Huayquerian

The Huayquerian (Spanish : Huayqueriense) age is a period of geologic time (9.0–6.8 Ma) within the Late Miocene epoch of the Neogene, used more specifically within the SALMA classification. It follows the Chasicoan and precedes the Montehermosan age. ^[1]

Etymology

The age is named after the Huayquerías Formation in the western Cuyo Basin of northwestern Argentina that was later dated to the Montehermosan. The most complete Huayquerian fauna is found in the Cerro Azul Formation, in Buenos Aires Province also referred to as Epecuén Formation.

Formations

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Locations of Huayquerian formations

Formation bold is type	Country	Basin	Notes
Huayquerías Formation	Argentina	Cuyo Basin	[2] [3]
Andalhuala Formation	Argentina	Santa María-Hualfín Basin	[4]
Bahía Inglesa Formation - Cerro Ballena	Chile	Caldera Basin	[5]
Camacho Formation	Uruguay	Norte & Santa Lucía Basins	[6]
Cerro Azul Formation	Argentina	Colorado Basin	[7] [8] [9]
Chiquimil Formation	Argentina	Santa María-Hualfín Basin	[4] [10]
Coquimbo Formation	Chile	Tongoy Bay	[11]
Las Flores Formation	Argentina	Sierra del Tontal	[12]
Entrerriana Formation	Argentina	Chaco Basin	[note 1]
Epecuén Formation	Argentina	Claromecó Basin	[note 2]
Içá Formation	Brazil	Madre de Deus Basin	[13]
Iñapari Formation	Peru	Madre de Dios Basin	[14]
India Muerta Formation	Argentina	Sierras Pampeanas	[15]
Ituzaingó Formation	Argentina	Paraná Basin	[16] [17]
Kiyu Formation	Uruguay	Santa Lucía Basin	[18] [note 3]
Madre de Dios Formation	Peru	Madre de Dios Basin	[20]
Maimará Formation	Argentina	Eastern Argentinian Andes	[21]
Mauri Formation	Bolivia	Altiplano Basin	[22]
Miramar Formation	Peru	Sechura Basin	[23]
El Morterito Formation	Argentina	Cajón Valley	[24]
Muyu Huasi Formation	Bolivia	Muyu Huasi Basin	[25]
Navidad Formation	Chile	Chilean Coast Range	[26]
Palo Pintado Formation	Argentina	Salta Basin	[27]
Paraná Formation	Argentina	Chaco Basin	[17] [28] [29]
Pebas Formation	Brazil   Colombia   Ecuador   Peru	Amazon Basin	[30] [31]
Piquete Formation	Argentina	Salta Basin	[32]
Pisco Formation	Peru	Pisco Basin	[33] [34]
Quehua Formation	Bolivia	Altiplano Basin	[35]
Raigón Formation	Uruguay	Norte Basin	[36]
Rosa Pata Formation	Bolivia	Altiplano Basin	[37]
Saldungaray Formation	Argentina	Buenos Aires Province	[9]
Salicas Formation	Argentina	Sierra de Velasco	[38]
Solimões Formation	Brazil	Solimões Basin	[39]
Urumaco Formation	Venezuela	Falcón Basin	[40]

Fossil content

Group	Fossils	Formation	Notes
Mammals	Cyonasua pascuali , Huayqueriana cristata	Huayquerías	[41] [42]
	Australophoca changorum , Brachydelphis jahuayensis , Thalassocnus natans , Acrophoca sp. , Balaenoptera sp. , ?Nanosiren sp. , Odobenocetops sp. , Piscophoca sp. , Pliopontos sp. , Pontistes sp. , Balaenopteridae indet., Delphinoidea indet., Istiophoridae indet., Kogiidae indet., Monachinae indet., Odontoceti indet., Phocidae indet., Phocoenidae indet., Physeteroidea indet., Xiphiidae indet.	Bahía Inglesa	[43] [44] [45] [46]
	Arazamys castiglionii , Kiyumylodon lecuonai , Kraglievichia paranense , Lestobradys sprechmanni , Neoglyptatelus uruguayensis , Pseudoplohophorus absolutus , Euphractini indet.	Camacho	[47] [48] [49] [50] [51]
	Hyperdidelphys pattersoni , Microtragulus rusconii , Neocavia pampeana , Palaeoctodon aff. simplicidens , Pampamys emmonsae , Pliolestes venetus , Reigechimys plesiodon , R. simplex , Thylacosmilus atrox , Thylamys pinei , Thylatheridium dolgopolae , T. hudsoni , Zygolestes tatei , Eumysops sp. , Sparassocynidae indet.	Cerro Azul	[52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57]
	Eosclerocalyptus planus , Orthomyctera andina , ?Palaeocavia mawka , Cardiomys sp. , Chasicotatus sp. , Chorobates sp. , Diadiaphorus sp. , Gyriabrus sp. , Lagostomus (Lagostomopsis) sp. , Paedotherium sp. , Paleuphractus sp. , Paranamys sp. , Potamarchus sp. , Proscelidodon sp. , Protabrocoma sp. , Stromaphorus sp. , Tetrastylus sp. , Typotheriopsis sp. , Vassallia sp. , Vetelia sp. , Xotodon sp.	Chiquimil	[58] [59]
	Balaena dubia , Notictis ortizi , Ischyrorhynchus vanbenedeni , Otaria fischeri , Palaeobalaena bergi , P. dubia , Phugatherium cataclisticum , Pontistes rectifrons , Pontivaga fischeri , Ribodon limbatus , Saurocetes argentinus , Stylocynus paranensis , Toxodon paranensis , Chironectes sp.	Entrerriana	[60] [61]
	Aspidocalyptus castroi , Borhyaenidium musteloides , Chorobates villosissimus , Coscinocercus brachyurus , C. marcalaini , Cyonasua brevirostris , C. prebrevirostris , Doellotatus chapadmalensis , Elassotherium altirostre , Eoauchenia cingulata , Epecuenia thoatherioides , Hemihegetotherium lazai , Macrauchenia sp. , Macrochorobates scalabrinii , Macroeuphractus morenoi , Paedotherium minor , Phtoramys hidalguense , Pisanodon nazari , Plohophorus araucanus , Pseudotypotherium carhuense , Tetrastylus araucanus , Thylacosmilus atrox , Thylatheridium dolgopolae , T. hudsoni , Cardiomys sp. , Eosclerocalyptus sp. , Lagostomus sp. , Lutreolina sp. , Orthomyctera sp. , Palaeocavia sp. , Paleuphractus sp. , Plesiomegatherium sp. , Proeuphractus sp. , Promacrauchenia sp. , Thylamys sp. , Hydrochoeridae indet.	Epecuén	[62]
	Cardiatherium calingastaense	Las Flores	[12]
	Amazonycteris divisus	Içá	[13]
	Mionothropus cartellei	Iñapari	[63]
	"Microtragulus ameghino"	India Muerta	[15]
	?Adinotherium paranense , Amphiocnus paranense , Brachytherium cuspidatum , Cardiatherium paranense , Chasicotatus spinozai , Chlamyphractus pressulus , Comaphorus concisus , Cyonasua argentina , Dasypus neogaeus , Diadiaphorus paranensis , Dilobodon lutarius , Dinotoxodon paranensis , Eleutherocercus paranensis , Eomegatherium nanum , Eumysops parodii , Eutomodus elautus , Haplodontherium limun , Hoplophorus verus , Kraglievichia paranense , Macroeuphractus retusus , Megabradys darwini , Megalonychops primigenius , Mesopotamocnus brevirostrum , Munyizia paranensis , Neobrachytherium ameghinoi , Neobrachytherium mesopotamiense , Neoepiblema ambrosettianus , N. horridula , Neohapalops rothi , Notictis ortizi , Octomylodon aversus , Ortotherium laticurvatum , O. robustum , Oxyodontherium piramydatus , O. zeballosi , Pachynodon modicus , Palaehoplophorus antiquus , Palaeotoxodon paranensis , ?P. protoburmeisteri , ?P. virgatus , Paraglyptodon paranensis , Parahoplophorus paranensis , Paranabradys vucetichae , Paranauchenia denticulata , Philander entrerianus , Phoberomys burmeisteri , P. insolita , P. lozanoi , P. minima , P. praecursor , Phugatherium cataclisticum , Pliomegatherium lelongi , Pliomorphus mutilatus , P. paranensis , P. robustus , Proeuphractus limpidus , Prolestodon antiquus , P. paranensis , Promacrauchenia antiqua , Promegatherium parvulum , P. smaltatum , Promylodon paranensis , Pronothrotherium mirabilis , Protoglyptodon primiformis , Protomegalonyx doellojuradoi , P. praecursor , Proterotherium cervioides , Protypotherium antiquum , Pseudoeuryurus lelongianus , Ranculcus scalabrinianus , Saurocetes gigas , Scalabrinitherium bravardi , S. rothii , Scirrotherium carinatum , Sphenotherus paranensis , Stenotephanos plicidens , Strabosodon acuticavus , S. obtusicavus , Stylocynus paranensis , Thylacosmilus atrox , Torcellia paranense , Toxodontherium compressum , T. reverendum , ?Trachycalyptus cingulatus , Urotherium interundatum , Xotodon doellojuradi , Xotodon foricurvatus , Zygolestes paranensis , Anatochoerus sp. , ?Berroia sp. , Berthawyleria sp. , Briaromys sp. , Cardiomys sp. , Carlesia sp. , Caviodon sp. , Chironectes sp. , Colpostemma sp. , Contracavia sp. , Cullinia levis , Diaphoromys sp. , Doellomys sp. , Drytomomys sp. , Eumegamys sp. , Eumegamysops sp. , Gyriabrus sp. , Haplostropha sp. , Isostylomys sp. , Lagostomus (Lagostomopsis) sp. , Myocastor sp. , Palaeocavia sp. , Paradoxomys sp. , Paranamys sp. , Parodimys sp. , Pentastylomys sp. , Pliodolichotis sp. , Potamarchus sp. , Prodolichotis sp. , Protabrocoma sp. , Protomegamys sp. , Pseudosigmomys sp. , Pyramiodontherium sp. , Strophostephanos sp. , Tetrastylus sp. , Trachytypotherium sp. , ?Zaedyus sp. , Iniidae indet., Scelidotheriinae indet.	Ituzaingó	[64] [65] [66] [67]
	Proeuphractus limpidus	Kiyu	[68] [note 4]
	Noctilio lacrimaelunaris , Surameryx acrensis , Sylvochoerus woodburnei , Waldochoerus bassleri	Madre de Dios	[69] [70] [71] [72] [73]
	Proscelidodon patrius , Sparassocynus maimarai , Xotodon maimarensis	Maimará	[74] [75] [76]
	Borhyaenidium altiplanicus , Hoffstetterius imperator , Mcdonaldocnus villarroeli Trachycalyptoides achirense , Dasypodidae indet., Hegetotheriidae indet., Lagostominae indet., Mesotheriidae indet., Nothrotheriinae indet., Sclerocalyptinae indet., Toxodontidae indet.	Mauri	[77]
	Balaenopteridae indet.	Miramar	[78]
	Calchaquitherium mixtum	El Morterito	[79]
	?Cardiomys sp. , cf. Doellotatus sp. , Lagostomus (Lagostomopsis) sp. , ?Orthomyctera sp. , cf. Paleuphractus sp. , Protabrocoma sp. , Protypotherium sp. , Pseudohegetotherium sp. , cf. Sciamys sp. , Dinomyidae indet., Erethizontidae indet., Mylodontidae indet., Proterotheriidae indet.	Muyu Huasi	[80]
	Paedotherium kakai	Palo Pintado	[81]
	Dioplotherium sp. , Metaxytherium sp.	Paraná	[82] [83]
	Koristocetus pescei , Tiucetus rosae	Pisco	[84] [85]
	Cranithlastus xibiensis , Megatheriinae indet.	Piquete	[86]
	Microtypotherium cf. choquecotense , Plesiotypotherium cf. achirense , P. cf. majus , P. minus , Orthomyctera sp. , Dasypodidae indet.	Quehua	[87]
	Pronothrotherium figueirasi , P. mirabilis	Raigón	[88]
	Pseudotypotherium sp. , Dasypodidae indet., Glyptodontidae indet., ?Macraucheniidae indet.	Rosa Pata	[89]
	Chasicotatus ameghinoi , C. cf. peiranoi , Chorobates villosissimus , Doellotatus cf. inornatus , D. cf. praecursor , Macroeuphractus cf. morenoi , Neophanomys biplicatus , Paedotherium bonaerense , P. cf. minor , Phtoramys cf. hidalguense , P. homogenidens , Ringueletia simpsoni , Tremacyllus cf. impressus , Xenodontomys ellipticus , Acantharodeia sp. , Aspidocalyptus sp. , Berthawyleria sp. , cf. Borhyaenidium sp. , Dolicavia sp. , Lagostomus sp. , Neocavia sp. , Palaeocavia sp. , Promacrauchenia sp. , Caviidae indet., Dasypodidae indet.	Saldungaray	[90] [91] [92] [93] [94]
	Eosclerocalyptus planus , Hemihegetotherium cf. torresi , Lagostomus cf. pretrichodactyla , Macrochorobates scalabrinii , Neophanomys biplicatus , Orthomyctera andina , Paedotherium minor , Proeuphractus limpidus , Acantharodeia sp. , cf. Cardiomys sp. , Chaetophractus sp. , Chasicotatus sp. , Lagostomus sp. , Neobrachytherium sp. , Potamarchus sp. , Protypotherium sp. , Pseudotypotherium sp. , cf. Tremacyllus sp. , Hoplophorini indet., Octodontidae indet.	Salicas	[95] [96]
	Abothrodon pricei , Acarechimys hunikuini , Acrecebus fraileyi , Amahuacatherium peruvium , Didelphis solimoensis , Eumegamys paranensis , Ferigolomys pacarana , Gyrinodon quasus , Ischyrorhynchus vanbenedeni , Lutreolina materdei , Mesenodon juruaensis , Mesotoxodon pricei , Minitoxodon acrensis , Neoepiblema ambrosettianus , N. horridula , Neotoxodon pascuali , Neotrigodon utoquineae , Noctilio lacrimaelunaris , Octodontobradys puruensis , Phoberomys bordasi , P. burmeisteri , P. minima , Plesiotoxodon amazonensis , Plicodontinia mourai , cf. Pomatodelphis bobengi , Potamarchus adamiae , P. murinus , P. sigmodon , Pseudoprepotherium venezuelanum , Purperia cribatidens , Ribodon limbatus , Scirrotherium carinatum , Scleromys colombianus , Solimoea acrensis , Stenodon campbelli , Telicomys amazonensis , Toxodontherium listai , Trigodonops lopesi , Urumacotherium campbelli , Xenastrapotherium amazonense , Anadasypus sp. , Asterostemma depressa , Boreostemma pliocena , Cardiatherium sp. , Cullinia levis , Gyriabrus sp. , Hapalops indifferens , Kraglievichia paranense , Neoglyptatelus originalis , Palaeotoxodon sp. , Paraglyptodon sp. , Paratrigodon sp. , cf. Planops sp. , Pliomorphus sp. , Plohophorus paranensis , cf. Protomegalonyx sp. , Proterotherium cervioides , Pseudoprepotherium sp. , Ranculcus sp. , Saurocetes gigas , Simplimus sp. , Stirtonia tatacoensis , Tetrastylus sp. , Trigodon gaudryi , Urumacotherium campbelli , Cardiomyinae indet., Dasyproctidae indet., Erethizontidae indet., Heteropsomyinae indet., Macraucheniidae indet., Marsupialia indet., Megalonychidae indet., Molossidae indet., Mylodontidae indet., Neoepiblemidae indet., Pampatheriinae indet., Pontoporiidae indet., Toxodontidae indet.	Solimões	[97] [98] [99] [100] [101] [102] [103]
	Ullumys pattoni	Las Tapias	[104]
	Eionaletherium tanycnemius , Lestodon urumaquensis , Phoberomys pattersoni , Pattersonocnus diazgameroi , Urumacocnus urbanii , Cardiatherium sp. , Eumegamys sp. , Hemihegetotherium sp. , Ocnerotherium sp. , Ribodon sp. , Tetrastylus sp.	Urumaco	[105] [106] [107] [108] [109] [110] [111]
Birds	Argentavis magnificens	Andalhualá	[112]
	Pelagornis chilensis , Spheniscidae indet.	Bahía Inglesa	[45] [113]
	Argentavis magnificens , Eudromia sp.	Epecuén	[62]
	Andalgalornis sp. , Devincenzia sp. , Megapaloelodus sp. , Phoenicopteridae indet., Phorusrhacidae indet., Rallidae indet., Rheidae indet.	Ituzaingó	[65]
	Anhinga fraileyi , A. cf. grandis , A. minuta , Phorusrhacinae indet.	Solimões	[99] [100]
Reptiles	Caiman australis , C. paranensis , C. praecursor , Leptorramphus entrerrianus , Rhamphostomopsis neogaeus , Testudines indet.	Entrerriana	[60]
	Caiman australis , C. gasparinae , C. jacare , C. latirostris , C. lutescens , C. cf. yacare , Gryposuchus neogaeus , Mourasuchus arendsi , Parahydraspis paranaensis , Phrynops cf. geoffroanus , Tupinambis cf. merianae	Ituzaingó	[65] [66]
	Chelonioidea indet., Crocodylia indet., Eusuchia indet.	Miramar	[78]
	Caiman cf. latirostris	Palo Pintado	[114]
	Acresuchus pachytemporalis , Caiman brevirostris , C. niteroensis , Charactosuchus fieldsi , C. mendesi , C. sansoai , Chelus colombianus , Chelus lewisi , Colombophis portai , C. spinosus , Gryposuchus jessei , Melanosuchus latrubessei , Mourasuchus amazonensis , M. arendsi , Podocnemis bassieri , Podocnemis negrii , Purussaurus brasiliensis , Chelonoidis sp. , aff. Epicrates sp. , Eunectes sp. , Hesperogavialis bocquentini? , cf. Paradracaena sp. , Stupendemys souzai , Waincophis sp. , Brachygnathosuchus braziliensis , Colubridae indet., ?Gavialosuchus sp. , Pelomedusidae indet., Serpentes indet., Testudinidae indet.	Solimões	[99] [100] [101] [115]
	Melanosuchus fisheri , Mourasuchus pattersoni , Stupendemys geographicus	Urumaco	[116] [117]
Fishes	Carcharodon carcharias , C. hastalis , Cosmopolitodus hastalis	Bahía Inglesa	[43] [44]
	Megalodon , Carcharhinus egertoni , Carcharodon hastalis , Carcharias sp. , Myliobatis sp.	Camacho	[118] [119] [120] [121]
	Lamna amplibasidens , L. serridens , L. unicuspidens , Myliobatis americanus , Odontaspis macrota , Osteophorus typus , Sargus incertus , Silurus agassizii , Sparus antiquus , Squalus eocenus , Squalus obliquidens , Solea sp.	Entrerriana	[60]
	Colossoma macropomus , Megapiranha paranensis , Cynodontidae indet.	Ituzaingó	[65] [66]
	Megalodon , Carcharhinus brachyurus , Carcharhinus falciformis , Carcharhinus leucas , Carcharias taurus , Galeocerdo aduncus , Ginglymostoma cirratum , Hemipristis serra , Negaprion brevirostris , Sphyrna lewini , Sphyrna zygaena , Aetobatus sp. , Dasyatis sp. , Myliobatis sp.	Miramar	[78]
	Megalodon , Carcharias taurus , Carcharhinus sp. , Carcharodon plicatilis , Galeocerdo aduncus , Hemipristis serra , Megascyliorhinus trelewensis , Dasyatis sp. , Heterodontus sp. , Sphyrna sp. , Squatina sp. , Ariidae indet., Holocephali indet., Rajidae indet., Sciaenidae indet., Sparidae indet.	Paraná	[122]
	Acregoliath rancii , Colossoma macropomum , Callichthyidae indet., Doradidae indet., Osteoglossidae indet., Phractocephalus acreornatus , Pimelodidae indet., Potamotrygonidae indet.	Solimões	[99] [100]
Decapods	Homarus meridionalis	Entrerriana	[60]
Flora	Alnipollenites verus , Annulispora folliculosa , Arecipites asymmetricus , Baculatisporites comaumensis , Biretisporites potoniaei , Chenopodipollis chenopodiaceoides , C. multicavus , Cricotriporites guianensis , Cyathidites congoensis , C. minor , Cyperaceaepollis neogenicus , Deltoidospora minor , Dictyophyllidites arcuatus , D. chiquimilense , D. mortoni , Echiperiporites parviechinatus , Equisetosporites claricristatus , E. lusaticus , E. notensis , Foveotriletes microfoveolatus , Gleicheniidites senonicus , Graminidites media , Haloragacidites trioratus , Laevigatosporites ovatus , Leiotriletes regularis , Leptolepidites major , Liliacidites vermireticulatus , Malvacipollis argentina , Muricingulisporis verrucosus , Nothofagidites saraensis , Osmundacidites ciliatus , Palaeocoprosmadites zelandiae , Parsonsidites multiporus , Periporopollenites vesicus , Plicifera delicata , Podocarpidites ellipticus , P. exiguus , P. marwickii , Polycolporopollenites esobalteus , Polypodiaceoisporites simplex , P. tumulatus , Polypodiisporites speciosus , Psilamonocolpites grandis , Psilaperiporites minimus , Psilatricolporites cyamus , Reticuloidosporites tenellis , Rhoipites alveolatus , R. baculatus , R. cienaguensis , R. exiguus , R. karamuensis , R. santafesii , Rugulatisporites caperatus , Sparganiaceaepollenites delicata , Stereisporites antiquasporites , Striatricolporites gamerroi , Tetracolporopollenites megadolium , Todisporites major , T. minor , Tricolpites reticulatus , Triorites orbiculatus , Tuberculatosporites parvus , Tubulifloridites antipodica , Verrustephanoporites simplex , Gomphrenipollis sp. , Klukisporites sp. , Margocolporites sp. , Myrtaceidites sp. , Perfotricolpites sp. , Reticulatisporites sp. , Retistephanocolpites sp. , Undulatisporites sp. , Verrucingulatisporites sp.	Chiquimil	[123]
	Acrostichum palaeoaureum , Blechnum serrulatiformis , Cabomba aff. caroliniana , Caesalpinia aff. stuckerti , Cedrela fissiliformis , Ficus tressensii , Lycopodiella aff. cernua , Mayaca aff. fluviatilis , Ranunculodendron anzoteguiae , Sapium haematospermoides , Schinus herbstii , Equisetum sp.	Palo Pintado	[124] [125] [126]

Correlations

Huayquerian correlations in South America

Formation	Cerro Azul	Ituzaingó	Paraná	Camacho	Raigón	Andalhuala	Chiquimil	Las Flores	Maimará	Palo	Pebas	Muyu	Rosa	Saldungaray	Salicas	Urumaco	Map
Basin	Colorado	Paraná				Hualfín		Tontal	Andes	Salta	Amazon	Huasi	Altiplano	BA	Velasco	Falcón	Huayquerian (South America)
Country	Argentina			Uruguay		Argentina					Brazil   Peru	Bolivia		Argentina		Venezuela
Cardiatherium
Lagostomus
Macroeuphractus
Proeuphractus
Pronothrotherium
Pseudotypotherium
Thylacosmilus
Xotodon
Macraucheniidae
Primates
Rodents
Reptiles
Birds
Terror birds
Flora
Environments	Aeolian-fluvial	Fluvio-deltaic			Fluvial						Fluvio-lacustrine	Fluvial			Fluvio-lacustrine	Fluvio-deltaic	Huayquerian volcanoclastics Huayquerian fauna Huayquerian flora
Volcanic						Yes

Notes and references

Notes

1. Former name of Ituzaingó Formation
2. Former name of Cerro Azul Formation
3. In later research considered part of the Camacho Formation ^[19]
4. In later research considered part of the Camacho Formation ^[19]

References

1. "Huayquerian". Fossilworks . Retrieved 2019-03-21.
2. Forasiepi et al., 2011, p.136
3. Garrido et al., 2017, p.54
4. Muruaga, 2001, p.30
5. Le Roux et al., 2006, p.46
6. Verde, 2002, p.21
7. Pérez, 2012, p.11
8. Goin et al., 2000, p.101
9. Verzi et al., 2008, p.146
10. Morton & Herbst, s.a., p.1
11. Le Roux et al., 2006, p.49
12. Cerdeño et al., 2019, p.12
13. Czaplewski & Campbell, 2017
14. Frailey, 1986, p.4
15. García López & Barbot, 2015, p.315
16. Franco et al., 2013, p.44
17. Vezzosi, 2015, p.27
18. Kiyu Formation at Fossilworks.org
19. Verde, 2002, p.20
20. Romero et al., 1998, p.60
21. Pujos et al., 2012, p.2
22. Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.636
23. Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.26
24. Morton & Herbst, 2007, p.154
25. Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.637
26. Finger et al., 2007, p.13
27. Reguero et al., 2015, p.60
28. Martín Pérez, 2013, p.51
29. Brea et al., 2013, p.28
30. Antoine et al., 2016, p.56
31. Wesselingh et al., 2006, p.304
32. González & Abascal, 2012, p.129
33. Brand et al., 2011
34. Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.14
35. Baldellón et al., 1994, p.241
36. Tófalo & Morrás, 2009, p.683
37. Marshall & Sempere, 1991
38. Brandoni et al., 2012, p.10
39. Cozzuol, 2006, p.190
40. Linares, 2004, p.16
41. San Carlos East at Fossilworks.org
42. Forasiepi et al., 2016, p.11
43. Cerro Ballena at Fossilworks.org
44. Bahía Inglesa Unit 2 at Fossilworks.org
45. Caldera, Bahia Inglesa Unit 1 at Fossilworks.org
46. Mina Fosforita at Fossilworks.org
47. Arazati II at Fossilworks.org
48. Puerto Arazati Beach at Fossilworks.org
49. Playa Kiyú at Fossilworks.org
50. Punta Jesus María at Fossilworks.org
51. Fernicola et al., 2018, p.236
52. Madozzo Jaén et al., 2018
53. Sostillo et al., 2014
54. Laguna Chillhué at Fossilworks.org
55. Bajo Giuliani at Fossilworks.org
56. El Guanaco at Fossilworks.org
57. Telen at Fossilworks.org
58. Madozzo Jaén & Pérez, 2017
59. Chiquimil A at Fossilworks.org
60. Barrancas del Rio Parana at Fossilworks.org
61. Rio Parana at Fossilworks.org
62. Salinas Grandes de Hidalgo at Fossilworks.org
63. De Iullis et al., 2011
64. Brandoni, 2014
65. Paraná, Pueblo Brugo to Diamante, Ituzaingó Fm. at Fossilworks.org
66. Colonia La Celina at Fossilworks.org
67. Ciudad de Paraná at Fossilworks.org
68. Playa Sánchez at Fossilworks.org
69. Prothero et al., 2014
70. Frailey & Campbell Jr., 2012
71. LACM loc.6218 at Fossilworks.org
72. LACM 5159 at Fossilworks.org
73. VF2 at Fossilworks.org
74. Bonini et al., 2017
75. Abello et al., 2015
76. Maimará at Fossilworks.org
77. Achiri at Fossilworks.org
78. Quebrada Pajaritos at Fossilworks.org
79. El Cajón Valley at Fossilworks.org
80. Muyu Huasi at Fossilworks.org
81. Reguero et al., 2015
82. Cerro La Matanza at Fossilworks.org
83. Villa Urquiza at Fossilworks.org
84. Collareta et al., 2017
85. Marx et al., 2017
86. Barrancas del Río Chico at Fossilworks.org
87. Quehua at Fossilworks.org
88. Arazati km 95.750 at Fossilworks.org
89. Rosa Pata at Fossilworks.org
90. Grünbein Cantera Seminario Level 1 at Fossilworks.org
91. Grünbein Cantera Relleno Sanitario Level 1 at Fossilworks.org
92. Grünbein Cantera Relleno Sanitario Level 2 at Fossilworks.org
93. Barrancas de Sarmiento Level 2 at Fossilworks.org
94. Caleufú at Fossilworks.org
95. Salicas Formation, Sierra de Velasco, La Rioja at Fossilworks.org
96. El Degolladito - Site 2 at Fossilworks.org
97. Kerber et al., 2017
98. Kerber et al., 2016
99. Rio Acre at Fossilworks.org
100. Niteroi at Fossilworks.org
101. Talismã, upper Purus River at Fossilworks.org
102. Patos, Rio Acre at Fossilworks.org
103. Patos at Fossilworks.org
104. Olivares et al., 2016
105. Rincón et al., 2018
106. Rincón et al., 2015
107. Campo El Mamon at Fossilworks.org
108. Urumaco, Biozona 3 Loc 73-FU at Fossilworks.org
109. Urumaco, Biozona 3 Loc 50-FU at Fossilworks.org
110. Urumaco, Biozona 3 Loc 82-FU at Fossilworks.org
111. Urumaco, Biozona 3 Loc 26-FU at Fossilworks.org
112. Valle de Santa María at Fossilworks.org
113. El Morro at Fossilworks.org
114. Quebrada Salta, southern area of the Calchaquí Valley at Fossilworks.org
115. South of Rio Branco at Fossilworks.org
116. West of El Picacho at Fossilworks.org
117. 4 km NE of Campo El Mamon at Fossilworks.org
118. Barranca de Los Loros at Fossilworks.org
119. Cerro Bautista at Fossilworks.org
120. Capilla Narbona at Fossilworks.org
121. Barrancas de San Juan at Fossilworks.org
122. Arroyo Ensenada valley at Fossilworks.org
123. Vallecito at Fossilworks.org
124. Anzótegui & Horn, 2011
125. Calchaquí at Fossilworks.org
126. Calchaquí II at Fossilworks.org

Bibliography

Huayquerías Formation

• Forasiepi, Analía M.; MacPhee, Ross D.E.; Hernández del Pino, Santiago; Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Amson, Eli; Grohé, Camille (2016), "Exceptional skull of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) from the Late Miocene of Argentina: anatomy, systematics and paleobiological implications" (PDF), Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 404: 1–76, doi:10.1206/0003-0090-404.1.1 , retrieved 2018-10-01
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Andalhuala Formation

• Candela, Adriana M.; Bonini, Ricardo A. (2017), "A new guinea pig (Rodentia, Caviomorpha) from northwestern Argentina: Implications for the origin of the genus Cavia", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 37 (4): e1352591, Bibcode:2017JVPal..37E2591C, doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1352591 , retrieved 2019-02-12

Camacho Formation

• Fernicola, Juan C.; Rinderknecht, Andrés; Jones, Washington; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Propino, Kleberson (2018), "A new species of Neoglyptatelus (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Cingulata) from the late Miocene of Uruguay provides new insights on the evolution of the dorsal armor in cingulates", Ameghiniana , 55 (3): 233–252, doi:10.5710/AMGH.02.12.2017.3150, hdl:11336/96801 , retrieved 2018-10-01
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Cerro Azul Formation

• Goin, F.J.; Montalvo, C.; Visconti, G. (2000), "Los marsupiales (Mammalia) del Mioceno superior de la Formación Cerro Azul (Provincia de La Pampa, Argentina)", Estudios Geológicos , 56 (1–2): 101–126, doi:10.3989/egeol.00561-2158 , retrieved 2017-08-15
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Chiquimil Formation

• Esteban, G.; Nasif, N.; Georgieff, S.M. (2014), "Cronobioestratigrafía del Mioceno tardío – Plioceno temprano, Puerta de Corral Quemado y Villavil, provincia de Catamarca, Argentina" (PDF), Acta Geológica Lilloana , 26: 165–192, retrieved 2018-09-10
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Las Flores Formation, Sierra del Tontal

• Cerdeño, Esperanza; Pérez, María E.; Deschamps, Cecilia M.; Contreras, Víctor H. (2019), "A new capybara from the late Miocene of San Juan Province, Argentina, and its phylogenetic implications" (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica , 64: 1–14, retrieved 2019-02-11

Içá Formation

• Czaplewski, Nicholas J.; Campbell, Jr., Kenneth E. (2017), "Late Miocene Bats from the Jurua River, State of Acre, Brazil, with a Description of a New Genus of Thyropteridae (Chiroptera, Mammalia)" (PDF), Contributions in Science , 525: 55–60, doi:10.5962/p.318347, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-07-25, retrieved 2019-02-12

Iñapari Formation

• Frailey, Carl D (1986), "Late Miocene and Holocene mammals, exclusive of the Notoungulata, of the Rio Acre Region, western Amazonia" (PDF), Contributions in Science, 374: 1–46, doi:10.5962/p.208117, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-29, retrieved 2017-08-15
• De Iullis, Gerardo; Gaudin, Timothy J.; Vicars, Matthew J. (2011), "A new genus and species of nothrotheriid sloth (Xenarthra, Tardigrada, Nothrotheriidae) from the Late Miocene (Huayquerian) of Peru", Palaeontology , 54 (1): 171–205, Bibcode:2011Palgy..54..171D, doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.01001.x

India Muerta Formation

• García López, Daniel A.; Barbot, M. Judith (2015), "A late Miocene Argyrolagidae (Mammalia, Metatheria, Bonapartheriiformes) from northwestern Argentina", Ameghiniana , 52 (3): 314–323, doi:10.5710/AMGH.17.02.2015.2876, hdl:11336/50746 , retrieved 2017-08-15

Ituzaingó Formation

• Brandoni, Diego (2014), "A new genus of Megalonychidae (Mammalia, Xenarthra) from the Late Miocene of Argentina", Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia , 17 (1): 33–42, doi:10.4072/rbp.2014.1.04 , retrieved 2019-02-12
• Franco, María Jimena; Brea, Mariana; Orfeo, Óscar; Zucol, Alejandro F. (2013), "La paleoflora de la Formación Ituzaingó, Argentina" (PDF), El Neógeno de la Mesopotamia argentina, Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Publicación Especial, 14: 41–55, retrieved 2017-08-15
• Scillato Yané, Gustavo J.; Góis, Flávio; Zurita, Alfredo E.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; González Ruiz, Laureano R.; Krmpotic, Cecilia M.; Oliva, Cristian; Zamorano, Martín (2013), "Los Cingulata (Mammalia, Xenarthra) del "Conglomerado Osífero" (Miocene tardío) de la Formación Ituzaingó de Entre Ríos, Argentina" (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina Publicación Especial, 14: 118–134, retrieved 2018-10-01

Madre de Dios Formation

• Frailey, Carl David; Campbell Jr., Kenneth E. (2012), "Two New Genera of Peccaries (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Tayassuidae) from Upper Miocene Deposits of the Amazon Basin", Journal of Paleontology , 86 (5): 852–877, Bibcode:2012JPal...86..852F, doi:10.1666/12-012.1 , retrieved 2019-02-15
• Prothero, Donald R.; Campbell, Jr, Kenneth E.; Beatty, Brian L.; Frailey, Carl D. (2014), "New late Miocene dromomerycine artiodactyl from the Amazon Basin: implications for interchange dynamics", Journal of Paleontology , 88 (3): 434–443, doi:10.1666/13-022 , retrieved 2019-02-12
• Romero P., Lidia; Morales R., María del Carmen; Carpio R, Mario (1998), Geología de los cuadrángulos de Río Acre 22-v, Iñapari 22-x, Qda. Mala 23-v, Iberia 23-x, San Lorenzo 23-y, Puerto Lidia 24-v, Río Manuripe 24-x, Mavila 24-y, Santa María 24-z, Valencia 25-z, Palma Real 26-z y Río Heath 27-z (PDF), INGEMMET, pp. 1–201, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-13, retrieved 2019-02-12

Maimará Formation

• Abello, María Alejandra; De los Reyes, Martín; Candela, Adriana Magdalena; Pujos, François; Voglino, Damián; Mamani Quispe, Bernardino (2015), "Description of a new species of Sparassocynus (Marsupialia: Didelphoidea: Sparassocynidae) from the late Miocene of Jujuy (Argentina) and taxonomic review of Sparassocynus heterotopicus from the Pliocene of Bolivia", Zootaxa , 3937 (1): 147–160, doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3937.1.7, hdl:11336/48565, PMID   25947465 , retrieved 2019-02-13
• Bonini, Ricardo A.; Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Reguero, Marcelo A.; Cerdeño, Esperanza; Candela, Adriana M.; Solís, Natalia (2017), "First record of Toxodontidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from the late Miocene–early Pliocene of the southern central Andes, NW Argentina", Journal of Paleontology , 91 (3): 566–576, Bibcode:2017JPal...91..566B, doi:10.1017/jpa.2016.160 , retrieved 2019-02-12
• Pujos, François; Candela, Adriana; Galli, Claudia I.; Coiras, Beatriz L.; Reguero, Marcelo A.; de los Reyes, Martín; Abello, María Alejandra (2012), "The Scelidotherine Proscelidodon (Xenarthra: Mylodontidae) from the Late Miocene of Maimará (Northwestern Argentina, Jujuy Province)" (PDF), Ameghiniana : 1–7, retrieved 2018-10-01

Mauri & Muyu Huasi Formations

• Marshall, Larry G.; Sempere, Thierry (1991), "The Eocene to Pleistocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context: A review", Revista técnica de YPFB, 12: 631–652, retrieved 2017-08-15

Miramar Formation

• Isla, Federico; Taglioretti, Matías; Dondas, Alejandro (2015), "Revisión y nuevos aportes sobre la estratigrafía y sedimentología de los acantilados entre Mar de Cobo y Miramar, Provincia de Buenos Aires" (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina , 72: 235–250, retrieved 2019-02-12

El Morterito Formation

• Morton, Lourdes S.; Herbst, Rafael (2007), "Gastrópodos de la Formación El Morterito (Mioceno Superior), Valle del Cajón, provincia de Catamarca, Argentina", Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales , 9: 153–160, doi:10.22179/REVMACN.9.305 , retrieved 2018-09-10

Navidad Formation

• Finger, Kenneth L.; Nielsen, Sven N.; DeVries, Thomas J.; Encinas, Alfonso; Peterson, Dawn E. (2007), "Paleontologic evidence for sedimentary displacement in Neogene forearc basins of central Chile" (PDF), PALAIOS , 22 (1): 3–16, Bibcode:2007Palai..22....3F, doi:10.2110/palo.2005.p05-081r , retrieved 2017-08-15

Palo Pintado Formation

• Anzótegui, Luisa M.; Horn, Maricel Yarina (2011), "Megaflora de la Formación Palo Pintado (Mioceno Superior) Salta, Argentina Parte II" (PDF), Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia , 14 (3): 239–254, doi:10.4072/rbp.2011.3.04 , retrieved 2017-10-22
• Galli, Claudia Inés; Anzótegui, Luisa Matilde; Horn, Maricel Yanina; Morton, Lourdes Susana (2011), "Paleoambiente y paleocomunidades de la Formación Palo Pintado (Mioceno-Plioceno), Provincia de Salta, Argentina" (PDF), Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas , 28: 161–174, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-21, retrieved 2017-10-22
• Reguero, Marcelo A.; Candela, Adriana M.; Galli, Claudia I.; Bonini, Ricardo; Voglino, Damián (2015), "A new Hypsodont Notoungulate (Hegetotheriidae, Pachyrukhinae) from the late Miocene of the Eastern Cordillera, Salta province, Northwest of Argentina" (PDF), Andean Geology , 42: 56–70, doi:10.5027/andgeoV42n1-a04 , retrieved 2017-08-15

Paraná Formation

• Brea, Mariana; Franco, María Jimena; Zucol, Alejandro F. (2013), "Paleoflora de la Formación Paraná (Mioceno Tardío), Cuenca Chaco-Paranaense, Argentina" (PDF), El Neógeno de la Mesopotamia argentina, Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Publicación Especial, 14: 41–55, retrieved 2018-09-03
• Cione, Alberto Luis; Cabrera, Daniel Alfredo; Barla, María Julia (2012), "Oldest record of the Great White Shark (Lamnidae, Carcharodon; Miocene) in the Southern Atlantic" (PDF), Geobios , 45 (2): 167–172, Bibcode:2012Geobi..45..167C, doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2011.06.002, hdl:11336/139163 , retrieved 2017-10-22^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}
• Martín Pérez, Leandro (2013), Sistemática, tafonomía y paleoecología de los invertebrados de la Formación Paraná (Mioceno), Provincia de Entre Ríos, Argentina (PhD thesis) (PDF), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, pp. 1–398, retrieved 2017-08-15

Pebas Formation

• Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Abello, M. Alejandra; Adnet, Sylvain; Altamirano Sierra, Ali J.; Baby, Patrice; Billet, Guillaume; Boivin, Myriam; Calderón, Ysabel; Candela, Jules Chabain, Fernando Corfu, Darin A. Croft, Morgan Ganerød, Carlos Jaramillo, Sebastian Klaus, Laurent Marivaux, Rosa E. Navarrete, Maëva J. Orliac, Francisco Parra, María Encarnación Pérez, François Pujos, Jean-Claude Rage, Anthony Ravel, Céline Robinet, Martin Roddaz, Julia Victoria Tejada Lara, Jorge Vélez Juarbe, Frank P. Wesselingh, Rodolfo Salas Gismondi, Adriana (2016), "A 60-million-year Cenozoic history of western Amazonian ecosystems in Contamana, eastern Peru", Gondwana Research , 31: 30–59, Bibcode:2016GondR..31...30A, doi:10.1016/j.gr.2015.11.001 , retrieved 2017-08-15
• Wesselingh, F.P.; Hoorn, M.C.; Guerrero, J.; Räsänen, M.E.; Romero Pittmann, L.; Salo, J. (2006), "The stratigraphy and regional structure of Miocene deposits in western Amazonia (Peru, Colombia and Brazil), with implications for late Neogene landscape evolution", Scripta Geologica , 133: 291–322, retrieved 2017-08-15

Piquete Formation

• González Bonorino, Gustavo; Abascal, Liliana del Valle (2012), "Orogénesis y drenaje en la región del Valle de Lerma (Cordillera Oriental, Salta, Argentina) durante Pleistoceno tardio" (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina , 69: 127–141, retrieved 2018-10-01

Pisco Formation

• Altamirano Sierra, Alí J (2013), "Primer registro de pelicano (Aves: Pelecanidae) para el Mioceno tardio de la formacion Pisco, Peru" (PDF), Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines, 42: 1–12, retrieved 2017-09-04
• Báez Gómez, Diego A (2006), "Estudio paleoambiental de la formación Pisco:: Localidad Ocucaje" (PDF), Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones FIGMMG, 9: 64–69, retrieved 2017-09-04
• Bianucci, Giovanni; Di Celma, Claudio; Urbina, Mario; Lambert, Olivier (2016), "New beaked whales from the late Miocene of Peru and evidence for convergent evolution in stem and crown Ziphiidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti)" (PDF), PeerJ , 4: e2479, doi: 10.7717/peerj.2479 , PMC   5036081 , PMID   27688973, archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-02-21, retrieved 2019-02-12
• Brand, Leonard; Urbina, Mario; Chadwick, Arthur; DeVries, Thomas J.; Esperante, Raul (2011), "A high resolution stratigraphic framework for the remarkable fossil cetacean assemblage of the Miocene/Pliocene Pisco Formation, Peru", Journal of South American Earth Sciences , 31 (4): 414–425, Bibcode:2011JSAES..31..414B, doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2011.02.015
• Collareta, Alberto; Lambert, Olivier; De Muizon, Christian; Urbina, Mario; Bianucci, Giovanni (2017), "Koristocetus pescei gen. et sp. nov., a diminutive sperm whale (Cetacea: Odontoceti: Kogiidae) from the late Miocene of Peru", Fossil Record , 20 (2): 259–278, Bibcode:2017FossR..20..259C, doi: 10.5194/fr-20-259-2017 , retrieved 2019-02-12
• Lambert, Olivier; Bianucci, Giovanni; Urbina, Mario; Geisler, Jonathan H. (2017), "A new inioid (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Delphinida) from the Miocene of Peru and the origin of modern dolphin and porpoise families", Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 179 (4): 919–946
• Marx, Felix G.; Lambert, Olivier; De Muizon, Christian (2017), "A new Miocene baleen whale from Peru deciphers the dawn of cetotheriids", Royal Society Open Science , 4 (9): 170560, Bibcode:2017RSOS....470560M, doi:10.1098/rsos.170560, PMC   5627101 , PMID   28989761 , retrieved 2019-02-12
• Marx, Felix G.; Kohno, Naoki (2016), "A new Miocene baleen whale from the Peruvian desert", Royal Society Open Science , 3 (10): 160542, Bibcode:2016RSOS....360542M, doi:10.1098/rsos.160542, PMC   5098998 , PMID   27853573 , retrieved 2019-02-12
• Poma Porras, Orlando; Horna Santillán, Edgard; Esperante, Raúl (2009), "Baleen Fósil (Cetacea: mysticeti) en Sedimentos de la Cuenca Marina del Neógeno en la Formación Pisco, al Sur del Perú" (PDF), Revista de Investigación Universitaria, 1: 84–97, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-09-05, retrieved 2017-09-04
• Ramassamy, Benjamin; Lambert, Olivier; Collareta, Alberto; Urbina, Mario; Bianucci, Giovanni (2018), "Description of the skeleton of the fossil beaked whale Messapicetus gregarius: searching potential proxies for deep-diving abilities" (PDF), Fossil Record , 21 (1): 11–32, Bibcode:2018FossR..21...11R, doi: 10.5194/fr-21-11-2018 , retrieved 2019-02-11
• Solís Mundaca, Flavio Alejandro (2018), Bioestratigrafía e implicancias paleoceanográficas de las diatomeas de la sección Cerro Caucato, Formación Pisco, Ica, Peru (MSc. thesis) (PDF), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, pp. 1–158, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-09-11, retrieved 2018-09-10
• Stucchi, Marcelo; Emslie, Steven D.; Varas Malca, Rafael M.; Urbina Schmitt, Mario (2015a), "A new late Miocene condor (Aves, Cathartidae) from Peru and the origin of South American condors", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 35 (5): e972507, Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E2507S, doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.972507 , retrieved 2019-02-13
• Stucchi, Marcelo; Varas Malca, Rafael M.; Urbina Schmitt, Mario (2015b), "New Miocene sulid birds from Peru and considerations on their Neogene fossil record in the Eastern Pacific Ocean" (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica , 61 (2): 417–427, retrieved 2019-02-13
• Stucchi, M (2007), "Los pingüinos de la Formación Pisco (Neógeno), Perú" (PDF), 4th European Meeting on the Palaeontology and Stratigraphy of Latin America, Cuadernos del Museo Geominero, 8: 367–373, retrieved 2017-09-04

Quehua Formation

• Baldellón P., Eddy; Fornari, Michel; Espinoza R., Félix; Soler, Pierre (1994), Sucesión Estructural de la Zona Serranía de las Minas (PDF), Memorias del XI Congreso Geológico de Bolivia, pp. 238–247, retrieved 2017-10-25

Raigón Formation

• Tófalo, Ofelia Rita; Morrás, Héctor J.M. (2009), "Evidencias paleoclimáticas en duricostras, paleosuelos y sedimentitas silicoclásticas, del Cenozoico de Uruguay" (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina : 674–686, retrieved 2018-09-12

Saldungaray Formation

• Verzi, Diego H.; Montalvo, Claudia I.; Deschamps, Cecilia M. (2008), "Biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Late Miocene of central Argentina: Evidence from rodents and taphonomy", Geobios , 41 (1): 145–155, Bibcode:2008Geobi..41..145V, doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2006.09.005 , retrieved 2017-08-15

Salicas Formation

• Brandoni, Diego; Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Candela, Adriana M.; Noriega, Jorge I.; Brunetto, Ernesto; Fiorelli, Lucas E. (2012), "Mammals from the Salicas Formation (Late Miocene), La Rioja Province, Northwestern Argentina: Paleobiogeography, age and paleoenvironment" (PDF), Ameghiniana , 49 (3): 1–13, doi:10.5710/AMGH.v49i3(467) , retrieved 2017-08-15

Solimões Formation

• Bocquentin, Jean; Melo, Janira (2006), "Stupendemys souzai sp. nov. (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) from the Miocene-Pliocene of the Solimões Formation, Brazil" (PDF), Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia , 9 (2): 187–192, doi:10.4072/rbp.2006.2.02 , retrieved 2017-08-15
• Carvalho, Patricia; Bocquentin, Jean; De Lapparent de Broin, France (2002), "Une nouvelle espèce de Podocnemis (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) provenant du Néogène de la formation Solimões, Acre, Brésil", Geobios , 35 (6): 677–686, Bibcode:2002Geobi..35..677C, doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(02)00081-5 , retrieved 2017-08-15
• Cozzuol, Mario Alberto (2006), "The Acre vertebrate fauna: Age, diversity, and geography", Journal of South American Earth Sciences , 21 (3): 185–203, Bibcode:2006JSAES..21..185C, doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2006.03.005 , retrieved 2017-08-15
• Kerber, Leonardo; Bissaro Júnior, Marcos César; Negri, Francisco R.; De Souza Filho, Jonas Pereira; Guilherme, Edson; Schmaltz Hsiou, Annie (2017), "A new rodent (Caviomorpha: Dinomyidae) from the upper Miocene of southwestern Brazilian Amazonia" (PDF), Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology , 30 (7): 985–993, Bibcode:2018HBio...30..985K, doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1327529 , retrieved 2019-02-12
• Kerber, Leonardo; Negri, Francisco Ricardo; Ribeiro, Ana Maria; Vucetich, Maria Guiomar; De Souza Filho, Jonas Pereira (2016), "Late Miocene potamarchine rodents from southwestern Amazonia, Brazil—with description of new taxa" (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica , 61 (1): 191–203, retrieved 2019-02-12

Urumaco Formation

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