Hygrophorus agathosmus, commonly known as the gray almond waxy cap or the almond woodwax, is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoraceae. It was first described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1815; Fries gave it its current name in 1838. A widespread species, it is distributed in the United States, Europe, Africa, and India, and is found growing under spruce and pine in mixed forests. The fruit bodies are characterized by a light grayish cap that measures up to 8cm (3.1in) in diameter, waxy gills, a dry stem, and the distinct odor of bitter almonds. An edible but bland-tasting mushroom, extracts of the fruit bodies have been shown in laboratory tests to have antimicrobial activity against various bacteria that are pathogenic to humans.
Taxonomy, classification, and naming
The species was originally named Agaricus agathosmus by Swedish mycologist Elias Fries in 1815;[1] he later moved it into the genus Hygrophorus in 1838.[2] In the interim, English naturalist Miles Joseph Berkeley named the species Agaricus cerasinus in 1836,[3] although he too would later transfer the species to Hygrophorus in 1860.[4] In 1948, Richard Dennis examined the type material, and concluded that the two names referred to the same species.[5] Additional historical synonyms include Limacium pustulatum var. agathosmum (Kummer, 1871),[6] and Limacium agathosmum (Wünsch, 1877).[7]
In their 1963 monograph of the Hygrophorus of North America, American mycologists Lexemuel Ray Hesler and Alexander H. Smith classified H.agathosmus in the subsection Camarophylli, a grouping of related species characterized by a dry stem, and the absence of a gelatinous outer veil.[8]
The specific epithetagathosmus is derived from the Greek word agathos meaning “good”, and osme meaning “scent”.[9]Hygrophorus agathosmus is commonly known as the gray almond waxy cap,[10] or the almond woodwax.[11]
Description
The cap margin of young mushrooms are rolled inwards.
The cap is 3–10cm (1.2–3.9in) in diameter,[12] and initially convex with the edges rolled inwards. As it ages and the cap expands, it becomes flat, sometimes with the center slightly depressed, or sometimes with a slight central elevation. The color is a dull ashy gray, and when moist, the cap surface is sticky or tacky to the touch. It is smooth, although the edges can have a layer of minute, soft hairs. The flesh is soft, and whitish or watery gray. Hygrophorus agathosmus has a pronounced fragrant odor resembling cherry pits[13] or bitter almonds (occasionally the odor is weak).[10]
The gills have an adnate attachment to the stem, but in maturity the attachment becomes adnate-decurrent, meaning the gills start to extend down the length of the stem. The gills are white, but become grayish in maturity, close to distant (40–50 reach the stem), moderately narrow, rather thin. The stem is 4–15cm (1.6–5.9in) long by 0.6–2cm (0.2–0.8in) thick,[12] whitish at first, and colored pale ashy in age. It is the same thickness throughout or somewhat narrowed toward the base. It is solid, dry or moist but has no gelatinous universal veil present. When young, the stem surface is evenly covered with tiny fibrils and a fine whitish powder; over time it loses the hairs and the powder and becomes smooth.[14]
Microscopic characteristics
Spores at 1000x magnification. Each minor division equals 1μm.
When viewed in mass, such as with a spore print, the spores appear to be white. Viewed with a light microscope, the basidiospores are 8–10.5 by 4.5–5.5μm, ellipsoid, smooth, and yellowish in Melzer's reagent. The spore-bearing cells, the basidia, are four-spored and measure 48–65 long by 6–8μm thick. Pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia (specialized cystidia found on the gill faces and edges, respectively) are absent in this species. The pileipellis (cap cuticle) is made of a broad (175–350μm) gelatinous zone, composed of loosely interwoven, slender (1.5–4μm) hyphae; the surface hyphae are a fuscous—a dark brownish-gray color. This hyphal arrangement is called an ixocutis, in which the hyphal walls swell up and gelatinize, giving a translucence to the layer that stands out in contrast to the underlying flesh. The layer of gelatizined hyphae is tenacious, and may be peeled off the cap as a film.[15] Although clamp connections are found on the hyphae that make up the flesh of the gill, none are found in the cap flesh nor in the pileipellis.[14]
Edibility and antimicrobial activity
The caps flatten as they mature, and may develop a central depression.
Hygrophorus pustulatus resembles H.agathosmus and has a similar almond odor. However, the fruit bodies of H.pustulatus are smaller, and it produces larger spores (11–14μm long). Hygrophorus occidentalis, which grows under conifers or oak, has a sticky stem and less pronounced almond odor.[10]Hygrophorus marzuolus is also similar in appearance, but it lacks a distinctive odor, and has smaller spores than H.agathamosus.[18]Hygrophorus odoratus is similar, though smaller, and has the same odor.[19]
↑ Berkeley MJ (1836). "The English Flora, Fungi". 5–2 (2): 12.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ Berkeley MJ (1860). Outlines of British Fungology. p.197.
↑ Dennis RWG (1948). "Some little-known British species of Agaricacae". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 31 (3–4): 191–209. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(48)80002-1.
↑ Kummer P (1871). Der Führer in die Pilzkunde (1ed.). Zerbst. p.119.
↑ Quattrocchi U (1999). CRC World Dictionary of Plants Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p.67. ISBN978-0-8493-2673-8.
↑ Ribeiro B, Rangel J, Valentao P, Baptista P, Seabra RM, Andrade PB (2006). "Contents of carboxylic acids and two phenolics and antioxidant activity of dried Portuguese wild edible mushrooms". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54 (22): 8530–37. doi:10.1021/jf061890q. hdl:10198/941. PMID17061830.
↑ Yamac M, Bilgili F (2006). "Antimicrobial activities of fruit bodies and/or mycelial cultures of some mushroom isolates". Pharmaceutical Biology. 44 (9): 660–67. doi:10.1080/13880200601006897. S2CID46436892.
↑ Repac I (1993). "Isolation, cultivation and in vitro maintenance of pure cultures of ectomycorrhizal fungi". Lesnictvi (in Slovak) (12): 497–501. ISSN0024-1105.
↑ Holec H (1997). "New records of rare basidiomycetes in the Sumava mountains (Czech Republic)". Casopis Narodniho Muzea Rada Prirodovedna. 166 (1–4): 69–78.
↑ Kornas J (1981). "Myco flora of the Pieniny national park Poland 4". Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego Prace Botaniczne (in Polish). 9: 67–82.
↑ Kovalenko AE (1999). "The Arctic-subarctic and alpine-subalpine component in the Hygrophoraceae of Russia". Kew Bulletin. 54 (3): 695–704. doi:10.2307/4110865. JSTOR4110865.
↑ Demirel K (1998). "New records for the fungal flora of Turkey". Turkish Journal of Botany. 22 (5): 349–53. ISSN1300-008X.
↑ Manna AK, Samajpati N (1998). "Agaricales of West Bengal VI: some mushrooms of 24-Parganas district, West Bengal". Journal of Mycopathological Research. 36 (2): 59–65. ISSN0971-3719.
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