Hynes Convention Center station

Last updated

Hynes Convention Center
Hynes Convention Center Westbound MBTA Green Line Platform, December 2024.jpg
An outbound train at the station in December 2024
General information
Location 360 Newbury Street
Boston, Massachusetts
Coordinates 42°20′52″N71°05′16″W / 42.3478°N 71.0878°W / 42.3478; -71.0878
Line(s) Boylston Street subway
Platforms2 side platforms
Tracks2
ConnectionsAiga bus trans.svg MBTA bus: 1,  55
Construction
Structure typeUnderground
AccessibleNo
History
OpenedOctober 3, 1914 (1914-10-03)
Previous namesMassachusetts (1914–1965)
Auditorium (1965–1990)
Hynes Convention Center/ICA (1990–2006)
Passengers
FY20197,041 (weekday average boardings) [1]
Services
Preceding station MBTA.svg MBTA Following station
Kenmore
toward Boston College
Green Line Copley
toward Government Center
Kenmore
toward Cleveland Circle
Green Line
Kenmore
toward Riverside
Green Line Copley
toward Union Square
Former services
Preceding station MBTA.svg MBTA Following station
Kenmore
toward Watertown
Green Line Copley
toward Park Street
Location
Hynes Convention Center station

Hynes Convention Center station is an underground light rail station on the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) Green Line. It is located at the intersection of Newbury Street and Massachusetts Avenue near the western end of the Back Bay neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The station is named for the Hynes Convention Center, which is located about 700 feet (210 m) to the east along Boylston Street. It has two side platforms serving the two tracks of the Boylston Street subway, which are used by the Green Line B branch, C branch, and D branch. The main entrance to the station from Massachusetts Avenue leads to a fare lobby under the 360 Newbury Street building.

Contents

Construction of the station (originally named Massachusetts) began in December 1912; it opened in October 1914 along with the Boylston Street subway for use by the Boston Elevated Railway (BERy). Construction on a surface-level transfer station for streetcars on Boylston Street and Massachusetts Avenue began in April 1918 and was completed the following November. These surface routes were gradually replaced by buses from the 1930s to the 1960s. The transfer station was closed in January 1963 due to construction of the adjacent Massachusetts Turnpike Extension; it was partially demolished.

The newly created MBTA renamed the station Auditorium in 1965, followed by Hynes Convention Center/ICA in 1990 and finally Hynes Convention Center in 2006. A pedestrian tunnel to the southbound bus shelter was opened in 1964, and the Boylston Street entrance was reopened in 1965. Both were closed in the 1980s, though the Boylston Street entrance is still used during the Boston Marathon and major events at the convention center.

Averaging just over 7,000 weekday boardings in a 2019 count, Hynes is the busiest non-accessible MBTA station. A renovation to the station, planned as part of air rights development over the adjacent Massachusetts Turnpike, will make the station accessible and reopen the Boylston Street entrance at all times. A separate development project includes restoration of the pedestrian tunnel.

Station layout

Diagram of the station layout, showing platforms and tracks (green), fare lobbies (yellow), and surface corridors (orange). Unused corridors to the southbound bus shelter and the former surface station are also marked (in blue). Hynes Convention Center station layout 2020.svg
Diagram of the station layout, showing platforms and tracks (green), fare lobbies (yellow), and surface corridors (orange). Unused corridors to the southbound bus shelter and the former surface station are also marked (in blue).

The station is oriented approximately east–west; it lies oblique to the Back Bay street grid inside the block bounded by Massachusetts Avenue on the southwest, Newbury Street on the northwest, Hereford Street on the northeast, and Boylston Street on the southeast. Just east (inbound) of the station, the Boylston Street subway curves slightly to the north to run under Boylston Street; to the west, a curve slightly to the south aligns the tunnel under Newbury Street. [2]

The station has two side platforms serving the line's two tracks. They are narrower at the ends, and wider under a fare lobby near the west end of the station. [3] The primary entrance to the station is from Massachusetts Avenue; a side exit leads from the lobby to Newbury Street. [3] The lobby is inside the basement level of the 360 Newbury Street building. [4] MBTA bus routes 1  and  55 stop near the station. [5]

A normally closed secondary entrance from Boylston Street leads to a smaller fare lobby over the east end of the platforms. [3] That entrance is sometimes opened on Patriot's Day to handle the spectators from the Boston Marathon (when Copley station is closed), as well as for large events like Anime Boston at the convention center. [6] [7] For some events, it is opened for exiting passengers only. [8] [9] [10] The planned station renovations include permanently reopening the entrance. [11]

History

Construction

Massachusetts station in 1914, before the surface station was constructed Aerial view of Massachusetts station, circa 1914.jpg
Massachusetts station in 1914, before the surface station was constructed

Plans made in 1907 for a westward extension of the Tremont Street subway called for a line along the south shore of the Charles River, called the Riverbank Subway. Though it was originally planned to have no intermediate stops, in 1910 the Boston Transit Commission (BTC) voted to add stations at Charles Street, Dartmouth Street, and Massachusetts Avenue. [12] However, public opinion quickly shifted to a route under Boylston Street, which was developing rapidly. [12] In July 1911, the Massachusetts legislature passed a bill providing for the construction of several tunnels, including the Boylston Street subway. New stations were to be located at Copley Square – a major civic center – and the Massachusetts Avenue thoroughfare. [2]

Subway construction began in March 1912. [13] [14] On September 24, 1912, the BTC acquired an easement through the Boston Cab Company building for the construction of Massachusetts station. [15] The Hugh Nawn Company, a major local contractor, began work on the station on December 21, 1912. [3] The BTC determined that the Cab Company building was not structurally sound; it purchased the structure on April 3, 1913 and demolished it soon after, allowing construction on the west part of the station to proceed. [15]

Construction was complicated by the soil conditions, as the site was shoreline until the filling of the Back Bay in the 19th century. [16] Wooden and concrete piles were driven through seven feet (2.1 m) of silt to provide a firm foundation for the station, and for future air rights development atop it. [3] The station was built adjacent to the Boston and Albany Railroad cut to the south; one railroad track had to be supported on piles during construction. [3] Although the station was constructed below grade, much of the top of the station was exposed; an alley was constructed on top. Some of the dirt removed during construction was used to fill the Charles River Esplanade near Cottage Farm, while the rest was dumped at sea. [3]

As built, the station was 350 feet (110 m) long and a maximum of 90 feet (27 m) wide. [3] The platforms were constructed three inches (76 mm) above the rails to serve streetcars, but sufficient overhead space was left if later conversion to high platforms for use with metro stock was desired. [3] The station was constructed of reinforced concrete with granolithic platforms and floors. The ceilings and upper walls were finished with white plaster; the lower walls were white terrazzo with red-and-white tile borders. [13] A waiting room for passengers transferring to surface streetcars was located on Massachusetts Avenue next to the main station entrance. [13] The Boylston Street subway, including Massachusetts station, opened on October 3, 1914. [14] [13]

Surface station

The surface transfer station and the Boston Transit Building in November 1919 Massachusetts Avenue surface station from Boylston Street, November 1919.jpg
The surface transfer station and the Boston Transit Building in November 1919

In 1917, the Massachusetts General Court passed legislation allowing the Boston Elevated Railway (BERy) to construct prepayment streetcar transfer areas (where passengers paid upon entering the transfer area, rather than on board the streetcar) at existing subway and elevated stations. [17] Soon after, BERy asked the Boston Transit Commission to build such a structure at Massachusetts station. [18] In November 1917, the Public Service Commission approved BERy's plans to construct the transfer station as a bridge between Newbury Street and Boylston Street over the B&A tracks. [19] : 6 

A reinforced concrete building was built with two tracks and a 27-foot-wide (8.2 m) island platform. Staircases connected it to both subway platforms and the fare mezzanine, with faregates providing access from Newbury and Boylston streets. Streetcars from either direction on both Massachusetts and Boylston could reach the transfer station, then either loop back to their original or continue in the other three directions. [19] : 38  Construction began on February 4, 1918, and demolition of buildings was completed by April 5. [19] : 39 

The surface station opened on November 29, 1919. [20] [21] The BERy estimated that the number of daily transfers at the location would increase from 20,000 to 30,000. [22] The transfer station was served by streetcars on the Harvard–Dudley line that ran on Massachusetts Avenue, and the Ipswich Street line (Park Street–Chestnut Hill) which ran on Boylston Street. The Ipswich Street line was cut back from Park Street on June 13, 1925, with Massachusetts station as the new eastern terminal. [23] The Harvard–Dudley route was split into Harvard–Massachusetts (later route 76) and Massachusetts–Dudley (later route 47) lines on July 27, 1930. [24] : 64 

In 1917, a private firm began construction on an Arthur Bowditch-designed office building above the main headhouse. [25] [26] The seven-story building was completed in October 1919. [27] [28] In January 1920, the BERy moved its offices into the building, as its lease at 101 Milk Street was expiring. [27] [29] The BERy used the upper floors of the building, then known as the Transit Building, as its offices until 1926. [25] Later known as 360 Newbury Street, the building has served a variety of tenants; its late-1980s renovation was designed by Frank Gehry. [30]

Bus replacement

The outbound subway platform in 1962 Massachusetts Station (1), January 1962.jpg
The outbound subway platform in 1962

The first bus route to serve the station was a Bowdoin Square–Fenway route (later route 54), which began operation in 1925 when the Ipswich Street line was cut back. [31] It did not use the transfer station until December 13, 1930, when the Fenway loop was cut. [32] [33] In 1931, the BERy completed an electrical substation with two 3-megawatt mercury arc rectifiers next to the station. [34] The Boylston Street subway was extended to Kenmore station in October 1932. [35] Much of the Ipswich Street line was replaced by buses in 1932 and 1933 due to paving of the Worcester Turnpike. [23] [36] The final segment was replaced by a short bus route (later route 55), still terminating at the surface station, in July 1934. [23] [37]

Buses replaced streetcars on route 76 at off-peak hours from February 10, 1940, to May 2, 1942, and again after March 30, 1946. [24] : 127  The route was converted to bus at all times on September 12, 1949 and to trolleybus on April 22, 1950. [38] [24] : 128  The Boylston Street end of the surface station was modified in late 1949 to accommodate the trolleybuses. [39] Route 47 was replaced with buses off-peak on April 17, 1948, and fully on September 12, 1953. [35] : 8  [24] : 64  Route 76 was converted back to diesel bus on April 1, 1961. [35] : 8  [38] Route 54 was cut back to Copley Square in December 1960; route 55 was extended east to Copley in December 1976. [35] : 51, 52 

In the early 1960s, the Massachusetts Turnpike Extension was built along the Boston and Albany Railroad corridor, necessitating a major widening of that right-of-way. Routes 47 and 76 were through-routed as route 1 in September 1962 to eliminate looping at the surface station, which was permanently closed on January 21, 1963. [35] : 8  [20] The portion closer to Boylston Street was demolished soon after. The remaining section fronting on Newbury Street is used as an MBTA traction power substation, with two large rectifier transformers in the rear. [40] The facade is frequently covered in graffiti art; the sidewalk in front is used by buskers and a food truck. [41] [42]

A large dedicated bus shelter was built across Massachusetts Avenue for southbound riders in 1963. On November 16, 1964, the newly formed MBTA opened a pedestrian tunnel from the bus shelter to the subway station's fare lobby, allowing riders to cross under busy street traffic. [20] The completion of the Prudential Tower and the adjacent Prudential Center complex in 1965 (on what had previous been rail yards) increased the number of riders accessing the station from the Boylston Street direction. On April 19, 1965, the MBTA reopened the former headhouse on Boylston Street, diagonally across from the Prudential complex. [43]

MBTA era

A 1977-created mural of a Harvard-Dudley streetcar inside the main entrance Streetcar mural at Hynes Convention Center station, July 2018.jpg
A 1977-created mural of a Harvard–Dudley streetcar inside the main entrance

The BERy was replaced by the Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) in 1947; it was in turn replaced by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) in 1964. Massachusetts station originally served streetcars on the Watertown (after 1967, Green Line A branch), Boston College (B branch), and Cleveland Circle (C branch) lines. [35] : 311  The Riverside Line (D branch) opened on July 4, 1959; the A branch was replaced with the route 57 bus (which terminates at Kenmore) on June 21, 1969. [35] : 303, 312  The station was renamed to Auditorium on February 18, 1965, upon the completion of the War Memorial Auditorium (later renamed John B. Hynes Memorial Auditorium). [20] [44]

The MBTA began a modernization of the station – part of a $14 million renovation of seven subway stations – in 1975. [45] It was completed on August 31, 1977. [46] The project included two pieces of public art. A 7-foot (2.1 m)-tall metal sculpture - Constellations, by Dennis Kowal - was installed in the Boylston Street entrance in 1975. [47] A 8-by-12-foot (2.4 m × 3.7 m) silk-screened enamel mural of a Harvard–Dudley streetcar was placed inside the main entrance in 1976–77. [48] In 1980, Morgan Bulkeley installed a 45-by-18-foot (13.7 m × 5.5 m) mural on the Newbury Street face of the former streetcar station. Entitled "Tramount" after the former Trimount hill, it interweaves elements of Boston's history with geometric forms. [49] [50]

The pedestrian tunnel to the southbound bus shelter was closed in the early 1980s due to security concerns. [51] The Boylston Street entrance was closed on January 3, 1981, as part of extensive cutbacks that included closing Bowdoin and Symphony. [52] The Auditorium was replaced by the Hynes Convention Center in 1988; two years later, the station was renamed Hynes Convention Center/ICA after the new building and the nearby Institute of Contemporary Art. [35] : 324  In late 2006, the station was renamed a third time to Hynes Convention Center as the ICA relocated from to a new building on the South Boston Waterfront. [53] Largely forgotten since the entrance closed, Constellations was moved to Wentworth Institute of Technology in 2012. [54] [55]

Planned renovations

The not-yet-open west headhouse in 2024 Future west entrance to Hynes Convention Center station (2), September 2024.jpg
The not-yet-open west headhouse in 2024

Averaging just over 7,000 weekday boardings in 2019, Hynes is the busiest non-accessible MBTA station. [1] A design contract for accessibility renovations at Hynes Convention Center, Symphony, and Wollaston was awarded on May 5, 2010. This preliminary (15%) design was completed in March 2013. [56] On September 3, 2014, MassDOT opened bidding on air rights development over the Massachusetts Turnpike on Parcel 13 next to the station. As part of the project, the developer was to be required to renovate Hynes Convention Center station with elevators for accessibility, as well as reopening both the tunnel under Massachusetts Avenue and the disused Boylston Street headhouse. [11] [57]

In November 2015, MassDOT approved plans for a development called "The Viola" on the site, with construction to begin in 2019. The developer, Peebles Corporation, was to work with the MBTA to design the renovated station, but would not perform the construction work. Instead, Peebles was to provide $30.5 million of the estimated $45.7 million station cost; the MBTA would obtain the remaining funds and organize the renovation. [58] The development would relocate part of the Massachusetts Avenue entrance slightly south into the new structure. [59]

Peebles was to have responsibility for the headhouse renovations, while the MBTA would have responsibility for the platform level. [60] In December 2019, the MBTA awarded a $11.5 million, 33-month design contract for the accessibility renovations. [61] Peebles began the permitting process for the 432,000-square-foot (40,100 m2) development, which was to include a hotel and condominiums, in February 2020. [62] Design was 30% complete by May 2022; it was then placed on hold pending plans from the developer. [63] [64] In 2023, with the development stalled, the MBTA resumed design work independently. [65] The revised design work reached 30% complete in March 2024, at which point the MBTA paused work pending funding availability. [66]

A separate air rights development on the west side of Massachusetts Avenue (Parcel 12) will include a new entrance to the station. [67] Construction of that project began in July 2020. [68] The existing pedestrian tunnel will require renovations for accessibility. [64]

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References

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  2. 1 2 Boston Transit Commission (1912). Annual report of the Boston Transit Commission, for the year ending June 30, 1912. pp. 9–11 – via Internet Archive.
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  6. ↑ "Boylston Street Exit of Hynes Station Open This Weekend for Anime Convention" (Press release). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. April 4, 2012.
  7. ↑ "Patriots Day/Marathon Monday events and road closings". Wicked Local. April 13, 2009.
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  10. ↑ "A Spectator's Guide To The 2015 Boston Marathon". WBUR. April 18, 2015.
  11. 1 2 Metzger, Andy (September 3, 2014). "State Seeks air rights developer near Hynes station". State House News Service. Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
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  23. 1 2 3 Barber, Richard (March–April 1984). "Fifty Years Ago... The Last Days of Cypress Street Carhouse". Rollsign. Vol. 21, no. 3/4. Boston Street Railway Association. pp. 3–7.
  24. 1 2 3 4 Clarke, Bradley H. (2003). Streetcar Lines of the Hub - The 1940s. Boston Street Railway Association. ISBN   0938315056.
  25. 1 2 Clarke, Bradley H. (2015). Streetcar Lines of the Hub: Boston's MTA Through Riverside and Beyond. Boston Street Railway Association. p. 71. ISBN   978-0-938315-07-0.
  26. ↑ "Building News". The American Architect. Vol. 111, no. 215. March 14, 1917. p. 14 – via Google Books.
  27. 1 2 ""L" Offices to Move from 101 Milk Street". Boston Globe. November 29, 1919. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  28. ↑ Palmer, Thomas C. Jr. "Part of storied building up for sale". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on May 9, 2007.
  29. ↑ "This Time in History". Rollsign. Vol. 57, no. 3/4. Boston Street Railway Association. March–April 2020. p. 12.
  30. ↑ "Lots & Blocks". Boston Globe. May 3, 1987. p. 161 – via Newspapers.com. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  31. ↑ "Bus Line on Boylston Street". Boston Globe. June 12, 1925. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  32. ↑ The Central Part of Boston, Massachusetts, showing transportation lines of the Boston Elevated Railway, Boston Elevated Railway, 1930 – via Wikimedia Commons
  33. ↑ ""El" Announces Two New Bus Lines". Boston Globe. December 12, 1930. p. 15 – via Newspapers.com. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  34. ↑ Annual report of the board of public trustees of the Boston Elevated Railway Company for the year ending December 31, 1930. Boston Elevated Railway. 1931. p. 6 – via Internet Archive.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Belcher, Jonathan. "Changes to Transit Service in the MBTA district" (PDF). Boston Street Railway Association. Page numbers are accurate to the March 14, 2020 version .
  36. ↑ Fifteenth annual report of the board of public trustees of the Boston Elevated Railway Company for the year ended December 31, 1933. Boston Elevated Railway. 1934. p.  11 – via Internet Archive.
  37. ↑ Sixteenth annual report of the board of public trustees of the Boston Elevated Railway Company for the year ended December 31, 1934. Boston Elevated Railway. 1935. p.  12 – via Internet Archive.
  38. 1 2 Barber, Richard (March–April 1984). "Pertinent Dates Relating to Trackless Trolley Operations". Rollsign. Vol. 21, no. 3/4. Boston Street Railway Association. p. 15.
  39. ↑ "'MTA' News Notes: Mass. Station and Bennett Street Carhouse Are Ready for Trackless Trolleys Now". Co-operation. Vol. 28, no. 4. Metropolitan Transit Authority. December 1949. p. 94 – via Internet Archive.
  40. ↑ "Request For Proposals: Air Rights Parcel 13 and Hynes Convention Center Station" (PDF). Massachusetts Department of Transportation. September 2, 2014. pp. 17–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 9, 2015. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  41. ↑ Mangouri, Kaivan (June 18, 2011). "For rent: tiny slice of tony Newbury". Boston Globe. pp. B5, B6 – via Newspapers.com. (second page) Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  42. ↑ Colby, Celina (September 27, 2023). "The MBTA Is My Landlord". Eater Boston. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
  43. ↑ "MBTA Station: Auditorium". Boston Globe. April 18, 1965. p. 68 – via Newspapers.com. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  44. ↑ "The City of Boston War Memorial Auditorium". City of Boston. 1965 – via Internet Archive.
  45. ↑ Carr, Robert B. (August 27, 1975). "$8.7m plan aired to revamp four Hub T stations". Boston Globe. p. 11 – via Newspapers.com. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  46. ↑ 1977 Annual Report. Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. 1978. p. 15 – via Internet Archive.
  47. ↑ Durso, Holly Bellocchio (June 2011). Subway Spaces as Public Places: Politics and Perceptions of Boston's T (MCP). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 57. hdl:1721.1/66801.
  48. ↑ Fripp, Bill (December 9, 1976). "Boston subway art comes aboveground". Boston Globe. p. 67 – via Newspapers.com. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  49. ↑ Bulkeley: Two Decades (PDF). DeCordova and Dana Museum and Park. 1987. pp. 12, 13.
  50. ↑ Bulkeley, Morgan IV (November 12, 1981). "Gigantic mural in Boston created by Morgan Bulkeley IV". The Berkshire Eagle. p. 11 – via Newspapers.com.
  51. ↑ Belcher, Jonathan. "Remnants of Abandoned Stations, Tunnels, and Station Entrances found on the MBTA". NETransit. Archived from the original on December 29, 2004.
  52. ↑ "Bowdoin, Symphony T stations closed today". Boston Globe. January 3, 1981 – via Newspapers.com. (second page) Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  53. ↑ Krasner, Jeffery (April 26, 2008). "MBTA prepares to do some serious name-dropping". Boston Globe. pp. A15, A16 – via Newspapers.com. (second page) Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  54. ↑ adamg (October 15, 2012). "Statue locked up in shuttered Green Line entrance gets new life on college campus". Universal Hub. Archived from the original on October 17, 2012.
  55. ↑ Fugate, Marty (October 11, 2012). "Sarasota Sculptor Recognized in Boston". Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021.
  56. ↑ "Accessibility Upgrades at Symphony, Hynes and Wollaston Stations". Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on January 25, 2014.
  57. ↑ "Parcel 13 – Hynes station air rights feasibility study: CAC Presentation March 27, 2014". Boston Redevelopment Authority. March 27, 2014.
  58. ↑ Logan, Tim (November 3, 2015). "Housing and hotel plan above Mass. Pike goes forward". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on November 6, 2015.
  59. ↑ Handel Architects (October 10, 2018). "Parcel 13/The Viola: Due Diligence - 1st CAC Outreach Presentation". Boston Planning and Development Agency.
  60. ↑ Brelsford, Laura (June 5, 2019). "SWA Initiatives—June 2019" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Department of System-Wide Accessibility. p. 3.
  61. ↑ DeNooyer, Ellen (December 16, 2019). "MBTA Contract No. A26PS01: Hynes Station Improvements Project Architecture/Engineering Services" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority.
  62. ↑ Logan, Tim (February 7, 2020). "Long-stalled development project above Mass. Pike may finally be moving forward". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on February 10, 2020.
  63. ↑ "System-Wide Accessibility Initiatives—May 2022" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Department of System-Wide Accessibility. May 2022. p. 4.
  64. 1 2 "System-Wide Accessibility Initiatives—December 2022" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Department of System-Wide Accessibility. December 6, 2022. p. 4.
  65. ↑ "System-Wide Accessibility Initiatives—November 2023" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Department of System-Wide Accessibility. November 27, 2023. p. 4.
  66. ↑ "Accessibility Initiatives—June 2024" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. June 25, 2024. p. 4.
  67. ↑ Logan, Tim (August 16, 2019). "For the first time in four decades, new buildings could rise over the Mass. Pike". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on August 17, 2019.
  68. ↑ Logan, Tim (July 10, 2020). "It's been 40 years since someone has built over the Mass. Pike. Until now". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on July 14, 2020.
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