Hyperaccumulators table – 3

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This list covers hyperaccumulators, plant species which accumulate, or are tolerant of radionuclides (Cd, Cs-137, Co, Pu-238, Ra, Sr, U-234, 235, 238), hydrocarbons and organic solvents (Benzene, BTEX, DDT, Dieldrin, Endosulfan, Fluoranthene, MTBE, PCB, PCNB, TCE and by-products), and inorganic compounds (Potassium ferrocyanide).

Contents

See also:

hyperaccumulators and contaminants: Radionuclides, Hydrocarbons and Organic Solvents – accumulation rates
ContaminantAccumulation rates (in mg/kg of dry weight)Latin nameEnglish nameH-Hyperaccumulator or A-Accumulator P-Precipitator T-TolerantNotesSources
Cd Athyrium yokoscense (Japanese false spleenwort?)Cd(A), Cu(H), Pb(H), Zn(H)Origin Japan [1]
Cd>100 Avena strigosa Schreb.New-Oat
Lopsided Oat or Bristle Oat		 [2]
CdH- Bacopa monnieri Smooth Water Hyssop, Waterhyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiola, Water hyssopCr(H), Cu(H), Hg(A), Pb(A)Origin India; aquatic emergent species [1] [3]
Cd Brassicaceae Mustards, mustard flowers, crucifers or, cabbage familyCd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Sr(H), Zn(H)Phytoextraction [4]
CdA- Brassica juncea L. Indian mustard Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A), Zn(H)cultivated [1] [4] [5]
CdH- Vallisneria americana Tape GrassCr(A), Cu(H), Pb(H)Origins Europe and N. Africa; extensively cultivated in the aquarium trade [1]
Cd>100 Crotalaria juncea Sunn or sunn hempHigh amounts of total soluble phenolics [2]
CdH- Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb(H), Zn(A). Also Cs, Sr, U [6] and pesticides [7] Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed' [1]
Cd Helianthus annuus Sunflower Phytoextraction & rhizofiltration [1] [4] [8]
CdH- Hydrilla verticillata Hydrilla Cr(A), Hg(H), Pb(H) [1]
CdH- Lemna minor Duckweed Pb(H), Cu(H), Zn(A)Native to North America and widespread [1]
CdT- Pistia stratiotes Water lettuce Cu(T), Hg(H), Cr(H)Pantropical, Origin South U.S.A.; aquatic herb [1]
Cd Salix viminalis L. Common Osier, Basket WillowAg, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; [4] Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix); [8] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) [9] Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) [8]
Cd Spirodela polyrhiza Giant DuckweedCr(H), Pb(H), Ni(H), Zn(A)Native to North America [1] [10] [11]
Cd>100 Tagetes erecta L.African-tallTolerance only. Lipid peroxidation level increases; activities of antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and catalase are depressed. [2]
Cd Thlaspi caerulescens Alpine pennycressCr(A), Co(H), Cu(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H)Phytoextraction. Its rhizosphere's bacterial population is less dense than with Trifolium pratense but richer in specific metal-resistant bacteria. [12] [1] [4] [10] [13] [14] [15] [16]
Cd1000 Vallisneria spiralis Eel grass 37 records of plants; origin India [10] [17]
Cs-137 Acer rubrum , Acer pseudoplatanus Red maple, Sycamore maple Pu-238, Sr-90Leaves: much less uptake in Larch and Sycamore maple than in Spruce. [18] [6]
Cs-137 Agrostis spp.Agrostis spp.Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides [6]
Cs-137up to 3000 Bq kg-1 [19] Amaranthus retroflexus ( cv. Belozernii, aureus, Pt-95)Redroot AmaranthCd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Sr(H), Zn(H) [4] Phytoextraction. Can accumulate radionuclides, ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents. [6] Maximum concentration is reached after 35 days of growth. [19]
Cs-137 Brassicaceae Mustards, mustard flowers, crucifers or, cabbage familyCd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Sr(H), Zn(H)Phytoextraction. Ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents. [6] [4]
Cs-137 Brassica juncea Indian mustard Contains 2 to 3 times more Cs-137 in his roots than in the biomass above ground [19] Ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents. [6]
Cs-137 Cerastium fontanum Big ChickweedGrass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides [6]
Cs-137 Beta vulgaris , Chenopodiaceae , Kail? and/or Salsola? Beet, Quinoa, Russian thistle Sr-90, Cs-137Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides [6]
Cs-137 Cocos nucifera Coconut palm Tree able to accumulate radionuclides [6]
Cs-137 Eichhornia crassipes Water hyacinth U, Sr (high % uptake within a few days [6] ). Also Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb, Zn(A) [1] and pesticides. [7] [6]
Cs-137 Eragrostis bahiensis
( Eragrostis )		 Bahia lovegrass Glomus mosseae as amendment. It increases the surface area of the plant roots, allowing roots to acquire more nutrients, water and therefore more available radionuclides in soil solution. [6]
Cs-137 Eucalyptus tereticornis Forest redgum Sr-90Tree able to accumulate radionuclides [6]
Cs-137 Festuca arundinacea Tall fescue Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides [6]
Cs-137 Festuca rubra Fescue Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides [6]
Cs-137 Glomus mosseae as chelating agent
( Glomus (fungus) )		Mycorrhizal fungiGlomus mosseae as amendment. It increases the surface area of the plant roots, allowing roots to acquire more nutrients, water and therefore more available radionuclides in soil solution. [6]
Cs-137 Glomus intradices
(Glomus (fungus))		Mycorrhizal fungiGlomus mosseae as chelating agent. It increases the surface area of the plant roots, allowing roots to acquire more nutrients, water and therefore more available radionuclides in soil solution. [6]
Cs-1374900-8600 [20] Helianthus annuus Sunflower U, Sr (high % uptake within a few days [6] )Accumulates up to 8 times more Cs-137 than timothy or foxtail. Contains 2 to 3 times more Cs-137 in its roots than in the biomass above ground. [19] [1] [6] [10]
Cs-137 Larix Larch Leaves: much less uptake in Larch and Sycamore maple than in Spruce. 20% of the translocated caesium into new leaves resulted from root-uptake 2.5 years after the Chernobyl accident. [18]
Cs-137 Liquidambar styraciflua American Sweet Gum Pu-238, Sr-90Tree able to accumulate radionuclides [6]
Cs-137 Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip tree Pu-238, Sr-90Tree able to accumulate radionuclides [6]
Cs-137 Lolium multiflorum Italian Ryegrass SrMycorrhizae: accumulates much more Cs-137 and Sr-90 when grown in Sphagnum peat than in any other medium incl. Clay, sand, silt and compost. [21] [6]
Cs-137 Lolium perenne Perennial ryegrass Can accumulate radionuclides [6]
Cs-137 Panicum virgatum Switchgrass [6]
Cs-137 Phaseolus acutifolius Tepary Beans Cd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Sr(H), Zn(H) [4] Phytoextraction. Ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents [6]
Cs-137 Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed canary grass Cd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Sr(H), Zn(H) [4] Ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents. [6] Phytoextraction
Cs-137 Picea abies Spruce Conc. about 25-times higher in bark compared to wood, 1.5–4.7 times higher in directly contaminated twig-axes than in leaves. [18]
Cs-137 Pinus radiata , Pinus ponderosa Monterey Pine, Ponderosa pine Sr-90. Also petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products (Pinus spp. [4] Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides. [6]
Cs-137 Sorghum halepense Johnson Grass [6]
Cs-137 Trifolium repens White Clover Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides [6]
Cs-137H Zea mays Corn High absorption rate. Accumulates radionuclides. [16] Contains 2 to 3 times more Cs137 in his roots than in the biomass above ground. [19] [1] [6] [10]
Co1000 to 4304 [22] Haumaniastrum robertii
( Lamiaceae )		Copper flower27 records of plants; origin Africa. Vernacular name: 'copper flower'. This species' phanerogamme has the highest cobalt content. Its distribution could be governed by cobalt rather than copper. [22] [10] [14]
CoH- Thlaspi caerulescens Alpine pennycressCd(H), Cr(A), Cu(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H)Phytoextraction [1] [4] [10] [12] [13] [14] [15]
Pu-238 Acer rubrum Red maple Cs-137, Sr-90Tree able to accumulate radionuclides [6]
Pu-238 Liquidambar styraciflua American Sweet Gum Cs-137, Sr-90Tree able to accumulate radionuclides [6]
Pu-238 Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip tree Cs-137, Sr-90Tree able to accumulate radionuclides [6]
RaNo reports found for accumulation [10]
Sr Acer rubrum Red maple Cs-137, Pu-238Tree able to accumulate radionuclides [6]
Sr Brassicaceae Mustards, mustard flowers, crucifers or, cabbage familyCd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Zn(H)Phytoextraction [4]
Sr Beta vulgaris , Chenopodiaceae , Kail? and/or Salsola? Beet, Quinoa, Russian thistle Sr-90, Cs-137Can accumulate radionuclides [6]
Sr Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth Cs-137, U-234, 235, 238. Also Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb, Zn(A) [1] and pesticides. [7] In pH of 9, accumulates high concentrations of Sr-90 with approx. 80 to 90% of it in its roots [20] [6]
Sr Eucalyptus tereticornis Forest redgumCs-137Tree able to accumulate radionuclides [6]
SrH-? Helianthus annuus Sunflower Accumulates radionuclides; [16] high absorption rate. Phytoextraction & rhizofiltration [1] [4] [6] [10]
Sr Liquidambar styraciflua American Sweet Gum Cs-137, Pu-238Tree able to accumulate radionuclides [6]
Sr Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip tree Cs-137, Pu-238Tree able to accumulate radionuclides [6]
Sr Lolium multiflorum Italian RyegrassCsMycorrhizae: accumulates much more Cs-137 and Sr-90 when grown in Sphagnum peat than in any other medium incl. clay, sand, silt and compost. [21] [6]
Sr1.5-4.5 % in their shoots Pinus radiata , Pinus ponderosa Monterey Pine, Ponderosa pine Petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; [4] Cs-137Phytocontainment. Accumulate 1.5-4.5 % of Sr-90 in their shoots. [20] [6]
Sr Apiaceae (a.k.a. Umbelliferae)Carrot or parsley familySpecies most capable of accumulating radionuclides [6]
Sr Fabaceae (a.k.a. Leguminosae) Legume, pea, or bean familySpecies most capable of accumulating radionuclides [6]
U Amaranthus Amaranth Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), Zn(H) Citric acid chelating agent [8] and see note. Cs: maximum concentration is reached after 35 days of growth. [19] [1] [6]
U Brassica juncea , Brassica chinensis , Brassica narinosa Cabbage familyCd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), Zn(H)Citric acid chelating agent increases uptake 1000 times, [8] [23] and see note [1] [4] [6]
U-234, 235, 238 Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth Cs-137, Sr-90. Also Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb, Zn(A), [1] and pesticides. [7] [6]
U-234, 235, 23895% of U in 24 hours. [19] Helianthus annuus Sunflower Accumulates radionuclides; [16] At a contaminated wastewater site in Ashtabula, Ohio, 4 wk-old splants can remove more than 95% of uranium in 24 hours. [19] Phytoextraction & rhizofiltration. [1] [4] [6] [8] [10] URL
U Juniperus Juniper Accumulates (radionuclides) U in his roots [20] [6]
U Picea mariana Black Spruce Accumulates (radionuclides) U in his twigs [20] [6]
U Quercus Oak Accumulates (radionuclides) U in his roots [20] [6]
U Kail? and/or Salsola? Russian thistle (tumble weed)
U Salix viminalis Common Osier Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; [4] Cd, Pb, Zn (S. viminalis); [8] potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) [9] Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) [8]
U Silene vulgaris (a.k.a. "Silene cucubalus) Bladder campion
U Zea mays Maize
UA-? [10]
Radionuclides Tradescantia bracteata Spiderwort Indicator for radionuclides: the stamens (normally blue or blue-purple) become pink when exposed to radionuclides [6]
Benzene Chlorophytum comosum spider plant [24]
Benzene Ficus elastica rubber fig, rubber bush, rubber tree, rubber plant, or Indian rubber bush [24]
Benzene Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Kalanchoeseems to take benzene selectively over toluene. [24]
Benzene Pelargonium x domesticumGermanium [24]
BTEX Phanerochaete chrysosporium White rot fungusDDT, Dieldrin, Endodulfan, Pentachloronitro-benzene, PCPPhytostimulation [4]
DDT Phanerochaete chrysosporium White rot fungusBTEX, Dieldrin, Endodulfan, Pentachloronitro-benzene, PCPPhytostimulation [4]
Dieldrin Phanerochaete chrysosporium White rot fungusDDT, BTEX, Endodulfan, Pentachloronitro-benzene, PCPPhytostimulation [4]
Endosulfan Phanerochaete chrysosporium White rot fungusDDT, BTEX, Dieldrin, PCP, Pentachloronitro-benzènePhytostimulation [4]
Fluoranthene Cyclotella caspia Cyclotella caspia Approximate rate of biodegradation on 1st day: 35%; on 6th day: 85％ (rate of physical degradation 5.86％ only). [25]
Hydrocarbons Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Bermuda grass Mean petroleum hydrocarbons reduction of 68% after 1 year [26]
Hydrocarbons Festuca arundinacea Tall fescue Mean petroleum hydrocarbons reduction of 62% after 1 year [8] [27]
Hydrocarbons Pinus spp. Pine spp.Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products. [4] Also Cs-137, Sr-90 [6] Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata) [6] [4]
Hydrocarbons Salix spp.Osier spp.Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; [4] Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis); [8] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) [9] Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) [4]
MTBE Pinus spp.Pine spp.Petroleum hydrocarbons, Organic solvents, TCE and by-products. [4] Also Cs-137, Sr-90 (Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa) [6] Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata) [6] [4]
MTBE Salix spp.Osier spp.Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, TCE and by-products; [4] Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis); [8] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) [9] Phytoextraction, phytocontainment. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) [4]
Organic solvents Pinus spp.Pine spp.Petroleum hydrocarbons, MTBE, TCE and by-products. [4] Also Cs-137, Sr-90 (Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa) [6] Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata) [6] [4]
Organic solvents Salix spp.Osier spp.Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, MTBE, TCE and by-products; [4] Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis); [8] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) [9] Phytoextraction. phytocontainment . Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) [4]
Organic solvents Pinus spp.Pine spp.Petroleum hydrocarbons, MTBE, TCE and by-products. [4] Also Cs-137, Sr-90 (Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa) [6] Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata) [6] [4]
Organic solvents Salix spp.Osier spp.Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, MTBE, TCE and by-products; [4] Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis); [8] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) [9] Phytoextraction. phytocontainment . Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) [4]
PCNB Phanerochaete chrysosporium White rot fungusDDT, BTEX, Dieldrin, Endodulfan, PCPPhytostimulation [4]
Potassium ferrocyanide 8.64% to 15.67% of initial mass Salix babylonica L.Weeping WillowAg, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products (Salix spp.); [4] Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis); [8] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) [9] Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes). No ferrocyanide in air from plant transpiration. A large fraction of initial mass was metabolized during transport within the plant. [9] [9]
Potassium ferrocyanide8.64% to 15.67% of initial mass Salix matsudana Koidz, Salix matsudana Koidz x Salix alba L. Hankow Willow, Hybrid WillowAg, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products (Salix spp.); [4] Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis). [8] No ferrocyanide in air from plant transpiration. [9]
PCB Rosa spp.Paul’s Scarlet RosePhytodegradation [4]
PCP Phanerochaete chrysosporium White rot fungusDDT, BTEX, Dieldrin, Endodulfan, Pentachloronitro-benzènePhytostimulation [4]
TCE Chlorophytum comosum spider plantSeems to lower the removal rates of benzene and methane. [24]
TCE and by-products Pinus spp.Pine spp.Petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE. [4] Also Cs-137, Sr-90 (Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa) [6] Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata) [6] [4]
TCE and by-products Salix spp.Osier spp.Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE; [4] Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis); [8] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) [9] Phytoextraction, phytocontainment. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) [4]
Musa (genus) Banana treeExtra-dense root system, good for rhizofiltration. [28]
Cyperus papyrus Papyrus Extra-dense root system, good for rhizofiltration [28]
TarosExtra-dense root system, good for rhizofiltration [28]
Brugmansia spp.Angel's trumpetSemi-anaerobic, good for rhizofiltration [29]
Caladium CaladiumSemi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration [29]
Caltha palustris Marsh marigoldSemi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration [29]
Iris pseudacorus Yellow Flag, paleyellow irisSemi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration [29]
Mentha aquatica Water MintSemi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration [29]
Scirpus lacustrisBulrushSemi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration [29]
Typha latifolia Broadleaf cattailSemi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration [29]

Notes

Annotated References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 McCutcheon & Schnoor 2003, Phytoremediation. New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons pg 898
  2. 1 2 3 Uraguchi, Shimpei; Watanabe, Izumi; Yoshitomi, Akiko; Kiyono, Masako; Kuno, Katsuji (2006). "Characteristics of cadmium accumulation and tolerance in novel Cd-accumulating crops, Avena strigosa and Crotalaria juncea". Journal of Experimental Botany. 57 (12): 2955–2965. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erl056 . PMID   16873452.
  3. ↑ Gurta et al. 1994
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 McCutcheon & Schnoor 2003, Phytoremediation. New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons pg 19
  5. ↑ Bennett, Lindsay E.; Burkhead, Jason L.; Hale, Kerry L.; Terry, Norman; Pilon, Marinus; Pilon-Smits, Elizabeth A. H. (2003). "Analysis of Transgenic Indian Mustard Plants for Phytoremediation of Metal-Contaminated Mine Tailings". Journal of Environmental Quality. 32 (2): 432–440. Bibcode:2003JEnvQ..32..432B. doi:10.2134/jeq2003.4320. PMID   12708665. Archived from the original on 2007-03-10. Retrieved 2006-10-16.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 Phytoremediation of radionuclides.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Lan, Jun-Kang (March 2004). "Recent developments of phytoremediation". Journal of Geological. Hazards and Environmental Preservation. 15 (1): 46–51. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Schmidt, Ulrich (2003). "Enhancing Phytoextraction". Journal of Environmental Quality. 32 (6): 1939–1954. Bibcode:2003JEnvQ..32.1939S. doi:10.2134/jeq2003.1939. PMID   14674516. Archived from the original on 2007-02-25. Retrieved 2006-10-16.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Yu, Xiao-Zhang; Zhou, Pu-Hua; Yang, Yong-Miao (2006). "The potential for phytoremediation of iron cyanide complex by willows". Ecotoxicology. 15 (5): 461–467. doi:10.1007/s10646-006-0081-5. PMID   16703454.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 McCutcheon & Schnoor 2003, Phytoremediation. New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons pg 891
  11. ↑ Srivastav 1994
  12. 1 2 Delorme, T. A.; Gagliardi, J. V.; Angle, J. S.; Chaney, R. L. (2001). "Influence of the zinc hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens J. & C. Presl. And the nonmetal accumulator Trifolium pratense L. On soil microbial populations". Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 47 (8): 773–776. doi:10.1139/w01-067. PMID   11575505. Archived from the original on 2007-03-11. Retrieved 2006-10-28.
  13. 1 2 Prasad, Majeti Narasimha Vara (2005). "Nickelophilous plants and their significance in phytotechnologies". Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology. 17: 113–128. doi: 10.1590/S1677-04202005000100010 .
  14. 1 2 3 Baker & Brooks, 1989
  15. 1 2 Lombi, E.; Zhao, F.J.; Dunham, S.J.; McGrath, S.P. (2001). "Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal–Contaminated Soils: Natural Hyperaccumulation versus Chemically Enhanced Phytoextraction". Journal of Environmental Quality. 30 (6): 1919–1926. doi:10.2134/jeq2001.1919. PMID   11789997. Archived from the original on 2007-03-11. Retrieved 2006-10-16.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Phytoremediation Decision Tree, ITRC
  17. ↑ Brown et al. 1995
  18. 1 2 3 4 Ertel, J.; Ziegler, H. (1991). "Cs-134/137 contamination and root uptake of different forest trees before and after the Chernobyl accident". Radiation and Environmental Biophysics. 30 (2): 147–157. doi:10.1007/BF01219349. PMID   1857763.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dushenkov, S., A. Mikheev, A. Prokhnevsky, M. Ruchko, and B. Sorochinsky, Phytoremediation of Radiocesium-Contaminated Soil in the Vicinity of Chernobyl, Ukraine. Environmental Science and Technology 1999. 33, no. 3 : 469-475. Cited in Phytoremediation of radionuclides.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Negri, C. M., and R. R. Hinchman, 2000. The use of plants for the treatment of radionuclides. Chapter 8 of Phytoremediation of toxic metals: Using plants to clean up the environment, ed. I. Raskin and B. D. Ensley. New York: Wiley-Interscience Publication. Cited in Phytoremediation of Radionuclides.
  21. 1 2 3 A. Paasikallio, The effect of time on the availability of strontium-90 and cesium-137 to plants from Finnish soils. Annales Agriculturae Fenniae, 1984. 23: 109-120. Cited in Westhoff99.
  22. 1 2 Brooks, R. R. (1977). "Copper and cobalt uptake by Haumaniastrum species". Plant and Soil. 48 (2): 541–544. Bibcode:1977PlSoi..48..541B. doi:10.1007/BF02187261.
  23. ↑ Huang, J. W., M. J. Blaylock, Y. Kapulnik, and B. D. Ensley, 1998. Phytoremediation of Uranium-Contaminated Soils: Role of Organic Acids in Triggering Uranium Hyperaccumulation in Plants. Environmental Science and Technology. 32, no. 13 : 2004-2008. Cited in Phytoremediation of radionuclides.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 Cornejo, J. J.; Muñoz, F. G.; Ma, C. Y.; Stewart, A. J. (1999). "Studies on the Decontamination of Air by Plants". Ecotoxicology. 8 (4): 311–320. doi:10.1023/A:1008937417598.
  25. ↑ "Toxicity of Fluoranthene and Its Biodegradation by Cyclotella caspia Alga -作者: Yu Liu, Tian-Gang Luan, Ning-Ning Lu, Chong-Yu Lan". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2006-10-19.. Yu Liu, Tian-Gang Luan, Ning-Ning Lu, Chong-Yu Lan, Toxicity of Fluoranthene and Its Biodegradation by Cyclotella caspia Alga. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, Fev. 2006
  26. ↑ Hutchinson, S.L.; Banks, M.K.; Schwab, A.P. (2001). "Phytoremediation of Aged Petroleum Sludge: Effect of Inorganic Fertilizer". Journal of Environmental Quality. 30 (2): 395–403. doi:10.2134/jeq2001.302395x. PMID   11285899. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2006-10-16.
  27. ↑ Siciliano, Steven D.; Germida, James J.; Banks, Kathy; Greer, Charles W. (2003). "Changes in Microbial Community Composition and Function during a Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon Phytoremediation Field Trial". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 69 (1): 483–489. doi:10.1128/AEM.69.1.483-489.2003. PMC   152433 . PMID   12514031.
  28. 1 2 3 "Living Machines". Erik Alm describes them as 'freaks' because of their over-abundant root system even in such nutrient-rich environments. This is a prime factor in treating wastewaters: more surface for adsorption / absorption, and finer filter for larger impurities
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 , "Living Machines". These marsh plants can live in semi-anaerobic environments and are used in wastewater treating ponds
  30. 1 2 3 4 Entry, James A.; Vance, Nan C.; Hamilton, Melinda A.; Zabowski, Darlene; Watrud, Lidia S.; Adriano, Domy C. (1996). "Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with low concentrations of radionuclides". Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 88 (1–2): 167–176. doi:10.1007/BF00157420.
  31. ↑ J.A. Entry, P. T. Rygiewicz, W.H. Emmingham. Strontium-90 uptake by Pinus ponderosa and Pinus radiata seedlings inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi. Environmental Pollution 1994, 86: 201-206. Cited in Westhoff99.
  32. ↑ Zhu, Y-G.; Smolders, E. (2000). "Plant uptake of radiocaesium: A review of mechanisms, regulation and application". Journal of Experimental Botany. 51 (351): 1635–1645. doi:10.1093/jexbot/51.351.1635. PMID   11053452. Archived from the original on 2008-10-06.
  33. ↑ Broadley, Martin R.; Willey, Neil J. (1997). "Differences in root uptake of radiocaesium by 30 plant taxa". Environmental Pollution. 97 (1–2): 11–15. doi:10.1016/s0269-7491(97)00090-0. PMID   15093373.

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