Indigofera

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Indigofera
Indigofera tinctoria1.jpg
Indigofera tinctoria
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Tribe: Indigofereae
Genus: Indigofera
L. (1753)
Type species
Indigofera tinctoria
L.
Species

See text.

Synonyms [1] [2]
  • AcanthonotusBenth. (1849)
  • AmecarpusBenth. (1847)
  • BremontieraDC. (1825)
  • BrissoniaNeck. (1790), opus utique oppr.
  • EleimanthusHochst. (1846)
  • ElasmocarpusHochst. ex Chiov. (1903 publ. 1902)
  • HemispadonEndl. (1832)
  • IndigoAdans. (1763)
  • OustropisG.Don (1832)
  • SphaeridiophorumDesv. (1813)
  • TricoilendusRaf. (1837)
  • VaughaniaS.Moore (1920)

Indigofera is a large genus of over 750 species [3] of flowering plants belonging to the pea family Fabaceae. They are widely distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. [3] [2]

Contents

Description

Indigofera is a varied genus that has shown unique characteristics making it an interesting candidate as a potential perennial crop.[ clarification needed ] Specifically, there is diverse variation among species with a number of unique characteristics. Some examples of this diversity include differences in pericarp thickness, fruit type, and flowering morphology. The unique characteristics it has displayed include potential for mixed smallholder systems with at least one other species and a resilience that allows for constant nitrogen uptake despite varying conditions.

Tree

Species of Indigofera are mostly shrubs, though some are small trees or herbaceous perennials or annuals. The branches are covered with silky hairs. Most of them have pinnate leaves made of three foliolates with short petioles. [3] [4] : 341 

Small flowers grow in the leaf axils from long peduncles or spikes, their petals come in hues of red or purple, but there are a few greenish-white and yellow-flowered species. [4] : 341  Indigofera flowers have open carpels, their organ primordial[ clarification needed ] is often formed at deeper layers than other eudicots. [5] This variety could have significant implications on its role in an actual perennial polyculture. For example, different flowering morphologies could be artificially selected for in varying directions in order to better fit in different environmental conditions and with different populations of other plants.

Fruit

The fruit is a long, cylindrical legume pod of varying size and shape. [3] [4] : 341 

The types of fruit produced by different species of Indigofera can also be divided into broad categories that again show great variation. The three basic types of fruit categories can be separated by their curvature including straight, slightly curved, and falcate (sickle-shaped). In addition, several of the species including Indigofera microcarpa , Indigofera suffruticosa , and Indigofera enneaphylla have shown delayed dehiscence (maturing) of fruits [6] This variation could again allow for artificial selection of the most abundant and nutritious fruit types and shapes.

Another way to categorize Indigofera is by its pericarp thickness. The pericarp (the tissue from the ovary that surrounds the seeds) can be categorized as type I, type II, and type III with type I having the thinnest pericarp and fewest layers of schlerenchymatous (stiff) tissue and type III having the thickest pericarp and most schlerenchymatous layers. Despite the previous examples of delayed dehiscence, most fruits of this genus show normal explosive dehiscence to disperse seeds. [7] Similar to fruit shape, the variation in fruit sizes allows for the thickest and most bountiful fruits to be selected.

Uses

Indigo dye

Several species, especially Indigofera tinctoria and Indigofera suffruticosa , are used to produce the dye indigo. Scraps of Indigo-dyed fabric likely dyed with plants from the genus Indigofera discovered at Huaca Prieta predate Egyptian indigo-dyed fabrics by more than 1,500 years. [8] Colonial planters in the Caribbean grew indigo and transplanted its cultivation when they settled in the colony of South Carolina and North Carolina where people of the Tuscarora confederacy adopted the dyeing process for head wraps and clothing. Exports of the crop did not expand until the mid-to late 18th century. When Eliza Lucas Pinckney and enslaved Africans successfully cultivated new strains near Charleston it became the second most important cash crop in the colony (after rice) before the American Revolution. It comprised more than one-third of all exports in value.

The chemical aniline, from which many important dyes are derived, was first synthesized from Indigofera suffruticosa (syn. Indigofera anil, whence the name aniline).

In Indonesia, the Sundanese use Indigofera tinctoria (known locally as tarum or nila) as dye for batik. Marco Polo was the first to report on the preparation of indigo in India. Indigo was quite often used in European easel painting[ clarification needed ] during the Middle Ages. [9] [10]

Species

Indigofera comprises the following species: [11] [3] [12] [13] [14]

Palaeotropical clade

Indigofera bracteolata Indigofera bracteolata MS 4168.JPG
Indigofera bracteolata
Indigofera hilaris Indigofera hilaris, blom, a, Faerie Glen NR.jpg
Indigofera hilaris

Pantropical clade

Indigofera astragalina Indigofera astragalina (Phulzadi) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 0204.jpg
Indigofera astragalina
Indigofera australis Indigofera australis canberra.jpg
Indigofera australis
Indigofera decora Gardenology.org-IMG 0047 rbgm10dec.jpg
Indigofera decora
Indigofera hirsuta Hairy Indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) (6372953579).jpg
Indigofera hirsuta
Indigofera sanguinea Chubhujeje (Indigofera sanguinea) (32426413295).jpg
Indigofera sanguinea
Indigofera suffruticosa Starr 030202-0017 Indigofera suffruticosa.jpg
Indigofera suffruticosa

Cape clade

Indigofera cytisoides Curtis's botanical magazine (No. 742) (8448634496).jpg
Indigofera cytisoides

Tethyan clade

Indigofera spicata Creeping indigo (Indigofera spicata) (6379945801).jpg
Indigofera spicata
Indigofera cordifolia Indigofera cordifolia (3965977923).jpg
Indigofera cordifolia
Indigofera dalzellii Indigofera dalzellii T.Cooke (2899573804).jpg
Indigofera dalzellii
Indigofera linifolia Indigofera linifolia blossom.jpg
Indigofera linifolia
Indigofera trifoliata Indigofera trifoliata mitubakmtng03.jpg
Indigofera trifoliata

Unassigned

Indigofera aspalathoides Indigofera aspalathoides.jpg
Indigofera aspalathoides
Indigofera basedowii Indigofera basedowii flowers.jpg
Indigofera basedowii
Indigofera comosa Indigofera oxytropis, bloeiwyse, Faerie Glen NR.jpg
Indigofera comosa
Indigofera hendecaphylla Starr 081230-0516 Indigofera hendecaphylla.jpg
Indigofera hendecaphylla
Indigofera micrantha Indigofera micrantha, loof, Krantzkloof NR.jpg
Indigofera micrantha
Indigofera monophylla Indigofera monophylla (7596862866).jpg
Indigofera monophylla
Indigofera szechuensis Indigofera potaninii 02.jpg
Indigofera szechuensis
Indigofera procumbens Indigofera procumbens (10020452684).jpg
Indigofera procumbens
Indigofera pseudotinctoria Indigofera Rose Carpet kz1.jpg
Indigofera pseudotinctoria

Species names with uncertain taxonomic status

The status of the following species is unresolved: [13] [14]

Indigofera psammophila Indigofera psammophila.jpg
Indigofera psammophila
Indigofera sylvatica Curtis's botanical magazine (8293271361).jpg
Indigofera sylvatica

Ecology

Indigofera species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the turnip moth (Agrotis segetum).

See also

Related Research Articles

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References

  1. ↑ Schrire BD. (2008). "The Madagascan genus Vaughania is reduced to synonymy under Indigofera (Leguminosae–Papilionoideae–Indigofereae)". Kew Bulletin . 63 (3): 477–479. Bibcode:2008KewBu..63..477S. doi:10.1007/s12225-008-9061-7. JSTOR   20649585. S2CID   43308210.
  2. 1 2 "Indigofera L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Gao X, Schrire BD. "Indigofera L." Flora of China. eFloras (Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA). Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  4. 1 2 3 Allen, O. N.; Allen, Ethel K. (1981). The Leguminosae, a source book of characteristics, uses, and nodulation. Madison, Wisconsin, USA: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 341–351. ISBN   978-0-299-08400-4.
  5. ↑ Paulino J, Groppo M, Teixeira S. (2011). "Floral developmental morphology of three Indigofera species (Leguminosae) and its systematic significance within Papilionoideae". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 292 (3): 165–176. Bibcode:2011PSyEv.292..165P. doi:10.1007/s00606-010-0405-z. S2CID   23296068.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ↑ Leite V, Marquiafável F, Moraes D, Teixeira S. (2009). "Fruit anatomy of Neotropical species of Indigofera (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) with functional and taxonomic implications". The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. 136 (2): 203–211. doi:10.3159/08-RA-106.1. S2CID   86776541.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ↑ Chauhan V, Pandey A. (2014). "Structure and evolution of the pod in Indigofera (Fabaceae) reveals a trend towards small thin indehiscent pods". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 176 (2): 260–276. doi: 10.1111/boj.12203 .
  8. ↑ Splitstoser JC, Wouters J, Claro A. (2016). "Early pre-Hispanic use of indigo blue in Peru". Science Advances. Vol. 2, no. 9. American Association for the Advancement of Science. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501623.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ↑ Douma M. "Pigments through the Ages—History—Indigo". Pigments through the Ages.
  10. ↑ Buchanan R. (1999). A Weaver's Garden: Growing Plants for Natural Dyes and Fibers. Courier Corporation. p. 106. ISBN   978-0-486-40712-8 . Retrieved 12 May 2016.
  11. ↑ Schrire BD, Lavin M, Barker NP, Forest F. (2009). "Phylogeny of the tribe Indigofereae (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae): Geographically structured more in succulent-rich and temperate settings than in grass-rich environments". Am J Bot . 96 (4): 816–52. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800185. PMID   21628237.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ↑ "ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for Indigofera". International Legume Database & Information Service. Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  13. 1 2 USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. "GRIN species records of Indigofera". Germplasm Resources Information Network—(GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved 12 February 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. 1 2 "The Plant List entry for Indigofera". The Plant List . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden. 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  15. ↑ English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 497. ISBN   978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2016– via Korea Forest Service.

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