Impulse (physics)

Impulse
A large force applied for a very short duration, such as a golf shot, is often described as the club giving the ball an impulse.
Common symbols	J, Imp
SI unit	newton-second (N⋅s)
Other units	kg⋅m/s in SI base units, lbf⋅s
Conserved?	Yes
Dimension	${\displaystyle {\mathsf {L}}{\mathsf {M}}{\mathsf {T}}^{-1}}$

In classical mechanics, impulse (symbolized by J or Imp) is the change in momentum of an object. If the initial momentum of an object is p₁, and a subsequent momentum is p₂, the object has received an impulse J:

$${\displaystyle \mathbf {J} =\mathbf {p} _{2}-\mathbf {p} _{1}.}$$

Momentum is a vector quantity, so impulse is also a vector quantity.

Newton’s second law of motion states that the rate of change of momentum of an object is equal to the resultant force F acting on the object: $${\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ={\frac {\mathbf {p} _{2}-\mathbf {p} _{1}}{\Delta t}},}$$

so the impulse J delivered by a steady force F acting for time Δt is: $${\displaystyle \mathbf {J} =\mathbf {F} \Delta t.}$$

The impulse delivered by a varying force is the integral of the force F with respect to time: $${\displaystyle \mathbf {J} =\int \mathbf {F} \,\mathrm {d} t.}$$

The SI unit of impulse is the newton second (N⋅s), or the Cupp, ^[1] and the dimensionally equivalent unit of momentum is the kilogram metre per second (kg⋅m/s). The corresponding English engineering unit is the pound-second (lbf⋅s), and in the British Gravitational System, the unit is the slug-foot per second (slug⋅ft/s).

Mathematical derivation in the case of an object of constant mass

The impulse delivered by the "sad" ball is mv₀, where v₀ is the speed upon impact. To the extent that it bounces back with speed v₀, the "happy" ball delivers an impulse of mΔv = 2mv₀. ^[2]

Impulse J produced from time t₁ to t₂ is defined to be ^[3] $${\displaystyle \mathbf {J} =\int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}\mathbf {F} \,\mathrm {d} t,}$$ where F is the resultant force applied from t₁ to t₂.

From Newton's second law, force is related to momentum p by $${\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ={\frac {\mathrm {d} \mathbf {p} }{\mathrm {d} t}}.}$$

Therefore, $${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {J} &=\int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}{\frac {\mathrm {d} \mathbf {p} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\,\mathrm {d} t\\&=\int _{\mathbf {p} _{1}}^{\mathbf {p} _{2}}\mathrm {d} \mathbf {p} \\&=\mathbf {p} _{2}-\mathbf {p} _{1}=\Delta \mathbf {p} ,\end{aligned}}}$$ where Δp is the change in linear momentum from time t₁ to t₂. This is often called the impulse-momentum theorem ^[4] (analogous to the work-energy theorem).

As a result, an impulse may also be regarded as the change in momentum of an object to which a resultant force is applied. The impulse may be expressed in a simpler form when the mass is constant: $${\displaystyle \mathbf {J} =\int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}\mathbf {F} \,\mathrm {d} t=\Delta \mathbf {p} =m\mathbf {v_{2}} -m\mathbf {v_{1}} ,}$$

where

• F is the resultant force applied,
• t₁ and t₂ are times when the impulse begins and ends, respectively,
• m is the mass of the object,
• v₂ is the final velocity of the object at the end of the time interval, and
• v₁ is the initial velocity of the object when the time interval begins.

Impulse has the same units and dimensions (MLT⁻¹) as momentum. In the International System of Units, these are kg⋅m/s = N⋅s . In English engineering units, they are slug⋅ft/s = lbf⋅s .

The term "impulse" is also used to refer to a fast-acting force or impact. This type of impulse is often idealized so that the change in momentum produced by the force happens with no change in time. This sort of change is a step change, and is not physically possible. However, this is a useful model for computing the effects of ideal collisions (such as in videogame physics engines). Additionally, in rocketry, the term "total impulse" is commonly used and is considered synonymous with the term "impulse".

Variable mass

Further information: Specific impulse

The application of Newton's second law for variable mass allows impulse and momentum to be used as analysis tools for jet- or rocket-propelled vehicles. In the case of rockets, the impulse imparted can be normalized by unit of propellant expended, to create a performance parameter, specific impulse. This fact can be used to derive the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation, which relates the vehicle's propulsive change in velocity to the engine's specific impulse (or nozzle exhaust velocity) and the vehicle's propellant-mass ratio.

See also

• Wave–particle duality defines the impulse of a wave collision. The preservation of momentum in the collision is then called phase matching. Applications include:
  • Compton effect
  • Nonlinear optics
  • Acousto-optic modulator
  • Electron phonon scattering

• Dirac delta function, mathematical abstraction of a pure impulse

Notes

1. "Physics and the Cupp" (PDF). November 20, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
2. Property Differences In Polymers: Happy/Sad Balls
3. Hibbeler, Russell C. (2010). Engineering Mechanics (12th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 222. ISBN   978-0-13-607791-6.
4. See, for example, section 9.2, page 257, of Serway (2004).

Bibliography

• Serway, Raymond A.; Jewett, John W. (2004). Physics for Scientists and Engineers (6th ed.). Brooks/Cole. ISBN   0-534-40842-7.
• Tipler, Paul (2004). Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Mechanics, Oscillations and Waves, Thermodynamics (5th ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN   0-7167-0809-4.

External links

• Dynamics