Cramauchenia

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Cramauchenia
Temporal range: Late Oligocene-Early Miocene (Deseadan-Colhuehuapian)
~29.0–17.5  Ma
Cramauchenia insolita.jpg
Skull of Cramauchenia normalis in the Field Museum of Natural History
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order:† Litopterna
Family:† Macraucheniidae
Subfamily:† Cramaucheniinae
Genus:† Cramauchenia
Ameghino, 1902
Species:
†C. normalis
Binomial name
†Cramauchenia normalis
Ameghino, 1902
Synonyms
  • C. insolita

Cramauchenia is an extinct genus of litoptern South American ungulate. Cramauchenia was named by Florentino Ameghino. [1] The name has no literal translation. Instead, it is an anagram of the name of a related genus Macrauchenia . This genus was initially discovered in the Sarmiento Formation in the Chubut Province, in Argentina, and later it was found in the Chichinales Formation in the Río Negro Province and the Cerro Bandera Formation in Neuquén, also in Argentina, in sediments assigned to the SALMA Colhuehuapian (in the Early Miocene), as well as the Agua de la Piedra Formation in Mendoza, in sediments dated to the Deseadan (during the Late Oligocene). [2] [3] [4] [5] In 1981 Soria made C. insolita a junior synonym of C. normalis. [6] A specimen of C. normalis was described in 2010 from Cabeza Blanca (Chubut, Argentina) in the Sarmiento Formation, in sediments assigned to the Deseadan SALMA (Upper Oligocene). [7]

Contents

Description

This animal had an appearance vaguely similar to that of a small llama or perhaps that of a stocky antelope. The skull of this animal was relatively elongated and provided with a slightly recessed nasal opening, which would indicate the presence of a strong, muscular lip, likely prehensile. In similar but larger and more recent forms, such as Theosodon and Scalabrinitherium , this lip gradually developed, eventually giving rise to a possibly proboscis-like structure with Macrauchenia . [7]

Taxonomy

Cramauchenia was first described by Florentino Ameghino in 1902, based on fossils found in the Sarmiento Formation of Argentina. It is a primitive representative of the Macraucheniidae, a group of South American mammals belonging to the Litopterna, with forms similar to those of camelids, despite not being closely related. [7] Cramauchenia is known for the sole species C. normalis. Another species, C. insolita, was initially described as a separate species, but following a study by Soria 1981 it has since been attributed to the type species. [6] Furthermore, Cramauchenia has been assigned to the Cramaucheniinae, a subfamily including the most basal macraucheniids, however, many recent studies tend to indicate that the subfamily is paraphyletic, with Cramauchenia being most closely related to Pternoconius . [8] [9]

The following position of the Macraucheniidae is based on McGrath et al. 2018, showing the position of Cramauchenia. [8]

Proadiantus excavatus

Tricoelodus spp.

Macraucheniidae  

Polymorphis lechei

Pternoconius spp.

Cramauchenia normalis

Coniopternium

Llullataruca shockeyi

Theosodon spp.

Theosodon arozquetai

Macraucheniinae  

Scalabrinitherium bravardi

Huayqueriana cristata

Huayqueriana cf. cristata

Oxyodontherium zeballosi

Paranauchenia hystata

Paranauchenia denticulata

Cullinia levis

Promacrauchenia calchaquiorum

Promacrauchenia antiqua

Windhausenia delacroixi

Xenorhinotherium bahiense

Macraucheniopsis ensenadensis

Macrauchenia patachonica

Paleoenvironment

Fossils of Cramauchenia have been found in various fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South America. Several specimens come from the Sarmiento Formation in the Golfo San Jorge Basin in central Patagonia, with other finds from the Agua de la Piedra, Cerro Bandera, and the Chichinales Formation of the Neuquén Basin.

In the Chichinales Formation, which is known for its local mammal fauna, Cramauchenia would have coexisted with astrapotheres, the notoungulates Cochilius volvens , Colpodon , Hegetotheriopsis , Hegetotherium [10] and Protypotherium , the rodents Australoprocta , Caviocricetus , Eoviscaccia , and Willidewu , [11] the armadillos Proeutatus and Stenotatus , and the sparassodont Cladosictis . Bird remains from the formation are comparatively poor. A part of a tibiotarsus has previously been classified as an undetermined species of psilopterine phorusrhacid. Other birds include an undetermined wading bird, Opisthodactylus horacioperezi , a species of rhea, and Patagorhacos , a phorusrhacid. During the Miocene the area likely consisted of open but wooded environment with temperate climate and a proximity to freshwater. [2]

The Sarmiento Formation has provided a wide assemblage of mammals, including the astrapotheres Astrapotherium and Parastrapotherium , [12] the notoungulates Argyrohippus , [13] Cochilius , Colpodon , [14] Interatherium , Pachyrukhos and Protypotherium , [15] the fellow litopterns Lambdaconus , Paramacrauchenia , Proheptaconus , [16] Prolicaphrium , [17] Pternoconius , [18] [19] [20] Tetramerorhinus [15] and Theosodon , [21] the xenarthrans Hapaloides , Holomegalonyx , Nematherium , Peltephilus , Proeutatus , Proschismotherium , Prozaedyus , Stegotherium , and Stenotatus , [22] the metatherians Acyon , Acrocyon , Arctodictis , Borhyaena , Cladosictis Palaeothentes , Patagonia , and Sipalocyon , [23] the rodents Acarechimys , Acaremys , Caviocricetus , Eosteiromys , Eoviscaccia , Hypsosteiromys , Neoreomys , Paradelphomys , Parasteiromys , Perimys , Prospaniomys , Prostichomys , Protacaremys , Protadelphomys , Sarremys and Soriamys , [11] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] and the primates Homunculus , Mazzonicebus and Tremacebus . [34] [35] [36] The late-surviving meridiolestidan Necrolestes was also present. [23]

Related Research Articles

<i>Protypotherium</i> Extinct genus of notoungulates

Protypotherium is an extinct genus of notoungulate mammals native to South America during the Oligocene and Miocene epochs. A number of closely related animals date back further, to the Eocene. Fossils of Protypotherium have been found in the Deseadan Fray Bentos Formation of Uruguay, Muyu Huasi and Nazareno Formations of Bolivia, Cura-Mallín and Río Frías Formations of Chile, and Santa Cruz, Salicas, Ituzaingó, Aisol, Cerro Azul, Cerro Bandera, Cerro Boleadoras, Chichinales, Sarmiento and Collón Curá Formations of Argentina.

The Casamayoran age is a period of geologic time within the Early Eocene epoch of the Paleogene, used more specifically within the South American land mammal age (SALMA) classification. It follows the Itaboraian and precedes the Mustersan age.

The Divisaderan age is a South American land mammal age, covering a period of geologic time within the Middle and Late Eocene epochs of the Paleogene. It follows the Mustersan age and is followed by the Tinguirirican age.

The Tinguirirican age is a period of geologic time within the Late Eocene and Early Oligocene epochs of the Paleogene, used more specifically within the SALMA classification in South America. It follows the Divisaderan and precedes the Deseadan age.

The Deseadan age is a period of geologic time within the Oligocene epoch of the Paleogene to the Early Miocene epoch of the Neogene, used more specifically within the SALMA classification of South America. It follows the Tinguirirican and precedes the Colhuehuapian age.

The Colhuehuapian age is a period of geologic time within the Early Miocene epoch of the Neogene, used more specifically within the SALMA classification in South America. It follows the Deseadan and precedes the Santacrucian age.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Astrapotheriidae</span> Extinct family of mammals

Astrapotheriidae is an extinct family of herbivorous South American land mammals that lived from the Late Eocene to the Middle Miocene 37.71 to 15.98 million years ago. The most derived of the astrapotherians, they were also the largest and most specialized mammals in the Tertiary of South America. There are two sister taxa: Eoastrapostylopidae and Trigonostylopidae.

This paleomammalogy list records new fossil mammal taxa that were described during the year 2010, as well as notes other significant paleomammalogy discoveries and events which occurred during that year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Golfo San Jorge Basin</span>

The Golfo San Jorge Basin is a hydrocarbon-rich sedimentary basin located in eastern Patagonia, Argentina. The basin covers the entire San Jorge Gulf and an inland area west of it, having one half located in Santa Cruz Province and the other in Chubut Province. The northern boundary of the basin is the North Patagonian Massif while the Deseado Massif forms the southern boundary of the basin. The basin has largely developed under condition of extensional tectonics, including rifting.

<i>Hegetotherium</i> Extinct genus of notoungulates

Hegetotherium is an extinct genus of mammals from the Early to Middle Miocene of South America. Fossils of this genus have been found in the Cerro Bandera, Cerro Boleadoras, Chichinales, Collón Curá, Santa Cruz and Sarmiento Formations of Argentina, the Nazareno Formation of Bolivia, and the Galera and Río Frías Formations of Chile.

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<i>Tetramerorhinus</i> Extinct genus of litopterns

Tetramerorhinus is an extinct genus of proterotheriid litoptern that lived during the Early and Middle Miocene in what is now Argentina and Peru.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sarmiento Formation</span> Geologic formation in Chubut Province, Argentina

The Sarmiento Formation, in older literature described as the Casamayor Formation, is a geological formation in Chubut Province, Argentina, in central Patagonia, which spans around 30 million years from the mid-Eocene to the early Miocene. It predominantly consists of pyroclastic deposits, which were deposited in a semi-arid environment. It is divided up into a number of members. The diverse fauna of the Sarmiento Formation, including a variety of birds, crocodilians, turtles and snakes, also includes many mammals such as South American native ungulates as well as armadillos, and caviomorph rodents.

The Chichinales Formation is a geological formation in Río Negro Province, Argentina which dates from the Late Oligocene to the Early Miocene, around 23 to 17.5 million years ago. It predominantly consists of pyroclastic deposits, which were deposited in a semi-arid environment. It is divided up into a number of members. The diverse fauna of the Chichinales Formation, including a variety of turtles and birds, also includes many mammals such as South American native ungulates as well as armadillos, and caviomorph rodents.

Australoprocta is an extinct genus of dasyproctid rodent that lived during the Early Miocene of what is now Argentina. Fossils of this genus have been found in the Chichinales and Sarmiento Formations of Argentina.

<i>Perimys</i> Extinct genus of rodents

Perimys is an extinct genus of neoepiblemid rodent that lived from the Early to Late Miocene in what is now South America. Fossils have been found in the Cerro Bandera, Cerro Boleadoras, Ituzaingó, Santa Cruz, and Sarmiento Formations of Argentina, and the Galera, Santa Cruz and Río Frías Formations of Chile.

<i>Proargyrohyrax</i> Extinct genus of notoungulates

Proargyrohyrax is an extinct genus of interatheriine notoungulates that lived from the Early to Middle Oligocene in what is now Argentina. Fossils of this genus have been found in the Sarmiento Formation of Argentina.

Eoviscaccia is an extinct genus of chinchillid rodent that lived during the Early Oligocene (Tinguirirican) to the Early Miocene (Colhuehuapian) in what is now South America. Fossils of this genus have been found in the Cerro Bandera, Chichinales, Fray Bentos, and Sarmiento Formations of Argentina, the Salla Formation of Bolivia, and the Abanico Formation of Chile.

References

  1. ↑ Ameghino, Florentino (1902). "Première contribution a la connaissance de la faune mammalogique des couches a Colpodon". Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias en Córdoba, República Argentina. 17: 71–141. ISSN   0325-2051.
  2. 1 2 Barrio, Claudio; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Goin, Francisco J. (1989). "Litogénesis y antigüedad de la Formación Chichinales de Paso Córdoba (Río Negro, Argentina)". Actas, IV Congreso Argentino de Paleontología y Bioestratigrafía, Mendoza. 4: 149–156.
  3. ↑ Federico L. Agnolin and Pablo Chafrat (2015). "New fossil bird remains from the Chichinales Formation (Early Miocene) of northern Patagonia, Argentina". Annales de Paléontologie. 101 (2): 87–94. Bibcode:2015AnPal.101...87A. doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2015.02.001.
  4. ↑ Kramarz, Alejandro; Garrido, Alberto; Forasiepi, Analía; Bond, Mariano; Tambussi, Claudia (2005). "Stratigraphy and vertebrates (Aves and Mammalia) from the Cerro Bandera Formation, Early Miocene of Neuquén Province, Argentina". Revista Geológica de Chile . 32 (2). doi: 10.4067/S0716-02082005000200006 .
  5. ↑ Schmidt, Gabriela Ines; Cerdeño, Esperanza; Pino, Santiago Hernández Del (2019-05-31). "Macraucheniidae and Proterotheriidae (Mammalia, Litopterna) from Quebrada Fiera (Late Oligocene), Mendoza Province, Argentina". Andean Geology. 46 (2): 368–382. doi: 10.5027/andgeoV46n2-3109 . ISSN   0718-7106.
  6. 1 2 Soria, Miguel Fernando (1981). "Los Litopterna del Colhuehuapense (Oligoceno tardío) de la Argentina". Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia." (3): 1–54.
  7. 1 2 3 Dozo, M.T.; Vera, B. (2010). "First skull and associated postcranial bones of Macraucheniidae (Mammalia, Litopterna) from the Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene) of Cabeza Blanca (Chubut, Argentina)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (6): 1818–1826. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30.1818D. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.521534. hdl: 11336/93665 . S2CID   86291795.
  8. 1 2 Andrew J. McGrath; Federico Anaya; Darin A. Croft (2018). "Two new macraucheniids (Mammalia: Litopterna) from the late middle Miocene (Laventan South American Land Mammal Age) of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38 (3): e1461632. Bibcode:2018JVPal..38E1632M. doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1461632. S2CID   89881990.
  9. ↑ Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Ferrero, Brenda S. (September 2014). "Taxonomic Reinterpretation of Theosodon hystatus Cabrera and Kraglievich, 1931 (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) and Phylogenetic Relationships of the Family". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (5): 1231–1238. Bibcode:2014JVPal..34.1231S. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.837393. hdl: 11336/18953 . S2CID   86091386.
  10. ↑ Kramarz, Alejandro Gustavo; Paz, Ernesto Rodrigo (2013). "Un Hegetotheriidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) basal del Mioceno temprano de Patagonia". Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas (in Spanish). 30 (1): 186–195. ISSN   1026-8774.
  11. 1 2 Madden, Richard H.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Vucetich, Maria Guiomar; Kay, Richard F. (2010-06-17). "Colhuehuapian rodents from Gran Barranca and other Patagonian localities: the state of the art.". The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-87241-6.
  12. ↑ Madden, Richard H.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Vucetich, Maria Guiomar; Kay, Richard F. (2010-06-17). "Colhuehuapian Astrapotheriidae (Mammalia) from Gran Barranca south of Lake Colhue Huapi.". The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-87241-6.
  13. ↑ G.M López; A.M. Ribeiro; M. Bond (2010). "The Notohippidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Gran Barranca: preliminary considerations". In Richard H. Madden; Alfredo A. Carlini; Maria Guiomar Vucetich; Richard F. Kay (eds.). The Paleontology of Gran Barranca. Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 143–151. ISBN   978-0-521-87241-6.
  14. ↑ Madden, Richard H.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Vucetich, Maria Guiomar; Kay, Richard F. (2010-06-17). "The Leontiniidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from the Sarmiento Formation at Gran Barranca, Chubut Province, Argentina.". The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-87241-6.
  15. 1 2 A. G. Kramarz; M. G. Vucetich; A. A. Carlini; M. R. Ciancio; M. A. Abello; C. M. Deschamps; J. N. Gelfo (2010). "A new mammal fauna at the top of the Gran Barranca sequence and its biochronological significance.". In Richard H. Madden; Alfredo A. Carlini; Maria Guiomar Vucetich; Richard F. Kay (eds.). The Paleontology of Gran Barranca. Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 143–151. ISBN   978-0-521-87241-6.
  16. ↑ Cifelli, Richard; Soria, Miguel Fernando (1983). "Systematics of the Adianthidae (Litopterna, Mammalia)". American Museum Novitates (2771): 1–25. hdl:2246/5255.
  17. ↑ Vera, Bárbara Soledad; Fornasiero, Mariagabriella; Del Favero, Letizia (December 2015). "The Egidio Feruglio's collection in the Museum of Geology and Palaeontology of the University of Padova: its importance to the knowledge of Cenozoic mammals from South America". Museologia Scientifica. 9: 35–44. ISSN   1123-265X.
  18. ↑ Cifelli, Richard L.; Soria, Miguel F. (1983). "Notes on Deseadan Macraucheniidae". Ameghiniana (in Spanish). 20 (1–2): 141–153. ISSN   1851-8044.
  19. ↑ Soria (h), Miguel Fernando; Hoffstetter, Robert (1985). "Pternoconius tournoueri, nueva especie de Macraucheniidae (Mammalia; Litopterna) de edad Colhuehuapense (Oligoceno Tardio); Pcia. Del Chubut, República Argentina". Ameghiniana (in Spanish). 22 (3–4): 149–158. ISSN   1851-8044.
  20. ↑ Cheme-Arriaga, Lucas; Dozo, MarÍa Teresa; Gelfo, Javier N. (2016-11-01). "A new Cramaucheniinae (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) from the early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (6): e1229672. Bibcode:2016JVPal..36E9672C. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1229672. ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   88586687.
  21. ↑ Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Bond, Mariano (2005). "Los Litopterna (Mammalia) de la Formación Pinturas, Mioceno Temprano-Medio de Patagonia". Ameghiniana (in Spanish). 42 (3): 611–625. ISSN   1851-8044.
  22. ↑ Carlini, Alfredo Armando; Ciancio, Martin R.; Scillato-Yané, G. J. (2010). "Middle Eocene-early Miocene Dasypodidae (Xenarthra) of Southern South America, successive faunas in Gran Barranca; Biostratigraphy and Palaeoecology". The Paleontology of Gran Barranca. Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 143–151. ISBN   978-0-521-87241-6.
  23. 1 2 Goin, Francisco J.; Abello, María Alejandra (February 2013). "Los Metatheria Sudamericanos de Comienzos Del Neógeno (Mioceno Temprano, Edad MamÍFero Colhuehuapense): Microbiotheria y Polydolopimorphia". Ameghiniana. 50 (1): 51–78. doi: 10.5710/AMGH.9.11.2012.570 . ISSN   0002-7014.
  24. ↑ Vucetich, M.G.; Dozo, M.T.; Arnal, M.; Pérez, M.E. (2015-02-17). "New rodents (Mammalia) from the late Oligocene of Cabeza Blanca (Chubut) and the first rodent radiation in Patagonia". Historical Biology . 27 (2): 236–257. Bibcode:2015HBio...27..236V. doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.883506. ISSN   0891-2963. S2CID   84157246.
  25. ↑ Arnal, M.; Vucetich, M.G. (2015-01-02). "Revision of the fossil rodent Acaremys Ameghino, 1887 (Hystricognathi, Octodontoidea, Acaremyidae) from the Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina) and the description of a new acaremyid". Historical Biology. 27 (1): 42–59. Bibcode:2015HBio...27...42A. doi: 10.1080/08912963.2013.863881 . ISSN   0891-2963.
  26. ↑ Vucetich, María Guiomar; Kramarz, Alejandro G. (2003-06-17). "New Miocene rodents from Patagonia (Argentina) and their bearing on the early radiation of the octodontoids (Hystricognathi)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 23 (2): 435–444. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2003)023[0435:NMRFPA]2.0.CO;2. ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   85705842.
  27. ↑ Vucetich, M. G.; Verzi, D. H. (1996-06-05). "A peculiar octodontoid (Rodentia, Caviomorpha) with terraced molars from the Lower Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16 (2): 297–302. Bibcode:1996JVPal..16..297V. doi:10.1080/02724634.1996.10011317. ISSN   0272-4634.
  28. ↑ Kramarz, Alejandro Gustavo (2001). "Registro de Eoviscaccia (Rodentia, Chinchillidae) en estratos colhuehuapenses de Patagonia, Argentina". Ameghiniana (in Spanish). 38 (3): 237–242. ISSN   1851-8044.
  29. ↑ Dozo, María T.; Vucetich, María G.; Candela, Adriana M. (2004-03-25). "Skull anatomy and neuromorphology of Hypsosteiromys, a Colhuehuapian erethizontid rodent from Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (1): 228–234. Bibcode:2004JVPal..24..228D. doi:10.1671/18.1. hdl: 11336/103980 . ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   86327308.
  30. ↑ Patterson, B.; Pascual, R. (1968). "New echimyid rodents from the Oligocene of Patagonia, and a synopsis of the family". Breviora . 301: 1–14. ISSN   0006-9698.
  31. ↑ Arnal, Michelle; Kramarz, Alejandro G. (2011-09-01). "First complete skull of an octodontoid (Rodentia, Caviomorpha) from the Early Miocene of South America and its bearing in the early evolution of Octodontoidea". Geobios. 44 (5): 435–444. Bibcode:2011Geobi..44..435A. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2010.12.003. hdl: 11336/69014 . ISSN   0016-6995.
  32. ↑ Álvarez, Alicia; Arnal, Michelle (2015-12-01). "First Approach to the Paleobiology of Extinct Prospaniomys (Rodentia, Hystricognathi, Octodontoidea) Through Head Muscle Reconstruction and the Study of Craniomandibular Shape Variation". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 22 (4): 519–533. doi:10.1007/s10914-015-9291-z. hdl: 11336/19056 . ISSN   1573-7055. S2CID   16937577.
  33. ↑ Busker, Felipe; Pérez, María E.; Dozo, María T. (2019-07-01). "A new chinchilloid (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the early Miocene of the localities of Bryn Gwyn and Gran Barranca (Patagonia, Argentina)". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 18 (5): 525–540. Bibcode:2019CRPal..18..525B. doi: 10.1016/j.crpv.2019.05.003 . ISSN   1631-0683. S2CID   202185808.
  34. ↑ Hershkovitz, Philip (1981-01-31). "Comparative Anatomy of Platyrrhine Mandibular Cheek Teeth dpm4, pm4, m1 with Particular Reference to Those of Homunculus (Cebidae), and Comments on Platyrrhine Origins". Folia Primatologica. 35 (2–3): 179–217. doi:10.1159/000155972. ISSN   0015-5713. PMID   7021372.
  35. ↑ Novo, Nelson M.; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Ruiz, Laureano R. González (2018-11-08). "Previously unknown fossil platyrrhines (Primates) of Patagonia from the Tournouër collection at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris". Geodiversitas. 40 (4): 529–535. doi: 10.5252/geodiversitas2018v40a22 . ISSN   1280-9659.
  36. ↑ Hershkovitz, Philip (1974). "A New Genus of Late Oligocene Monkey (Cebidae, Platyrrhini) with Notes on Postorbital Closure and Platyrrhine Evolution". Folia Primatologica . 21 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1159/000155594. ISSN   0015-5713. PMID   4210697.
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