Coquimbo Formation

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Coquimbo Formation
Stratigraphic range: MiocenePleistocene,
~11–1.2  Ma
Marine terrace 5 (Quaternary - Coquimbo Fm.).jpg
Marine terrace exposing strata of the Coquimbo Formation, at Caleta Los Hornos
Type Geological formation
Underlies Alluvium
Overlies Basement
Thickness~100 m (330 ft)
Lithology
Primary Coquina, sandstone, mudstone
Other Conglomerate, diatomite, limestone, phosphorite, siltstone
Location
Region Coquimbo Region
CountryFlag of Chile.svg  Chile
ExtentUnnamed Cretaceous-Neogene basins
Type section
Named for Coquimbo

The Coquimbo Formation (previously known as Piso de Coquimbo or Coquimbo Stufe) is a littoral, sedimentary, and fossiliferous geological formation that chiefly crops out along the coast of the Coquimbo Region, Chile. It is dated back to the Miocene to Middle Pleistocene. The lithology of the formation comprises sands, sandstones, siltstones, limestones, coquinas, and conglomerates. The strata and facies of the Coquimbo Formation reflect a complex marine depositional history, varying from deep to shallow water paleoenvironments controlled by tectonic events and turbulent, successive changes in sea the level that developed large marine terraces within the strata which is recorded in the form of marine transgressions and regressions.

Contents

The Coquimbo Formation preserves a rich fossil marine assemblage, including molluscs, barnacles, brachiopods, fish, seabirds, and marine mammals such as cetaceans and aquatic ground sloths. As a whole, the paleoenvironments, and paleofauna of the formation have experienced strong changes and successions through time mainly due to large climatic and tectonic events. In both lithology and fossil content the Coquimbo Formation is very similar to other units of South America, such as the Pisco Formation of Peru or Bahía Inglesa Formation of the Atacama Region, which is also found in Chile.

History

The Coquimbo Formation was first noted by naturalist and researcher Charles Darwin during his visit to Chile aboard the HMS Beagle in the 1830s. Darwin observed prominent sedimentary structures (such as cross-stratification on marine terraces) and marine fossils (cetacean bones, shells, shark teeth, among others) of "Tertiary" age at the coast of the Coquimbo Region, approximately more than 322 km (200 mi) northward of the Navidad coast. [1] In 1985, Steinmann G. analized the marine deposits around the Quiriquina Island of Bay of Concepción with observations to other deposits from Chile. He erected the term "Coquimbo Stufe" for the marine sediments along the coast of Coquimbo. [2] Author Rubén Martínez-Pardo noted that ever since the observations made by Darwin, most of the Neogene northern-central marine deposits of Chile have been wrongly referred to this unit. [3] Ramón Moscoso and team in 1982 published a large geologic map focused on the Atacama and Coquimbo regions of Chile, where they, in view of the confusion regarding the designation of the Coquimbo Formation, proposed to reserve the term Coquimbo Formation for the set of marine sediments located along the coastline between 28° and 30° S of the Coquimbo Region. [4]

Culebrón Park

View of outcrops of the Coquimbo Formation at the Culebron Park Coquimbo Formation strata 29 (Parque El Culebron).jpg
View of outcrops of the Coquimbo Formation at the Culebrón Park

Strata of the Coquimbo Formation are largely exposed across creeks and slopes of the Culebrón Park (Parque el Culebrón) of the region. Coquinas, sandstones, and other sediments, as well as abundant fossilized mollusks, can be observed all over the park. Despite the paleontological nature of the site, the Culebrón Park has undergone multiple instances of cleaning-up due to pollution caused by littering, with several areas of the park having become littering spots. [5] [6]

During the summer of 1984, reforestation work at the area of the Culebrón Park lead by the National Forest Corporation (CONAF) revealed two relatively complete and articulated cetacean skeletons in nearby creeks with outcrops of the Coquimbo Formation. The individuals were unearthed within the same stratigraphic context from yellowish sandstones and some coquinas at a depth no greater than 40 cm (16 in), and set apart from each other by approximately 400 m (1,300 ft). Upon the discovery of such remains, the Archaeological Museum of La Serena was contacted in order to manage the fossils. The museum later reached out to the Chilean National Museum of Natural History for further study. [7]

Culebron Park cetaceans photographs.png
Photographs of the two fossil cetacean individuals from the Culebrón Park
Culebron Park cetaceans line.png
Line diagram of the cetaceans

Later in 1988, geologist Patricia Z. Salinas published a brief description of the cetaceans and overall discovery, as well as describing the strata of the Coquimbo Formation in which they were found. As stated by Salinas, the cetaceans could not be recovered and studied due to their fragile preservation and were left in field, where consolidation treatments were applied for their protection, pending the establishment of a local museum. [7] In 1991 researchers Jose Yañez and Jhoann Canto made observations regarding the identification of the cetacean fossils, correcting their taxonomic family. In their brief note, the team also criticized the lack of a more meticulous procedure regarding the report and conservation of these valuable fossils, such as the storage of detailed photographs. [8] Though initially reported as "semifossils" by Salinas despite of their age, [7] Yañez and Canto stated that individuals eventually dissociated in the field preventing attempts for future studies. [8]

In 2021 the Geological Society of Chile formally recognized the Culebrón Park as a geositio (lit. geosite), that is, an important locality of either geological or paleontological value. Documentation and petitions were conducted by at-the-time Geology thesist Benjamín A. Araya, who advocated for the recognition and protection of the Culebrón Park. Although the fossiliferous value of the park and implications for the Coquimbo Formation have been in knowledge for a long time, no recognitions had ever been given before. [9] [10]

Lomas del Sauce

Diagram featuring the cetaceans skeletons found at Lomas del Sauce (yellow, red, and purple) Lomas del Sauce cetaceans diagram.png
Diagram featuring the cetaceans skeletons found at Lomas del Sauce (yellow, red, and purple)

During the year 2013, geological survey was carried out on a land lot near El Sauce avenue of Coquimbo city, about 2.5 km (8,200 ft) southeast of Bahía Herradura, in the context of the real estate project Lomas del Sauce. As the lineaments progressed, abundant fossil material was discovered from fossiliferous coquinas and sandy silt assigned to the Coquimbo Formation when trial pits were performed on terrain. Out of the 10 trial pits, one yielded two or three semi-articulated cetacean skeletons including a partial skull. The fossils from this locality, mostly represented by mollusks shells and partial sea birds and fish remains, were recovered and excavated by grids, covering an area of about 32 m2. Reported material was set out to be stored at the Sala de Colecciones Biológicas of the Catholic University of the North of Coquimbo. [11]

Soil and sediment characterization of the Lomas del Sauce locality was achieved through the modelling of sub-surfaces and stratigraphic columns. Larger fossils, such as the bones of cetaceans, were extracted and secured in field jackets. Throughout the study of the locality, further fossil taxa was discovered, such as the semi-aquatic ground sloth Thalassocnus , which was previously only known from the similar Pisco Formation and Bahía Inglesa Formation. [12] [13] In 2017, the Thalassocnus material was formally described, contributing to the marine mammal record of the Coquimbo Formation. The specimen is now stored within the collections of the Chilean National Museum of Natural History. [14]

Description

The Coquimbo Formation belongs to a discontinuous series of Cretaceous-Neogene sedimentary basins and outcrops of the formation are located across the coasts of the Coquimbo Region, Chile, where multiple marine terraces are exposed. With about 100 m (330 ft) in thickness, the Coquimbo Formation is uncomfortably deposited over mesozoic crystalline basement composed of intrusive rocks. It consists predominantly of yellowish, sometimes phosphatized, sands, sandstones, siltstones, highly bioclastic limestones, coquinas, and conglomerates. [15] [16] [17] At the locality of Carrizalillo and nearby creeks, unusual sedimentary structures are present, derived from strong tidal wave processes and elutriation. [15]

Depositional environment

Marine terrace at Caleta Los Hornos, which follows the sequence from Quebrada Honda Marine terrace 9 (Quaternary - Coquimbo Fm.).jpg
Marine terrace at Caleta Los Hornos, which follows the sequence from Quebrada Honda

Based on the record of foraminiferans at Tongoy, it has been suggested that the deposits at this area were deposited in the lower zone of a continental shelf with relatively warm waters. [3] The sedimentological record from Quebrada Honda preserves data that can reflect two major depositional environments during its history of deposition. Towards the bottom of the sequence, sediments and fossil content (such as cetaceans, brachiopods, bivalves, and gastropods) suggests a low-energy, deep-water marine paleoenvironment with high ecological activity/dynamics. The abundance of phosphorite and marine vertebrates, the contribution of polymictic clasts (of different composition), and angular unconformities from the successive layers of strata of this section, indicates periods of turbulent rising sea levels with the posterior mark of a marine transgression which can also be reflected in the decreasing abundancy of the fossil content towards the roof of the sequence, especially brachiopods. The presence of phosphorite deposits suggests that during the deposition of sediments the environment was subject to marine upwelling, where microorganisms and vertebrate remains precipitated phosphate deposits. Towards the roof the sequence a turbulent deposition can be inferred from the abundant emergence of unconformities as well as conglomerates and coquinas likely derived from the paleofauna of the older, low-energy deposits. These events are interpreted as products from a high energy tsunami or storm tides. Quebrada El Culebrón preserves a similar sedimentological record. [18]

The fossil record of shallow water-based taxa such as Crassostrea , Heterodontus , Incatella or Thalassocnus also suggests a shallow marine environment upon deposition. [19] The foraminiferan fossil assemblage from Bahía de Guanaqueros indicates several changes in sea levels and depositional environments, from neritic to bathyal marine conditions. [20] Constanza A. García in 2019 identified multiple depositional environments during the history of deposition of Quebrada Las Rosas, El Culebrón, and Los Clarines, which were characterized by alternations of marine regressions and transgressions. Many of these depositional environments are reflected in the lithology and taphonomy of fossils, such as coquinas with dissolution of calcareous material or the presence of shallow trace fossils. [21] Diego M. Partarrieu in his 2022 doctorate thesis proposed at least four sedimentary episodes across the localities of Coquimbo, with the two oldest episodes situated in a beach depositional environment, and the two youngest episodes occurring within shallow, intermareal waters. The changes in depositional environments were also followed by rapid faunal turnover and large-scale climatic change. [22]

Taphonomy

The changes in sea level throughout the history of deposition of the Coquimbo Formation have been also important for taphonomic alterations to fossils. At the locality of Quebrada Chañaral the fossils of vertebrates show unusual features such as their nodulization within sediments, iron and phosphate mineralization, and high roundness. In addition, many vertebrate fossils show fragmentation and erosion on their bone surfaces likely originated from long exposure to the environments. These taphonomic features are interpreted as reworking from older fossils that were ultimately deposited in younger sediments due to marine regressions. [23] Similar conditions have reported from other discoveries, such as Thalassocnus from Lomas del Sauce. The specimen was found with most elements in articulation except for the forelimb and pelvis remains, indicating that the skeleton suffered displacement before burial. The in situ unearthing paired with the breaking of some of the bones suggests that these were broken just before or during the burial. Other taphonomic features are reported, such as the development of a phosphatic crust at the bottom of the fossiliferous bed that mineralized most elements, or the attachment of bivalve internal molds and shells onto bones. [14]

Geographic extent

Map indicating the location of the cetaceans from Park El Culebron, in Coquimbo city Culebron Park cetaceans fossil map.png
Map indicating the location of the cetaceans from Park El Culebrón, in Coquimbo city

The Coquimbo Formation is largely deposited along the coasts and creeks of the Coquimbo Region. It can be found outcropping from Tongoy city to Caleta Chañaral (and Chañaral de Aceituno). The latter does not form part of the Coquimbo Region and is instead located at the southernmost extension of the Atacama Region, making this area the northernmost extension of the Coquimbo Formation. [15] [16] [17] In Tongoy, the formation runs across creeks that feature large marine terraces. [17] In Coquimbo, the formation can be traced as far as the Culebrón Park, with a more consistent extent at Quebrada Las Rosas. [24]

Tectonic evolution

In the area of Tongoy, the Coquimbo Formation was deposited in an ancient bay that was formed in a graben or half-graben, with a normal fault dipping east derived from local and regional tectonic movement as recorded in the sedimentary successions and geological structures of this area. The tectonic movement is associated with the subduction of the Juan Fernandez Ridge and a second oceanic plateau which caused the uplifting of the continental crust and changes in the sea level, along with faulting. [17] The marine terraces of the Coquimbo Formation are relatively large sedimentary bodies, and they were carved in these sediments as a result of the Pliocene-Quaternary marine transgressions and regressions that occurred in this area. [3] [17] The marine terrace levels at Coquimbo and La Herradura bays preserve unconformities that indicate that they were periodically resedimented during successive high level-sea tides, which is also supported by the aminostratigraphy of mollusks. [25]

Stratigraphy and age

The Coquimbo Formation was sedimented during the Neogene discordantly covering the basament scarps of the region, most notably the northern sector of La Serena, Carrizalillo. [15] It is subdivided into 16 lithostratigraphic units of coastal marine origin. In ascending order these range from Unit 1 to Unit 16. The lowermost unit belongs to the lower Miocene, with the third-deepest unit dated at 11.9 ± 1.0 Ma. The uppermost unit of the formation is estimated at 1.2 Ma. [17]

It is proposed that the Coquimbo Formation is equivalent to the Bahía Inglesa Formation. Both formations show similarities in sedimentation (such as correlation of lithostratigraphic units) and fossil content, and they could represent distinct units of the same geological formation, pending further analyses. [26] In 2024, Benjamín A. Araya and team proposed a division of the Coquimbo Formation intro three members, characterized as a Lower Member of Tortonian-Messinian age composed of yellowish-gray muds and silts with iron and magnesium nodules, diatomites, and fine-grained sands with intercalations of coquina and phosphate deposits; a Medium Member of Messinian-Zanclean age comprising silty sands, silts, floatstone, and conglomerates; and lastly an Upper Member of Zanclean-Piacenzian age including stratified, sand-grained coquinas that are overlaid by rudstones, coarse-grained sands, and matrix-supported coquinas. [27]

Lithostratigraphy of the Coquimbo Formation from Tongoy [17]
PeriodEpochUnitComposite ageFaciesFossil content (main)
Quaternary Pleistocene 16~1.2 ma.Sandstone, limestone.Balanus sp.
15~1.4±0.5 ma.Conglomerate, calcareous conglomerate, coquina, sandstone, siltstone, mudstone.Balanus sp., bivalves, Acanthina unicornis, Turritella sp.
14~2 ma.Sandstone, siltstone, shale, mudstone.Balanus sp., Ostrea sp., Turritella sp.
Neogene Pliocene 13~4.3 ma.Conglomerate, coquina, sandstone.Cetacean bones, Balanus sp., Ostrea sp., gastropods.
12~5 ma.Coquina, sandstone.Cetacean bones, Balanus sp., Chorus sp., Ostrea sp.
Miocene 11~5.3 ma.Sandstone, clay.Cetacean bones, Carcharodon carcharias teeth, fish scales, Chlamys hupeanus, Chorus sp., Ostrea sp., Balanus sp.
10~6.3 ma.Conglomerate, sandstone.Balanus sp., bivalves, Turritella sp.
9~7.3 ma.Sandstone, siltstone, clay.Not recorded.
8~9±1.0 ma.Conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone.Balanus sp., Ostrea sp., gastropods.
7~9.5 ma.Sandstone, siltstone, shale, clay.Gastropods.
6~10.1 ma.Conglomerate, coquina, sandstone.Balanus sp., Chlamys sp., Crepidula sp., Ostrea sp.
5~10.6 ma.Sandstone, diatomaceous clay, shale.Not recorded.
4~11.2 ma.Tuffaceous and diatomaceous clay, siltstone, sandstone, phosphate pebble bed.Cetacean bones, Cosmopolitodus hastalis teeth, fish scales, sponge spicules, bivalves, gastropods.
3~11.9±1.0 ma.Coquina, conglomerate.Cetacean bones, Balanus sp., Chlamys sp., Mulinia cf. vidali, Ostrea sp., Turritella leptogramma.
2Not recorded.Brecciated sandstone.Not recorded.
1~23?–11 ma.Coquina.Turritella leptogramma.

Paleobiota of the Coquimbo Formation

Restoration of Otodus megalodon along other marine fauna. This shark is an important component of the paleofauna of the Coquimbo Formation and similar units Otodus megalodon in sea restoration.jpg
Restoration of Otodus megalodon along other marine fauna. This shark is an important component of the paleofauna of the Coquimbo Formation and similar units

The paleobiota of the Coquimbo Formation is extensively similar to those of the Bahía Inglesa and Pisco formations, also sharing similar depositional environments. [14] [26] Invertebrates such as molluscs are particularly abundant in the facies of the formation, represented by bivalves and gastropods, and to a lesser extent barnacles. Vertebrates are recurrent faunal components but are usually fragmentary in the record of the Coquimbo Formation, best represented by bird and cetacean remains. Like Bahía and Pisco, fish are well documented, including historically notorious taxa such as the megatoothed Otodus , the extant Carcharodon , and extinct Cosmopolitodus . [28] [19] The semiaquatic ground sloth Thalassocnus was otherwise only known from the Pisco Formation, but its fossil record is now reported from numerous geological units across Miocene-Pliocene deposits of South America including Argentina and Chile, specifically the Coquimbo Formation. [14] [29] During the Pliocene, the coasts of the Coquimbo Region served as nursery areas for Carcharodon carcharias , as evidenced in the high abundancy of juvenile teeth in multiple fossil localities belonging to the Coquimbo Formation. [19]

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxonTaxon falsely reported as presentDubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Algae

Diatoms

GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Actinocyclus A. ellipticusQuebrada Salinas"Shell". [30] A hemidiscacean diatom.
A. octonariusQuebrada Salinas"Shell". [30] A hemidiscacean diatom.
Actinoptychus A. senariusQuebrada Salinas"Shell". [30] A heliopeltacean diatom.
Auliscus A. caelatusQuebrada Salinas"Shell". [30] A triceratiacean diatom.
Coscinodiscus C. divisusQuebrada Salinas"Shell". [30] A coscinodiscacean diatom.
C. oculoiridisQuebrada Salinas"Shell". [30] A coscinodiscacean diatom.
Diploneis D. crabroQuebrada Salinas"Shell". [30] A diploneidacean diatom.
D. pseudobombiformisQuebrada Salinas"Shell". [30] A diploneidacean diatom.
Opephoropsis O. tiltilensisQuebrada Salinas"Shell". [30] A bacillariophycean diatom.
Grammatophora G. angulosaQuebrada Salinas"Shell". [30] A grammatophoracean diatom.
Navicula N. lyraQuebrada Salinas"Shell". [30] A naviculacean diatom.
Plagiogramma P. obesumQuebrada Salinas"Shell". [30] A diatomacean diatom.
Rhaphoneis R. miocenicaQuebrada Salinas"Shell". [30] A rhaphoneidacean diatom.
Paralia P. sulcataQuebrada Salinas"Shell". [30] A paraliacean diatom.
P. coronataQuebrada Salinas"Shell". [30] A paraliacean diatom.

Dictyochales

GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Mesocena M. ellipticaQuebrada Salinas"Shell". [30] A dictyochacean.
Stephanocha S. speculumQuebrada Salinas"Shell". [30] A dictyochacean. Initially reported as Distephanus . [30]

Dinoflagellates

GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Actiniscus A. pentasteriasQuebrada Salinas"Shell". [30] An actiniscacean.

Ebriids

GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Ammodochium A. rectangulareQuebrada Salinas"Shell". [30] An ammodochiacean.
Ebriopsis E. antiquaQuebrada Salinas"Shell". [30] A hermisinacean.

Foraminiferans

GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Ammonia IndeterminateBahía de GuanaquerosNot specified. [20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Buccella IndeterminateBahía de GuanaquerosNot specified. [20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
IndeterminateLos Clarines"Eight tests." [22] A benthonic foraminiferan.
B. peruvianaLos Clarines"Numerous tests." [22] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Buliminella B. elegantissimaBahía de Guanaqueros, Los Clarines"Multiple tests." [22] [20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Cibicides IndeterminateLos Clarines"Three tests." [22] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Cibicidoides C. bradyiBahía de GuanaquerosNot specified. [20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
IndeterminateBahía de GuanaquerosNot specified. [20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Florilus F. grateloupiEl RincónNot specified. [3] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Globigerina G. bulloidesBahía de GuanaquerosNot specified. [20] A planktonic foraminiferan.
G. falconensisBahía de GuanaquerosNot specified. [20] A planktonic foraminiferan.
Globigerinoides G. sicanusEl Rincón"Test". [3] A planktonic foraminiferan.
Globobulimina G. pacificaBahía de GuanaquerosNot specified. [20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Globorotalia IndeterminateBahía de GuanaquerosNot specified. [20] A planktonic foraminiferan.
Gyroidinoides IndeterminateBahía de GuanaquerosNot specified. [20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Hyalinea IndeterminateBahía de GuanaquerosNot specified. [20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Karreriella K. bradyiBahía de GuanaquerosNot specified. [20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Nonionella IndeterminateBahía de GuanaquerosNot specified. [20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
IndeterminateLos Clarines"Multiple tests." [22] A benthonic foraminiferan.
N. aurisLos Clarines"Seven tests." [22] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Orbulina O. suturalisEl Rincón"Test". [3] A planktonic foraminiferan.
Praeorbulina P. transitoriaEl Rincón"Test". [3] A planktonic foraminiferan.
Protoglobobulimina P. pupidesBahía de GuanaquerosNot specified. [20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Pseudononion P. communisBahía de GuanaquerosNot specified. [20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Quinqueloculina Q. incisaBahía de GuanaquerosNot specified. [20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Sigmomorphina IndeterminateBahía de GuanaquerosNot specified. [20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Triloculina T. oblongaBahía de GuanaquerosNot specified. [20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Uvigerina IndeterminateBahía de GuanaquerosNot specified. [20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Virgulinella V. pertusaEl Rincón"Tests". [3] A benthonic foraminiferan.

Invertebrates

Barnacles

GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
cf. Austromegabalanus A. psittacusLomas del SauceNot specified. [12] A balanid barnacle (the giant barnacle).
Balanus B. laevisNot specified."Small shells." [31] A balanid barnacle.
IndeterminateBahía de Tongoy"Partial shells and fragments." [17] A balanid barnacle.
Tesseropora T. chilensisTongoy, Monte Notable, Quebrada Salina-Quebrada Salinita"Shells." [31] A tetraclitid acorn barnacle.
Verruca V. hermiTongoy, Monte Notable, Quebrada Salina-Quebrada Salinita"Shells." [31] A verrucid acorn barnacle.

Bivalves

GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Acar A. pusillaLos Clarines"Valves." [22] An arcid bivalve.
Anadara A. chilensisLomas del Sauce"Valves." [12] [14] [22] An arcid bivalve.
Anomia IndeterminateLomas del SauceNot specified. [12] An anomiid bivalve.
A. peruvianusLomas del Sauce"Internal mold." [22] An anomiid bivalve.
Argopecten A. purpuratusLos Clarines"Multiple valves." [22] A pectinid bivalve.
Brachidontes B. granulatusLos Clarines"Valves." [22] A mytilid bivalve.
IndeterminateLos Clarines"Valves." [22] A mytilid bivalve.
Cardium ?IndeterminateLomas del SauceNot specified. [12] A cardiid bivalve.
cf. "Chlamys""C." simpsoniLomas del Sauce"Five specimens." [22] A pectinid bivalve.
Chlamys C. hupeanusBahía de Tongoy"Partial and complete shells." [17] A pectinid bivalve.
C. simpsoniLomas del SauceNot specified. [12] A pectinid bivalve.
C. vidaliTongoy, Monte Notable, Quebrada Salina-Quebrada Salinita"Shells and valves." [31] A pectinid bivalve.
IndeterminateBahía de Tongoy"Shells." [17] A pectinid bivalve.
Choromytilus C. chorusLos Clarines"Shell and valves." [22] A mytilid bivalve.
Crassostrea C. transitoriaQuebrada Honda, Lomas del Sauce"Valves." [18] [12] [22] An ostreid bivalve.
IndeterminateLomas del Sauce, Los Clarines"Numerous valves." [22] An ostreid bivalve.
Cucullaea ?IndeterminateLomas del SauceNot specified. [12] A cucullaeid bivalve.
Cyclocardia cf. C. compressaLos Clarines"Valves." [22] An carditid bivalve.
Dietotenhosen D. hupeanusCoquimbo, Punta Teatinos, La Serena, Quebrada de Tongoy, Quebrada Romeral, Quebrada Lagunillas, Quebrada Honda"Multiple right and left valves." [32] A pectinid bivalve.
D. remondiCoquimbo, Estancia Tangue (Bahía de Tongoy), Punta Teatinos, Quebrada Herradura, Quebrada Honda"Several right and left valves." [32] A pectinid bivalve.
Ensis E. machaLomas del Sauce, Los Clarines"Partial internal molds and shells." [22] A pharid bivalve.
Eurhomalea E. cf. lenticularisLos Clarines"Multiple valves." [22] A venerid bivalve.
IndeterminateLomas del Sauce"Multiple valve." [22] A venerid bivalve.
Leukoma L. antiquaLos Clarines"Two valves." [22] A venerid bivalve.
L. thacaLos Clarines"One valve." [22] A venerid bivalve.
IndeterminateLos Clarines"One valve." [22] A venerid bivalve.
cf. Mactra IndeterminateLomas del Sauce"Molds." [22] A mactrid bivalve.
cf. M. aucaLomas del SauceNot specified. [12] A mactrid bivalve.
Mesodesma M. donaciumLos Clarines"Valves." [22] An mesodesmatid bivalve.
Monia M. alternansLomas del Sauce"Seven specimens." [22] An anomiid bivalve.
Mulinia IndeterminateBahía Herradura, Bahía Coquimbo"Shells." [25] A mactrid bivalve.
IndeterminateLos Clarines"Single specimen." [22] A mactrid bivalve.
M. edulisLos Clarines"Multiple valves." [22] A mactrid bivalve.
cf. M. vidaliBahía de Tongoy"Thick shells." [17] A mactrid bivalve.
cf. Nucula IndeterminateLomas del Sauce"Two specimens." [12] [22] A nuculid bivalve.
Ostrea IndeterminateBahía de Tongoy"Partial shells." [17] An ostreid bivalve.
Panopea P. coquimbensisLomas del Sauce"Internal molds." [12] [22] A hiatellid bivalve.
Perumytilus P. purpuratusLos Clarines"One valve." [22] A mytilid bivalve.
Petricola P. cf. rugosaLos Clarines"One valve." [22] A venerid bivalve.
Pododesmus P. alternansLomas del SauceNot specified. [12] An anomiid bivalve.
Protothaca IndeterminateBahía Herradura, Bahía Coquimbo"Shells." [25] A venerid bivalve.
Retrotapes R. exalbidusCoquimbo"Shells and valves." [33] A venerid bivalve.
R. lenticularisGuayacán, Tongoy, Quebrada Chañaral"Valves and hinges." [33] A venerid bivalve.
cf. R. cleryanusLomas del SauceNot specified. [12] A venerid bivalve.
cf. R. eunippeLomas del SauceNot specified. [12] A venerid bivalve.
IndeterminateLomas del SauceNot specified. [12] A venerid bivalve.
Semele S. solidaLos Clarines"Single valve." [22] A semelid bivalve.
IndeterminateLos Clarines"Single specimen." [22] A semelid bivalve.
Solen IndeterminateLomas del SauceNot specified. [12] A solenid bivalve.
Tagelus T. dombeiiLomas del Sauce"Valves and molds." [12] [22] A solecurtid bivalve.
cf. Tellina IndeterminateLomas del Sauce"Multiple specimens with shells and molds." [12] [22] A tellinid bivalve.
Trachycardium T. procerumLomas del Sauce, Los Clarines"Molds." [22] A tellinid bivalve.
Zygochlamys IndeterminateLomas del Sauce"One specimen." [22] A pectinid bivalve.
cf. Z. coquimbensisLos Clarines"Valves." [22] A pectinid bivalve.
cf. Z. hupeanusLomas del Sauce"Valves." [12] [22] A pectinid bivalve.
cf. Z. vidaliLomas del Sauce, Los Clarines"Valves." [12] [22] A pectinid bivalve.
cf. Z. simpsoniQuebrada Honda"Shell." [18] A pectinid bivalve.

Brachiopods

GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Brachiopoda indet.IndeterminateQuebrada Honda"Fragmented shells." [18] A brachiopod.
Magellania M. macrostomaLomas del SauceNot specified. [12] A terebratellid brachiopod.

Decapods

GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Decapoda indet.IndeterminateBahía de Guanaqueros"Chelae." [20] A decapod.

Gastropods

GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Acanthina A. unicornisBahía de Tongoy, Lomas del Sauce, Los Clarines"Shells." [17] [22] A muricid gastropod.
A. monodonLomas del SauceNot specified. [12] A muricid gastropod.
cf. A. katziQuebrada El Culebrón"Shell." [18] A muricid gastropod.
Aeneator ?A. cleryanusLomas del Sauce"Multiple shells with internal molds." [12] [22] A buccinid gastropod.
Chlorostoma C. cf. atrumLos Clarines"Partial shells." [22] A tegulid gastropod.
Chorus C. blainvilleiQuebrada El Culebrón, Lomas del Sauce, Los Clarines"Multiple shells." [18] [12] [22] A muricid gastropod.
C. cf. covacevichiLos Clarines"Two shells." [22] A muricid gastropod.
C. dorialisQuebrada El Culebrón, Lomas del Sauce"Shells." [18] [12] [22] A muricid gastropod.
C. grandisLomas del Sauce"Five shells." [12] [14] [22] A muricid gastropod.
C. giganteusLos Clarines"Fifteen shells." [22] A muricid gastropod.
IndeterminateBahía de Tongoy, Lomas del Sauce, Los Clarines"Partial and complete shells." [17] [12] [22] A muricid gastropod.
cf. Cirsotrema C. magellanicumLos Clarines"Two shells." [22] A turritellid gastropod.
Concholepas C. concholepasLos Clarines"Three shells." [22] A muricid gastropod.
Crassilabrum C. crassilabrumLos Clarines"Eight shells." [22] A muricid gastropod.
Crepidula IndeterminateBahía de Tongoy"Shell fragments." [17] A calyptraeid gastropod.
Crepipatella C. dilataLos Clarines"Multiple shells." [22] A calyptraeird gastropod.
Felicioliva F. peruvianaLomas del Sauce"Multiple shells and internal molds." [22] An olivid gastropod.
Fissurella IndeterminateLos Clarines"Two shells." [22] A fissurellid gastropod.
Fusinus cf. F. remondiQuebrada El Culebrón"Shell." [18] A fasciolariid gastropod.
Herminespina H. mirabilisLos Clarines"One shell." [22] A muricid gastropod.
H. philippiiLos Clarines"Twelve shells." [22] A muricid gastropod.
Incatella IndeterminateLomas del Sauce"Shells." [12] [22] A turritellid gastropod.
I. cingulataLos Clarines"Five shells." [22] A turritellid gastropod.
I. cingulatiformisLos Clarines"Fifteen shells." [22] A turritellid gastropod.
Nassarius IndeterminateLos Clarines"Three shells." [22] A buccinid gastropod.
cf. Neverita IndeterminateLomas del Sauce"Partial internal mold." [12] [22] A naticid gastropod.
Oliva O. peruvianaLomas del SauceNot specified. [12] An olivid gastropod.
IndeterminateLomas del SauceNot specified. [12] An olivid gastropod.
Prisogaster P. nigerLomas del Sauce, Los Clarines"Several shells." [22] A turbinid gastropod.
Rissoina R. incaLos Clarines"Two shells." [22] A naticid gastropod.
Trochita T. trochiformisLomas del Sauce, Los Clarines"Multiple shells." [22] A calyptraeird gastropod.
IndeterminateLos ClarinesA calyptraeird gastropod.
Turritella T. leptogrammaBahía de Tongoy"Shells and coquinas." [17] A turritellid gastropod.
IndeterminateBahía de Tongoy"Shells." [17] A turritellid gastropod.
Xanthochorus cf. X. cassidiformisQuebrada El Culebrón"Single shell." [18] A muricid gastropod.

Invertebrate traces

GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Macaronichnus M. segregatusBahía de Tongoy"Small and sinuous burrows." [17] Invertebrate trace fossil.
Ophiomorpha IndeterminateBahía de Tongoy"Burrows." [17] Invertebrate trace fossil.
Skolithos IndeterminateBahía de Tongoy"Burrows." [17] Invertebrate trace fossil.
Thalassinoides IndeterminateBahía de Tongoy"Burrows." [17] Invertebrate trace fossil.

Ostracods

GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Ostracoda indet.IndeterminateBahía de GuanaquerosNot specified. [20] An ostracod.

Vertebrates

Birds

GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Diomedeidae indet.IndeterminateChañaral de Aceituno"Partial right tarsometatarsus." [34] An albatross.
Eudyptes ?IndeterminateLomas del SauceNot specified. [12] A penguin.
Eudyptes chrysolophus Smit.jpg
cf. Palaeospheniscus IndeterminateLa Cantera"Partial right humerus." [35] A penguin.
Phalacrocorax IndeterminateLomas del Sauce"Fragmentary left femur". [11] [12] A cormorant.
Aalscholver Phalacrocorax carbo Jos Zwarts 2.tif
Spheniscidae indet.IndeterminateLa Cantera"Synsacrum fragment." [35] A penguin.
Spheniscus IndeterminateBahía de Carrizalillo, Chañaral de AceitunoNot specified. [34] [36] A penguin.
HumboldtPenguinLyd.jpg

Cetaceans

GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Balaenopteridae indet.IndeterminateLomas del Sauce"Two partial skeletons and a single skull." [12] A baleen whale.
IndeterminateBahía de Carrizalillo"Isolated and sometimes articulated remains." [36] A baleen whale.
Balaenidae indet.IndeterminateParque El Culebrón"Two partial skeletons with skulls." [8] A baleen whale. Formerly interpreted as balaenopterid whale remains. [7] Reported material was not collected. [8]
Balaenidae indet. (Coquimbo Fm) Restoration.png
Cetacea indet.IndeterminatePuerto de Coquimbo"Four dorsal vertebrae." [37] A whale.
Cetotheriidae indet.IndeterminateQuebrada Carrizalillo"Single basicranium." [38] A baleen whale.
IndeterminateBahía de Carrizalillo"Isolated and sometimes articulated remains." [36] A baleen whale.
Plesiobalaenoptera P. hubachiBahía Herradura de Guayacán"Nearly complete skeleton." [39] A baleen whale. Formation of origin not stated, but it is likely the Coquimbo Formation. [40] Previously known as "Megaptera", the species is not related to Megaptera , [41] and is now assigned to Plesiobalaenoptera. [42]
Plesiobalaenoptera hubachi Restoration.png
Pliopontos IndeterminateBahía Herradura"Partial vertebral column and ribs." [43] A toothed whale.
Squalodon ?IndeterminateLa Herradura"Vertebrae and ribs." [44] [45] A toothed whale. Formerly interpreted as Delphinus sp. [44]
Squalodon BW.jpg

Fish

Bony fish
GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Carangidae indet.IndeterminateBahía de Carrizalillo"Mostly vertebrae." [36] A carangid fish.
Elasmobranchii indet.IndeterminateBahía de Guanaqueros"Teeth." [20] An elasmobranch fish.
Sparus cf. S. aurataLomas del SauceNot specified. [12] A sea bream fish (the gilt-head bream).
Sparus aurata (Alarconmaria3).png
Teleostei indet.IndeterminateBahía de Guanaqueros"Teeth." [20] A teleost fish.
Thunnus IndeterminateEl Rincón"Single caudal vertebra." [46] A scombrid fish.
Thunnus thynnus.jpg

Eels

GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Genypterus IndeterminateBahía de CarrizalilloNot specified. [36] An ophidiid eel.
Genypterus blacodes.jpg
Rays
GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Aetobatus IndeterminateEl Rincón"Lower dental plate." [46] A myliobatid ray.
Aetobatus narinari ilustr.jpg
Aetomylaeus IndeterminateQuebrada Honda"Dental plates." [47] A myliobatid ray.
Pteromylaeus asperrimus.jpg
Dasyatis IndeterminateLomas del Sauce"Ten teeth." [22] A dasyatid ray.
Dasyatis bennettii by jordan and richardson.png
Dipturus IndeterminateBahía de CarrizalilloNot specified. [36] A rajid ray.
Dipturus oxyrinchus.jpg
Myliobatis IndeterminateLa Cantera Baja, Lomas del Sauce"Six teeth." [12] [24] A myliobatid ray.
Myliobatis aquila sasraja.jpg
Sharks
GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Carcharhinus IndeterminateLa Cantera Baja, La Cantera"Three teeth." [24] A carcharhinid shark.
Dusky shark (Duane Raver).png
Carcharodon C. carchariasBahía de Tongoy, Bahía de Carrizalillo, Caleta Chañaral, La Cantera Baja, La Herradura, Lomas del Sauce, Quebrada Camarones, Quebrada El Culebrón, Quebrada Las Rosas."Multiple teeth." [17] [12] [24] [19] [36] A large lamnid shark (the great white shark).
White shark illustration.png
C. plicatilisEl Rincón"Upper lateral tooth." [24] A lamnid shark.
aff. Centroselachus IndeterminateBahía de CarrizalilloNot specified. [36] A somniosid shark.
Centroscymnus crepidater 1892.jpg
Cetorhinus C. maximusEl Rincón"Single tooth." [46] A cetorhinid shark (the basking shark).
Britannica Shark Basking Shark.png
IndeterminateBahía de CarrizalilloNot specified. [36] A cetorhinid shark.
Cosmopolitodus C. hastalisBahía de Tongoy, Bahía de Carrizalillo"Teeth." [17] [36] A lamnid shark.
Galeorhinus G. galeusLomas del SauceNot specified. [12] A triakid shark (the school shark).
Galeorhinus galeus.jpg
IndeterminateBahía de CarrizalilloNot specified. [36] A triakid shark.
Heterodontus ex. gr. H. francisciLomas del SauceNot specified. [12] A heterodontid shark.
H. francisci?Lomas del Sauce, Los Clarines, Quebrada Camarones"Numerous teeth." [28] A heterodontid shark (the horn shark).
Heterodontus francisci SI.jpg
Hexanchus cf. H. griseusLa Cantera Baja, Lomas del Sauce, Quebrada el Culebrón, Quebrada Las Rosas"Six teeth." [12] [24] A hexanchid shark (the bluntnose sixgill shark).
Hexanchus gris.JPG
IndeterminateBahía de CarrizalilloNot specified. [36] A hexanchid shark.
Isurus cf. I. oxyrinchusCaleta Chañaral, Caleta Los Hornos, La Herradura"Four teeth." [24] A lamnid shark.
I. oxyrinchusLomas del Sauce"Single tooth." [22] A lamnid shark (shortfin mako).
Isurus oxyrinchus.jpg
Lamniformes indet.IndeterminateLomas del SauceNot specified. [12] A mackerel shark.
Odontaspis O. feroxLa Cantera Baja"Lateral tooth." [24] An odontaspidid shark.
Odontaspis ferox (Smalltooth sand tiger).gif
Otodus O. megalodonPunta de Choros, Quebrada El Culebrón, Quebrada Chañaral de Aceitunas"Four teeth." [24] A giant otodontid shark (the megalodon). Formerly identified as Carcharocles . [24]
Otodus megalodon restoration.png
Prionace P. glaucaBahía de CarrizalilloNot specified. [36] A carcharhinid shark (the blue shark).
Prionace glauca nmfs.jpg
Pristiophorus Indeterminate.Bahía de Carrizalillo, La Cantera Baja, La Herradura, Lomas del Sauce, Quebrada Las Rosas"Several teeth." [12] [24] [36] A sawshark.
Pristiophorus cirratus.jpg
Squalus IndeterminateBahía de CarrizalilloNot specified. [36] A squalid shark.
Spiny dogfish (Duane Raver).png
Squatina IndeterminateLomas del Sauce"Six teeth." [22] A hexanchid shark.
Squatina squatina.jpg

Seals

GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Otariidae indet.IndeterminateBahía de Carrizalillo"Right dentary." [36] An otariid seal.

Sloths

GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Thalassocnus T. carolomartiniLomas del Sauce"Partial postcranial skeleton lacking skull." [14] A nothrotheriid ground sloth.
Thalassocnus carolomartini Restoration.png
IndeterminateBahía de Carrizalillo"Isolated remains." [36] A nothrotheriid ground sloth.

See also

References

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