Hurricane Pali

Last updated

Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

In late December 2015, a long-lived and powerful westerly wind burst—a feature commonly associated with strong El Niño events—triggered the formation of Tropical Depression Nine-C in the central North Pacific, along with its twin, Tropical Cyclone Ula, in the central South Pacific. Tropical Depression Nine-C quickly dissipated by the start of 2016, leaving behind a large area of moisture across the equatorial Pacific. [1] [11] [12] The persistent, powerful westerly wind burst spurred cyclogenesis within a persistent, low-latitude, west-to-east-oriented surface trough that spanned between 1.0°N and 3.0°N latitude as far east as 155.0°W longitude, resulting in the formation of a weak area of low pressure on January 6, at the extremely low latitude of 1.9°N. [1] The disturbance developed in an area of high wind shear, which kept the system from quickly organizing. The low and the trough drifted northward, as the subtropical ridge spanning the region was significantly weakened by a passing extratropical storm in the North Pacific. Deep convection then developed near the low and also along a broad portion of the trough; however, thunderstorms failed to concentrate around the center of the disturbance. Fueled by unusually high sea surface temperatures, estimated at 29.5 °C (85.1 °F), deep convection increased and gradually organized around the low, and the system gradually coalesced into a tropical depression by 06:00 UTC on January 7, at a latitude of 3.3°N. This marked the earliest formation of a tropical cyclone on record in the Central Pacific, surpassing 1989's Tropical Storm Winona by six days. [8] A ridge aloft centered directly above the system enhanced its poleward anticyclonic outflow, enabling the development of deep convection around its center, and soon afterward, the system strengthened into a tropical storm, which received the name Pali, becoming the earliest tropical cyclone recorded in the northeastern Pacific. [1] [15]

Pali continued intensifying through the first half of January 8 and nearly reached Category 1 hurricane strength, with maximum 1-minute sustained winds reaching 70 mph (110 km/h), but easterly vertical wind shear caused by the ridge aloft increased and disrupted its center, causing the storm to start weakening and curve northwestward. [1] Steady weakening continued through January 9, as Pali's deep convection was displaced to the west of its low-level circulation center and intermittently pulsed, later leading to a sharp decrease in the storm's intensity. [1] By the end of that day, Pali barely maintained tropical storm strength, with the storm's 1-minute sustained winds registering at 40 mph (65 km/h). The lack of persistent deep convection resulted in Pali being a weaker system, but this permitted the storm to be more resistant to the easterly wind shear, causing its forward motion to decrease significantly. [1] The ridge of high pressure weakened and retreated southward on January 10, which caused the vertical wind shear to gradually diminish. Afterward, Pali started re-intensifying, with persistent deep convection redeveloping near its center and within the storm's western quadrant. This shift in steering currents also caused Pali to slowly turn eastward. Pali almost completely stalled during this time, due to the absence of significant steering currents. [1] On January 11, the ridge of high pressure moved directly over Pali, leading to the reestablishment of poleward outflow above the storm and the eventual development of southwesterly flow aloft, enabling the storm's convection to slowly increase in coverage and organization within all quadrants, and also establishing a northeastward movement. [1] At 00:00 UTC on January 12, light vertical wind shear and high sea surface temperatures enabled Pali to strengthen into a Category 1 hurricane, becoming the earliest hurricane on record in the northeast Pacific basin, beating the previous record set by Hurricane Ekeka in 1992, by 19 days. Around the same time, the storm began curving towards the southeast, as a deep ridge developed to the north. The storm also displayed a well-defined eye by 18:00 UTC that day. [1] Pali continued strengthening while travelling southward, and early on January 13, Pali reached its peak intensity as a Category 2 hurricane, with maximum 1-minute sustained winds of 100 mph (155 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 978 millibars (28.9 inHg). [1] [16]

During the next few days, Pali rapidly weakened while turning back towards the south-southwest, due to steady increases in southerly vertical wind shear and the loss of Coriolis force. The storm's weakening trend began on January 13 and accelerated through the next day, as Pali moved back towards the area from where it had formed. The storm's eye became indistinguishable by 06:00 UTC on January 13, as the system continued to weaken. [1] Vertical wind shear exceeded 25 mph (40 km/h) by early January 14. Further decay in the organization of the storm's deep convection caused Pali to be downgraded into a remnant low late on January 14, with the system barely being distinguishable within the surface trough where it had spent its entire life, [1] [17] and the storm's center dissipated by 00:00 UTC on January 15. However, Pali's remnants continued to persist for a while, before dissipating later that day. [18] [19] Pali completed a broad and looping track, dissipating approximately 50 nmi (58 mi; 93 km) from where it had initially developed. [1] While weakening, Pali reached a minimum latitude of 2.6°N, making it the second-lowest latitude tropical cyclone on record in the Western Hemisphere, behind Tropical Depression Nine-C, which attained a minimum latitude of 2.2°N just two weeks prior. [1] [11] [12]

Impacts

In the 19th session of the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO)'s Tropical Cyclone Committee, in July 2021, Kiribati reported that Hurricane Pali had severe impacts in Kiribati. While Pali caused a significant amount of property damage, the exact amount of damage was not given in the report to the WMO. [2] Pali caused a cargo ship to run aground on the coast of Kiribati, killing four people. [3] Additionally, Pali's storm surge combined with the Spring Tide and the El Niño-induced above-average sea level, producing major coastal flooding in Kiribati, which caused significant damage to the island nation's coastal infrastructure. [4] [20]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ All values for sustained wind estimates are sustained over 1 minute, unless otherwise specified.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2003 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2003 Pacific hurricane season was the first season to feature no major hurricanes – storms of Category 3 intensity or higher on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS) – since 1977. The season officially began on May 15, 2003 in the Eastern Pacific, and on June 1 in the Central; both ended on November 30. These dates, adopted by convention, historically describe the period in each year when most tropical cyclogenesis occurs in these regions of the Pacific. The season would feature 16 tropical storms, 7 of which would intensifiy into hurricanes, which was then considered an average season. Damage across the basin reached US$129 million, and 23 people were killed by the storms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2002 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2002 Pacific hurricane season was a near–average season which produced fifteen named storms. Eight hurricanes formed, including three Category 5 hurricanes, which tied for the most in a season with 1994 and 2018. The season would be a near-average season in terms of accumulated cyclone energy (ACE), having an ACE of 125. The season officially began on May 15 in the East Pacific Ocean, and on June 1 in the Central Pacific, with both basins ending on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Pacific basin. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible any time of the year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1997 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 1997 Pacific hurricane season was a very active hurricane season. With hundreds of deaths and hundreds of millions of dollars in damage, this was one of the deadliest and costliest Pacific hurricane seasons on record. This was due to the exceptionally strong 1997–98 El Niño event. The season officially started on May 15, in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when almost all tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1992 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 1992 Pacific hurricane season is the most active Pacific hurricane season on record, featuring 27 named storms. The season also produced the second-highest ACE value on record in the basin, only surpassed by the 2018 season. The 1992 season officially started on May 15 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. However, these bounds were easily exceeded when Hurricane Ekeka formed on January 28 and again a couple months later with Tropical Storm Hali.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1990 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 1990 Pacific hurricane season was a very active season which observed 21 named storms within the basin. The season also produced the fourth highest ACE index value on record. The season was officially started on May 15 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year, as illustrated in 1990 by the formation of the season's first named storm, Hurricane Alma, on May 12. At the time, this was the earliest formation of a tropical storm on record in the eastern Pacific

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1989 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 1989 Pacific hurricane season was a near normal season. It officially started on May 15, 1989, in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 1989, in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1989. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. A total of 18 storms and 9 hurricanes formed, which was near long-term averages. Four hurricanes reached major hurricane status on the Saffir–Simpson scale.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2010 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2010 Pacific hurricane season was the least active Pacific hurricane season on record, tied with 1977. The season had the second-fewest ACE units on record, as many of the storms were weak and short-lived. Additionally, the season saw only 3 of the named storms strengthen into hurricanes. Of those, 2 became major hurricanes, and 1, Celia, reached Category 5 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson scale. However, despite the inactivity, it became the Third-costliest Pacific hurricane season of all time, mostly due to Agatha. The season officially began on May 15 in the eastern North Pacific and on June 1 in the central North Pacific. It ended in both regions on November 30. These dates, adopted by convention, historically describe the period in each year when most tropical cyclogenesis occurs in these regions of the Pacific. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year, as evidenced by the formation of Tropical Storm Omeka on December 19.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2011 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2011 Pacific hurricane season was a below average season in terms of named storms, although it had an above average number of hurricanes and major hurricanes. During the season, 13 tropical depressions formed along with 11 tropical storms, 10 hurricanes and 6 major hurricanes. The season officially began on May 15 in the East Pacific Ocean, and on June 1 in the Central Pacific; they both ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Pacific basin. The season's first cyclone, Hurricane Adrian formed on June 7, and the last, Hurricane Kenneth, dissipated on November 25.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2012 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2012 Pacific hurricane season was a moderately active Pacific hurricane season that saw an unusually high number of tropical cyclones pass west of the Baja California Peninsula. The season officially began on May 15 in the eastern Pacific Ocean, and on June 1 in the central Pacific (from 140°W to the International Date Line, north of the equator; they both ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in these regions of the Pacific Ocean. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year. This season's first system, Tropical Storm Aletta, formed on May 14, and the last, Tropical Storm Rosa, dissipated on November 3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Kenneth (2005)</span> Category 4 Pacific hurricane in 2005

Hurricane Kenneth was the strongest and longest-tracked hurricane of the 2005 Pacific hurricane season. The eleventh named storm and fifth hurricane of the season, Kenneth developed from a disturbance in the Intertropical Convergence Zone to the southwest of Mexico on September 14. It quickly attained peak winds of 135 mph (217 km/h) on September 18, before weakening due to increased wind shear and turning to a southwest drift. After weakening to tropical storm status, Kenneth attained a steady west-northwest motion and encountered favorable enough conditions for it to gain power and attain hurricane status on September 25. The cyclone again weakened as its motion halted, and on September 30 Kenneth dissipated a short distance off the Big Island of Hawaii. The remnants of Kenneth produced one of the highest rainfall totals in Hawaii, reaching up to 12 inches (300 mm) on Oahu. The rainfall caused flooding, though no major damage was reported.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2006 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2006 Pacific hurricane season was the first above-average season since 1997 which produced twenty-five tropical cyclones, with nineteen named storms, though most were rather weak and short-lived. Only eleven hurricanes formed and six major hurricanes. Following the inactivity of the previous seasons, forecasters predicted that season would be only slightly above active. It was also the first time since 2003 in which one cyclone of at least tropical storm intensity made landfall. The season officially began on May 15 in the East Pacific Ocean, and on June 1 in the Central Pacific; they ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Pacific basin. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Ekeka</span> Category 3 Pacific hurricane in 1992

Hurricane Ekeka was the most intense off-season tropical cyclone on record in the northeastern Pacific basin. The first storm of the 1992 Pacific hurricane season, Ekeka developed on January 28 well to the south of Hawaii. It gradually intensified to reach major hurricane status on February 2, although it subsequently began to weaken due to unfavorable high wind shear. It crossed the International Date Line as a weakened tropical storm, and shortly thereafter degraded to tropical depression status. Ekeka continued westward, passing through the Marshall Islands and later over Chuuk State, before dissipating on February 9 about 310 miles (500 km) off the north coast of Papua New Guinea. The storm did not cause any significant damage or deaths.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2009 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2009 Pacific hurricane season was the most active Pacific hurricane season since 1997. The season officially started on May 15 in the East Pacific Ocean, and on June 1 in the Central Pacific; they both ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Eastern Pacific tropical cyclone basin; however, tropical cyclone formation is possible at any time of the year. The first system of the season, Tropical Depression One-E, developed on June 18, and the last, Hurricane Neki, dissipated on October 27, keeping activity well within the bounds of the season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2013 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2013 Pacific hurricane season was the first to see twenty named storms since 2009 but also had the ninth fewest ACE units on record, as many of the storms were weak and short-lived. The season officially began on May 15 in the Eastern Pacific and started on June 1 in the Central Pacific; both ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form east of the International Dateline in the North Pacific basin. The first cyclone, Tropical Storm Alvin, formed on May 15, and the last, Tropical Storm Sonia, dissipated on November 4.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2015 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2015 Pacific hurricane season is the second-most active Pacific hurricane season on record, with 26 named storms, only behind the 1992 season. A record-tying 16 of those storms became hurricanes, and a record 11 storms further intensified into major hurricanes throughout the season. The Central Pacific, the portion of the Northeast Pacific Ocean between the International Date Line and the 140th meridian west, had its most active year on record, with 16 tropical cyclones forming in or entering the basin. Moreover, the season was the third-most active season in terms of accumulated cyclone energy, amassing a total of 290 units. The season officially started on May 15 in the Eastern Pacific and on June 1 in the Central Pacific; they both ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Northeast Pacific basin. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year. This was shown when a tropical depression formed on December 31. The above-average activity during the season was attributed in part to the very strong 2014–16 El Niño event.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2016 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2016 Pacific hurricane season was tied as the fifth-most active Pacific hurricane season on record, alongside the 2014 season. Throughout the course of the year, a total of 22 named storms, 13 hurricanes and six major hurricanes were observed within the basin. Although the season was very active, it was considerably less active than the previous season, with large gaps of inactivity at the beginning and towards the end of the season. It officially started on May 15 in the Eastern Pacific, and on June 1 in the Central Pacific ; they both ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in these regions of the Pacific Ocean. However, tropical development is possible at any time of the year, as demonstrated by the formation of Hurricane Pali on January 7, the earliest Central Pacific tropical cyclone on record. After Pali, however, no tropical cyclones developed in either region until a short-lived depression on June 6. Also, there were no additional named storms until July 2, when Tropical Storm Agatha formed, becoming the latest first-named Eastern Pacific tropical storm since Tropical Storm Ava in 1969.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Sandra (2015)</span> Category 4 Pacific hurricane in 2015

Hurricane Sandra was the latest-forming major hurricane in the northeastern Pacific basin, the strongest Pacific hurricane on record in November, and the record eleventh major hurricane of the 2015 Pacific hurricane season. Originating from a tropical wave, Sandra was first classified as a tropical depression on November 23 well south of Mexico. Environmental conditions, including high sea surface temperatures and low wind shear, were highly conducive to intensification and the storm quickly organized. A small central dense overcast developed atop the storm and Sandra reached hurricane status early on November 25 after the consolidation of an eye. Sandra reached its peak intensity as a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale with winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) and a pressure of 934 mbar early on November 26. Thereafter, increasing shear degraded the hurricane's structure and weakening ensued. Rapid weakening took place on November 27 and Sandra's circulation became devoid of convection as it diminished to a tropical storm that evening. The cyclone degenerated into a remnant low soon thereafter and ultimately dissipated just off the coast of Sinaloa, Mexico, on November 29.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2018 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2018 Pacific hurricane season was one of the most active Pacific hurricane seasons on record, producing the highest accumulated cyclone energy value on record in the basin. The season had the fourth-highest number of named storms – 23, tied with 1982. The season also featured eight landfalls, six of which occurred in Mexico. The season officially began on May 15 in the Eastern Pacific, and on June 1 in the Central Pacific; they both ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Pacific basin. However, tropical cyclone formation is possible at any time of the year, as illustrated when the first tropical depression formed on May 10, five days prior to the official start of the season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2020 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2020 Pacific hurricane season was a near average Pacific hurricane season in terms of named storms, featuring 17, but well below average season for hurricanes and major hurricanes, with only 4 hurricanes and 3 major hurricanes forming. Additionally, no tropical cyclones formed in the Central Pacific basin for the first time since 2017. The season officially began on May 15 in the East Pacific Ocean, and on June 1 in the Central Pacific (from 140°W to the International Date Line, north of the equator; they both ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the respective regions. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year, as illustrated in 2020 by the formation of the season's first system, Tropical Depression One-E, on April 25. This was the earliest formation of a tropical cyclone on record in the eastern Pacific basin proper. The final system of the season was Tropical Storm Polo, which dissipated on November 19.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2021 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2021 Pacific hurricane season was a moderately active Pacific hurricane season, with above-average activity in terms of number of named storms, but below-average activity in terms of major hurricanes, as 19 named storms, 8 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes formed in all. It also had a near-normal accumulated cyclone energy (ACE). The season officially began on May 15, 2021 in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, and on June 1, 2021, in the Central Pacific in the Northern Hemisphere. The season ended in both regions on November 30, 2021. These dates historically describe the period each year when most tropical cyclogenesis occurs in these regions of the Pacific and are adopted by convention. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year, as illustrated by the formation of Tropical Storm Andres on May 9, which was the earliest forming tropical storm on record in the Eastern Pacific. Conversely, 2021 was the second consecutive season in which no tropical cyclones formed in the Central Pacific.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Derek Wroe; Sam Houston (December 13, 2018). Hurricane Pali (PDF) (Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. Honolulu, Hawaii: Central Pacific Hurricane Center . Retrieved July 4, 2019.
  2. 1 2 Review of the Cyclonic Seasons 2019/2020, 2020/2021: Kiribati. RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee Nineteenth Session. World Meteorological Organization. July 25, 2021.
  3. 1 2 Committee for Development Policy: 20th Plenary Session (PDF) (Report). United Nations Committee for Development. March 16, 2018. p. 13. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
  4. 1 2 Geospatial application in Kiribati (PDF) (Report). Intergovernmental Consultative Committee. October 16, 2017. p. 5. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
  5. ↑ Neal Dorst (June 2, 2016). "G1) When is hurricane season?". In Chris Landsea; Neal Dorst (eds.). Frequently Asked Questions. 4.11. Hurricane Research Division. Archived from the original on August 9, 2019. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
  6. 1 2 National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division (May 26, 2020). "Pacific hurricane best track (HURDAT)" (Database). 2. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on March 19, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  7. 1 2 "Hurricane Pali Recap, Earliest Central Pacific Hurricane on Record". The Weather Company . June 14, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  8. 1 2 Bob Henson (January 7, 2016). "Rare January Depression in Central Pacific; Atlantic Subtropical Storm Next Week?". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 "Hurricane Pali". earthobservatory.nasa.gov. NASA Earth Observatory. January 12, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  10. ↑ Scott Sistek (January 12, 2016). "Hurricane Pali sets record for being earliest; closest to equator". Komonews. Archived from the original on August 10, 2016. Retrieved July 23, 2021.
  11. 1 2 3 Sam Houston; Tom Birchard (December 22, 2016). Tropical Depression Nine-C (Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. Honolulu, Hawaii: Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2018. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  12. 1 2 3 Erdman, John (January 1, 2016). "Tropical Depression Nine-C Dissipates; Caps Off a Record Central Pacific Hurricane Season". The Weather Company . Retrieved January 6, 2016.
  13. ↑ Lee Grenci (January 12, 2016). "Could Pali Cross The Equator?". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  14. ↑ Jeff Masters (January 13, 2016). "Unprecedented: Simultaneous January Named Storms in the Atlantic and Central Pacific". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  15. ↑ Bob Henson (January 8, 2016). "Warm, Wet Year for U.S.; Record Heat in South Africa; Tropical Storm Pali Intensifies". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  16. ↑ Bob Burke (January 12, 2016). Hurricane Pali Advisory Number 22. prh.noaa.gov (Report). Honolulu, Hawaii: Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 4, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  17. ↑ Robert Ballard (January 14, 2016). Tropical Depression Pali Discussion Number 30. prh.noaa.gov (Report). Honolulu, Hawaii: Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  18. ↑ Robert Ballard (January 15, 2016). Remnants of Pali Advisory Number 31. prh.noaa.gov (Report). Honolulu, Hawaii: Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 4, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  19. ↑ "Pali (was 1C – Central Pacific)". NASA. January 15, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  20. ↑ Disaster and Climate Risk Assessment: Kiribati: Outer Islands Transport Infrastructure Investment Project (PDF) (Report). Asian Development Bank. December 18, 2019. p. 22. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
Hurricane Pali
Pali 2016-01-13 0030Z.jpg
Hurricane Pali at peak intensity, over the Central Pacific on January 13
Tropical cyclones of the 2016 Pacific hurricane season
2016 Pacific hurricane season summary map.png

PD-icon.svg This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Weather Service .

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.