Xenastrapotherium

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Xenastrapotherium
Temporal range: Mid-Late Miocene (Friasian-Huayquerian)
~16–6.8  Ma
Xenastrapotherium kraglievichi.jpg
Mandible of X. kraglievichi, Honda Group, Colombia
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Astrapotheria
Family: Astrapotheriidae
Subfamily: Uruguaytheriinae
Genus: Xenastrapotherium
Kraglievich, 1928
Type species
Xenastrapotherium christi
(Stelin, 1928)
Species

See text

Synonyms
  • Astrapotherium christiStehlin 1928 [1]
  • SynastrapotheriumPaula Couto 1976 [2]

Xenastrapotherium is an extinct genus of astrapothere, a type of hoofed herbivorous mammal, native to South America, which lived in the Middle to Late Miocene period, typically during the Laventan stage. It is a member of the family Astrapotheriidae in the subfamily Uruguaytheriinae, large astrapotheres, equipped with a trunk-like nose and protruding teeth, similar to the elephants, but their tusks were the canine teeth, not the incisors. Xenastrapotherium (named after the Greek word xenos "strange" add to the genus Astrapotherium , "lightning beast") was a genus widely distributed in northern South America, in contrast to other species of astrapotheres which lived in the area of the Southern Cone of the continent. It differed from other astrapotheres by having two lower incisors on each side of the jaw and the tusks have a pronounced longitudinal curvature, although their general shape and size are probably very similar to Astrapotherium, whose weight would be 900 to 1,500 kilograms, comparable to the current black rhinoceros. [3]

Contents

Species

Several species of Xenastrapotherium have been described, although none is known from complete remains; they are distinguished by features of their teeth and jaws, and their geographical and temporal distribution. The species currently recognized are:

Phylogeny

Cladogram based in the phylogenetic analysis published by Vallejo Pareja et al., 2015, showing the position of Xenastrapotherium: [10]

Eoastrapostylops

Distribution

Fossils of Xenastrapotherium have been found in: [2]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Astrapotheria</span> Extinct order of mammals

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<i>Hilarcotherium</i> Extinct genus of astrapotheriid mammals

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<i>Miocochilius</i> Extinct genus of notoungulates

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References

  1. Astrapotherium christi at Fossilworks.org
  2. 1 2 Xenastrapotherium at Fossilworks.org
  3. 1 2 3 Johnson, S. C. & Madden, R. H. 1997. Uruguaytheriine astrapotheres of tropical South America. In Kay, R. F., Madden, R. H., Cifelli, R. L. & Flynn, J. J. (eds) Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: The Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Institution Press (Washington, D.C.), pp. 355-381.
  4. Kraglievich, L. 1928. Sobre el supuesto Astrapotherium christi Stehlin descubierto en Venezuela (Xenastrapotherium n. gen.) y sus relaciones con Astrapotherium magnum y Uruguaytherium beaulieui. Buenos Aires, Franco.
  5. Stehlin H (1928). "Ein Astrapotherium fund aus Venezuela". Eclogae Geol. Helvetiae. 21: 227–232.
  6. Cabrera, A, 1929. Un Astrapotherido de Colombia, Rev. Soc. Argentina Cienc. Nat., t. 9, pp. 436-439, 3 fig., Buenos Aires.
  7. Paula Couto C (1974). "Fossil mammals from the Cenozoic of Acre, Brazil. 1 - Astrapotheria". Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia. 2: 237–249.
  8. Frailey C. D. 1986. — Late Miocene and Holocene mammals, exclusive of the Notoungulata, of the Rio Acre region, western Amazonia. Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 374: 1–46.
  9. Goillot Cyrielle, Antoine Pierre-Olivier, Tejada Julia, Pujos François (2011). "Middle Miocene Uruguaytheriinae (Mammalia, Astrapotheria) from Peruvian Amazonia and a review of the astrapotheriid fossil record in northern South America". Geodiversitas. 33 (2): 331–345. doi:10.5252/g2011n2a8. S2CID   129460591.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. M. C. Vallejo Pareja, J. D. Carrillo, J. W. Moreno Bernal, M. Pardo Jaramillo, D. F. Rodríguez González and J. Muñoz Duran (2015). "Hilarcotherium castanedaii, gen. et sp. nov., a new Miocene astrapothere (Mammalia, Astrapotheriidae) from the Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (2): e903960. Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E3960V. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.903960. S2CID   130728894.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)