptodonts at only around 2 meters long and 360 kilograms.

<i>Lomaphorus</i> Extinct genus of mammals belonging to the armadillo order of xenarthrans

Lomaphorus is a possibly dubious extinct genus of glyptodont that lived during the Pleistocene in eastern Argentina. Although many species have been referred, the genus itself is possibly dubious or synonymous with other glyptodonts like Neoslerocalyptus from the same region.

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<i>Kraglievichia</i> An extinct genus of mammals belonging to the armadillo order of xenarthrans

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<i>Stenotatus</i> An extinct genus of mammals belonging to the armadillo order of xenarthrans

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<i>Proeutatus</i> An extinct genus of mammals belonging to the armadillo order of xenarthrans

Proeutatus is an extinct genus of xenarthran, belonging to the order Cingulata. It lived during the Early Miocene, and its fossilized remains were discovered in South America.

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<i>Prozaedyus</i> An extinct genus of mammals belonging to the armadillo order of xenarthrans

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Eucinepeltus is an extinct genus of glyptodont. It lived during the Early Miocene, and its fossilized remains were discovered in South America.

Palaehoplophorus is an extinct genus of glyptodont. It lived from the Middle to the Late Miocene, and its fossilized remains were discovered in South America.

Phlyctaenopyga is an extinct genus of glyptodont. It lived from the Late Miocene to the Early Pliocene, and its fossilized remains were discovered in South America.

Comaphorus is a dubious extinct genus of glyptodont. It lived during the Late Miocene in Argentina, but only one fossil has ever been referred to the animal.

<i>Cochlops</i> An extinct genus of mammals belonging to the armadillo order of xenarthrans

Cochlops is an extinct genus of glyptodont. It lived from the Early to Middle Miocene, and its fossilized remains have been found in South America.

Dasypus neogaeus is an extinct species of armadillo, belonging to the genus Dasypus, alongside the modern nine-banded armadillo. The only known fossil is a single osteoderm, though it has been lost, that was found in the Late Miocene strata of Argentina.

<i>Perimys</i> Extinct genus of rodents

Perimys is an extinct genus of neoepiblemid rodent that lived from the Early to Late Miocene in what is now South America. Fossils have been found in the Cerro Bandera, Cerro Boleadoras, Ituzaingó, Santa Cruz, and Sarmiento Formations of Argentina, and the Galera, Santa Cruz and Río Frías Formations of Chile.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Fernicola, Juan Carlos; Vizcaíno, Sergio Fabian (2019-12-20). "CINGULATES (MAMMALIA, XENARTHRA) OF THE SANTA CRUZ FORMATION (EARLY–MIDDLE MIOCENE) FROM THE RÍO SANTA CRUZ, ARGENTINE PATAGONIA". Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. 19 (2). doi:10.5710/PEAPA.14.10.2019.291. hdl: 11336/127369 . ISSN   2469-0228.
  2. ↑ Moreno, F. P. (1882). ... Patagonia resto de un antiguo continente hoy sumerjido, contribuciones al estudio de las colecciones del Museo Antropológico y arqueológico. Pablo C. Coni.
  3. ↑ Podgorny, I. (2021). Florentino Ameghino y hermanos. Edhasa.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Ameghino, F. (1887). Enumeración sistemática de las especies de mamíferos fósiles coleccionados por Carlos Ameghino en los terrenos eocenos de la Patagonia austral y depositados en el Museo de La Plata. Boletín del Museo de la Plata.
  5. ↑ Ameghino, F. (1891). Nuevos restos de mamiferos fosiles descubiertos por Carlos Ameghino en al Eoceno inferior de la Patagonia austral. Rev. Argentina His. Nat., 1, 289-328.
  6. ↑ Moreno, F. P., & Mercerat, A. (1891). Nota sobre algunas especies de un género aberrante de los Dasypoda (Eoceno de Patagonia) conservadas en el Museo de La Plata. Revista del Museo de La Plata, 1891.
  7. ↑ Ameghino, F. (1894). Enumération synoptique des espèces de mammifères fossiles des formations éocènes de Patagonie. Imp. de PE Coni é hijos.
  8. ↑ Ameghino, F. (1904). NUEVAS ESPECIES DE MAMÍFEROS CRETACEOS Y TERCIARIOS. In Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina (Vol. 58, p. 35).
  9. 1 2 3 4 Shockey, B. J., & Vlachos, E. (2017). New early diverging cingulate (Xenarthra: Peltephilidae) from the Late Oligocene of Bolivia and considerations regarding the origin of crown Xenarthra. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 58(2), 3-94.
  10. ↑ Bordas, A. F. (1938). Sobre un nuevo Peltephiloda del Trelewense. Physis, 12(44), 267-277.
  11. 1 2 Gonzalez Ruiz, Laureano Raul; Scillato, Gustavo Juan; Krmpotic, Cecilia Mariana; Carlini, Alfredo Armando (2012). "A new species of Peltephilidae (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Cingulata) from the late Miocene (Chasicoan SALMA) of Argentina". Zootaxa. 3359. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3359.1.5. hdl:11336/196599. ISSN   1175-5326.
  12. ↑ Scillato-Yané, G. J. (1980). Catálogo de los Dasypodidae fósiles (Mammalia, Edentata) de la República Argentina. In Actas II Congreso Argentino de Paleontología y Bioestratigrafía y I Congreso latinoamericano de Paleontología, Buenos Aires (Vol. 3, pp. 7-36).
  13. ↑ Bordas, A. F. (1936). Los Peltateloidea de la colección Ameghino. Peltephiloda.(Infraorden de los Xenarthra). Physis, 12(41), 1-18.
  14. ↑ Vizcaino, S. F., Fernicola, J. C., & Bargo, M. S. (2012). Paleobiology of Santacrucian glyptodonts and armadillos (Xenarthra, Cingulata). Early Miocene paleobiology in Patagonia: high-latitude paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation, 194-215.
  15. ↑ Croft, Darin A.; Flynn, John J.; Wyss, André R. (2007-12-12). "A new basal glyptodontid and other Xenarthra of the early Miocene Chucal Fauna, Northern Chile". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (4): 781–797. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[781:ANBGAO]2.0.CO;2. ISSN   0272-4634.
  16. ↑ Montoya-Sanhueza, Germán; Moreno, Karen; Bobe, René; Carrano, Matthew T.; García, Marcelo; Corgne, Alexandre (2017-04-01). "Peltephilidae and Mesotheriidae (Mammalia) from late Miocene strata of Northern Chilean Andes, Caragua". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 75: 51–65. Bibcode:2017JSAES..75...51M. doi: 10.1016/j.jsames.2017.01.009 . ISSN   0895-9811.
  17. ↑ Boivin, M., Marivaux, L., Pujos, F., Salas-Gismondi, R., Tejada-Lara, J., Varas-Malca, R. M., & Antoine, P. O. (2018). Early Oligocene caviomorph rodents from Shapaja, Peruvian Amazonia. Palaeontographica A, 311(1-6), 87-156.
  18. ↑ Barasoain, Daniel; González-Ruiz, Laureano; Zurita, Alfredo; Villarroel, Carlos (2022-03-04). "Oldest new Dasypodini (Xenarthra, Cingulata) provides new trails about armadillos evolutionary history". Historical Biology. 34 (3): 390–402. Bibcode:2022HBio...34..390B. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1917566. ISSN   0891-2963.
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