Kamov Ka-27

Last updated

Ka-27
A Russian Helix KA-27 (cropped).jpg
A Russian Navy Ka-27 flying by USS Vella Gulf over the Gulf of Aden.
General information
Type Anti-submarine warfare helicopter
National origin Soviet Union / Russia
Manufacturer Kamov
StatusIn service
Primary users Soviet Navy (historical)
History
Manufactured1979–2010 [1]
Introduction date1982
First flight24 December 1973 [2]
Developed from Kamov Ka-25
Variants Kamov Ka-31

The Kamov Ka-27 (NATO reporting name 'Helix') is a military helicopter developed for the Soviet Navy, and as of 2024 is in service in various countries including Russia, Ukraine, Vietnam, China, South Korea, and India. Variants include the Ka-29 assault transport, the Ka-28 downgraded export version, and the Ka-32 for civilian use.

Contents

Design and development

The helicopter was developed for ferrying and anti-submarine warfare. Design work began in 1969 and the first prototype flew in 1973. It was intended to replace the decade-old Kamov Ka-25, and had to have identical or smaller external dimensions than its predecessor. Like other Kamov military helicopters it has coaxial rotors, removing the need for a tail rotor. In total, five prototypes and pre-series helicopters were built. Series production started at Kumertau in July 1979, and the new helicopter officially entered service with the Soviet Navy in April 1981. [1]

The Ka-27 has a crew of three with a pilot and navigator both stationed in the cockpit, and a sonar operator seated behind them. It has a four-leg fixed landing gear. The Ka-27 is equipped with two lateral buoys, that can be inflated in the case of a forced landing on water. [1]

The Ka-27PL anti-submarine version is equipped with a radar, and either a dipping sonar or a magnetic anomaly detector. It can also carry either up to 36 sonobuoys, or a torpedo, or between six and eight conventional depth charges, or a single nuclear one. Ka-27PLs generally operate in pairs as hunter-killer teams. [1]

The Ka-27PS search and rescue helicopter can carry 12 folding seats or four stretchers in its cabin, and is equipped with a 300 kg (660 lb) winch. Its fuel capacity of 3,450 litres (910 US gal) is greater than the 2,940-litre (780 US gal) capacity of the Ka-27PL. [1]

Ka-32 variants, e.g. the Klimov-powered Ka-32A11BC, have been certified for commercial operations throughout the world, notably in Canada and Europe. The Ka-32 has been certified for the newer Klimov VK-2500PS-02 engine. [3]

Operational history

Ka-27s aboard the aircraft carrier Novorossiysk in 1984 RIAN archive 139612 Helicopters on deck of the Novorossiisk cruiser.jpg
Ka-27s aboard the aircraft carrier Novorossiysk in 1984

A Russian Navy Ka-27 helicopter from the Russian Udaloy-class destroyer Severomorsk conducted interoperability deck landing training on board the US command ship USS Mount Whitney on 22 July 2010. [4]

Ka-32A11BC multipurpose helicopters have been successfully operated in Portugal for over five years. In 2006, Kamov won the tender for the supply of Ka-32A11BC firefighting helicopters, to replace Aérospatiale SA 330 Pumas.[ citation needed ]

Over 240 Ka-32 have been built as of 2019 and have been exported to more than 30 countries; [5] South Korea operates some 60 Ka-32s. [6] [7] In the mid-1990s Russia offset debt to South Korea through supplies of weapons. [8]

The Ka-32A11BC features a high power-to-weight ratio and ease of handling, owing to its coaxial rotor design. The rotors' diameters are not restricted by the presence of a tail rotor and associated tail boom; this facilitates maneuvering near obstacles and helps assure exceptional accuracy when hovering in heavy smoke and dust conditions. The Ka-32A11BC may be equipped with the Bambi Bucket suspended fire-fighting system of up to five tons capacity. The service life has been extended to up to 32,000 flight hours. [9]

Since the 1990s, China has purchased the Ka-28 export version and Ka-31 radar warning version for the PLAN fleet. Ka-31 purchases were first revealed in 2010. It is believed that Chinese Ka-28s have been equipped with more enhanced avionics compared to Ka-28s exported to other countries. [10]

In 2013, Russia tested the new Kamov Ka-27M with an active electronically scanned array radar. The basis of the modernization of the Ka-27M is installed on the helicopter airborne radar with an active phased array antenna FH-A. This radar is part of the command and tactical radar system that combines several other systems: acoustic, magnetometric, signals intelligence and radar. All the information on them is displayed on the display instrumentation. [11]

Ka-32s are used for construction of transmission towers for overhead power lines, as it has somewhat higher lift capacity than the Vertol 107. [12] In Canada, the Ka-32 is used for selective logging as it is able to lift selective species vertically. [13]

In August 2013, a Kamov Ka-32, C-GKHL operating in Bella Coola, British Columbia, Canada, experienced failure of one of its Klimov TV3-117BMA engines (manufactured by Motor Sich in Ukraine). The subsequent technical investigation indicated that there was poor quality control in the assembly of the compressor turbine, leading to failure of the complete unit after several compressor blades separated. [14]

Ka-27s have been used by the Syrian Navy during the ongoing Syrian Civil War. [15]

On 21 June 2024, a Ka-29 was reportedly shot down over Crimea, by a Russian Pantsir-S1, during a Ukrainian drone attack involving both air and naval drones, killing the crew of four. [16]

Variants

Military

A Russian Navy Ka-27PS Kamov Ka-27PS.JPEG
A Russian Navy Ka-27PS
Three Russian Navy Ka-27M Den' VMF 2020 SPb. Vertolioty Ka-27m.jpg
Three Russian Navy Ka-27M
Ka-252
First prototype. [1]
Ka-27K
Anti-submarine warfare prototype.
Ka-27PL
(Helix-A) Anti-submarine warfare helicopter. [1]
Ka-27PS
(Helix-D) Search and rescue helicopter, ASW equipment removed and winch fitted. [1] Fitted with 300 kg (660 lb) rescue hoist and hooks under fuselage for loads up to 5,000 kg (11,000 lb). [17]
Ka-27PV
Armed version of the Ka-27PS.
Ka-27M
The latest modification of the helicopter, equipped with radar and tactical command systems that include the following systems: acoustic sensors, magnetometric sensors, signals intelligence, and FH-A radar with active phased array antenna. The radar is mounted under the fuselage and provides all-around vision in the search and detection of surface, air, and ground targets. Serial upgrading of Ka-27Ms to the level of combatant helicopters was planned to begin in 2014. By the end of 2016, 46 Ka-27PLs had been scheduled for modernization, commissioned by the Russian Navy. The first eight serial Ka-27M were transferred in December 2016. [18] Mass production approved in June 2017 and started in early 2018. [19] [20] [21] A new delivery of 5 helicopters arrived in October 2018. [22] [23] Half of the fleet is modernized as of December 2018. [24]
Ka-28
(Helix-A)[ citation needed ] Export version of the Ka-27PL. [1] Max takeoff weight increased to 12,000 kg (26,000 lb), as well max fuel and range also increased. [17]
Ka-29 Kamov Ka-29 in fight.jpg
Ka-29
Ka-29TB
(Helix-B) Assault transport armored helicopter, operated from amphibious landing ships or aircraft carriers, with accommodation for two pilots and 16 troops. 4 suspensions carry rockets, guns, bombs and anti-tank missiles. Production begun in the 1980s and over 60 were produced. Other provisions include a single four-barreled 7.62 mm machine gun or 30 mmShipunov 2A42. [17] Currently under re-activation and upgrade with changed engines and installed modern arms and electronics, among others. [25]
Ka-31
Early-warning helicopter. [26]

Civil

Heliswiss Ka-32 installs digital-TV transmitter in Arhus, Denmark. Ka-32-installs-digital-tv-antenna-in-aarhus.jpg
Heliswiss Ka-32 installs digital-TV transmitter in Århus, Denmark.
Kamov Ka-32S of Omega Helicopters at Moscow Bykovo airfield in 2004 Kamov Ka-32S Omega Hc Moscow 2004.jpg
Kamov Ka-32S of Omega Helicopters at Moscow Bykovo airfield in 2004

Operators

A Ukrainian Naval Aviation Ka-27 preparing for take off from USS Taylor Ukrainian Ka-27PS on USS Taylor (FFG 50), 2010-A.jpg
A Ukrainian Naval Aviation Ka-27 preparing for take off from USS Taylor
Ka-32 of Korea National Park Service HL9465 Kamov KA-32 South Korean National Park Authority (7595959530).jpg
Ka-32 of Korea National Park Service
Map with military/government operators in blue, civilian operators in red, and operators in both fields in purple. Kamov Ka-27 Users.png
Map with military/government operators in blue, civilian operators in red, and operators in both fields in purple.

Military and government operators

Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Azerbaijan
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China
Flag of India.svg  India
Flag of Laos.svg  Laos
Flag of North Korea.svg  North Korea
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia
Flag of Serbia.svg  Serbia
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain
Flag of Syria.svg  Syria
Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam
Flag of Yemen.svg  Yemen
KA-32A11BC KA-32A11BC.jpg
KA-32A11BC

Civilian operators

Ka-32 A12 of Heliswiss KamowK32A.jpg
Ka-32 A12 of Heliswiss
Kamov Ka-32T of BNPB UR-CIW (26502672279).jpg
Kamov Ka-32T of BNPB
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada
Flag of South Korea.svg  Republic of Korea
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria

Former operators

Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal
Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg  Yugoslavia
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union

Specifications (Ka-27)

Data from [56] [57]

General characteristics

Performance

Armament
Ka-27

Ka-29TB

Avionics

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kamov Ka-50</span> Attack helicopter

The Kamov Ka-50 "Black Shark", NATO reporting name Hokum A, is a Soviet/Russian single-seat attack helicopter with the distinctive coaxial rotor system of the Kamov design bureau. It was designed in the 1980s and adopted for service in the Russian army in 1995. The Ka-50 is manufactured by the Progress company in Arsenyev. It is used as a heavily armed scout helicopter and has a rescue ejection system, rare for helicopters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kamov Ka-25</span> Naval helicopter developed for the USSR

The Kamov Ka-25 is a naval helicopter, developed for the Soviet Navy in the USSR from 1958.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Westland Lynx</span> Military helicopter family

The Westland Lynx is a British multi-purpose twin-engined military helicopter designed and built by Westland Helicopters at its factory in Yeovil. Originally intended as a utility craft for both civil and naval usage, military interest led to the development of both battlefield and naval variants. The Lynx went into operational usage in 1977 and was later adopted by the armed forces of over a dozen nations, primarily serving in the battlefield utility, anti-armour, search and rescue and anti-submarine warfare roles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eurocopter AS565 Panther</span> Military utility helicopter

The Eurocopter, later Airbus HelicoptersAS565 Panther is the military version of the Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin medium-weight multi-purpose twin-engine helicopter. The Panther is used for a wide range of military roles, including combat assault, fire support, anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare, search and rescue, and medical evacuation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mil Mi-2</span> Utility helicopter family by Mil

The Mil Mi-2 is a small, three rotor blade Soviet-designed multi-purpose helicopter developed by the Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant, designed in the early 1960s and produced exclusively by WSK "PZL-Świdnik" in Poland. Nearly 5,500 were made by the time production stopped in 1999, and it remains in service globally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mil Mi-28</span> Russian attack helicopter

The Mil Mi-28 is a Soviet all-weather, day-night, military tandem, two-seat anti-armor attack helicopter. It is an attack helicopter with no intended secondary transport capability, and is better optimized than the Mil Mi-24 gunship for the role. It carries a single gun in an undernose barbette, plus external loads carried on pylons beneath stub wings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mil Mi-14</span> Helicopter in the Soviet Union

The Mil Mi-14 is a Soviet shore-based nuclear-capable amphibious anti-submarine helicopter derived from the earlier Mi-8.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mil Mi-4</span> Soviet transport helicopter

The Mil Mi-4 is a Soviet transport helicopter that served in both military and civilian roles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kamov Ka-26</span> Utility helicopter in the USSR

The Kamov Ka-26 is a Soviet light utility helicopter with co-axial rotors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kamov Ka-15</span>

The Kamov Ka-15 was a Soviet two-seat utility helicopter with coaxial rotors, which first flew on 14 April 1952 at the hands of test pilot D. K. Yefremov. It was the world's first mass-produced coaxial helicopter. State acceptance trials were completed in 1955, and the helicopter entered production the following year at aircraft factory No. 99 in Ulan-Ude. It was a precursor to the Ka-18 and was fitted with the M-14 engine. It was primarily used for bush patrol, agricultural purposes and fishery control.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kamov Ka-10</span>

The Kamov Ka-10 was a Soviet single-seat observation helicopter that first flew in 1949.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kamov Ka-226</span> Russian utility helicopter

The Kamov Ka-226 is a small, twin-engine Russian utility helicopter. The Ka-226 features an interchangeable mission pod, rather than a conventional cabin, allowing the use of various accommodation or equipment configurations. The Ka-226 entered service in 2002.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kamov Ka-60</span> Utility helicopter

The Kamov Ka-60 Kasatka is a Russian medium twin-turbine military transport helicopter under development by Kamov. It performed its first flight on 24 December 1998.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kamov Ka-31</span> Kamov helicopter

The Kamov Ka-31 is a military helicopter originally developed for the Soviet Navy and currently in service in Russia, China, and India in the naval airborne early warning and control role.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eurocopter EC155</span> Passenger transport helicopter

The Airbus Helicopters H155 is a long-range medium-lift passenger transport helicopter developed by Eurocopter from its Dauphin family for civil aviation use. It is a twin-engined aircraft and can carry up to 13 passengers along with 1 or 2 crew, depending on customer configuration. The helicopter is marketed for passenger transport, offshore support, VIP corporate transport and casualty transport duties. In 2015, the EC155 was formally renamed to the H155, in line with Eurocopter's corporate rebranding as Airbus Helicopters. It was succeeded in the product line by the Airbus Helicopters H160.

The Kamov Ka-118 is a projected light multirole helicopter with the NOTAR configuration based on the McDonnell Douglas design.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Klimov TV3-117</span>

The Klimov TV3-117 is a Soviet gas turbine aero engine. It is used in most medium lift, utility, and attack helicopters designed by the Mil and Kamov design bureaus. The TV3-117 turboshaft engine was developed in 1974. Later the Klimov TV3-117 was installed on 95% of all helicopters designed by Mil and Kamov Engineering Centre. The engine has been produced in many variants.

<i>Sovremenny</i>-class destroyer Class of destroyer built for the Soviet Navy

The Sovremenny class, Soviet designation Project 956 Sarych (buzzard), is a class of anti-ship and anti-aircraft guided-missile destroyers of the Soviet and later Russian Navy. The ships are named after qualities, with "Sovremenny" translating as "modern" or "contemporary". Most of the ships have been retired from active service and one converted into a museum ship in 2018; as of 2021 three remain in commission with the Russian Navy with several in overhaul. Four modified ships were delivered to the People's Liberation Army Navy, and remain in service.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harbin Z-19</span> Chinese reconnaissance and attack helicopter

The Harbin Z-19 is a Chinese light reconnaissance/attack helicopter developed by Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation (HAMC) for the People's Liberation Army Air Force and the Ground Force Army Aviation. It is a specialized combat variant of the Harbin Z-9, which is a license-built version of the Eurocopter Dauphin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">VRT 500</span> Type of aircraft

The VRT 500 is a project of a light helicopter with a coaxial rotor developed by VR-Technologies (VRT), a subsidiary of Russian Helicopters.

References

Notes
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "[Actu] Modernisation des Kamov Ka-27PL". Red Samovar. 3 March 2017.
  2. Taylor 1996, pp.316–317
  3. "UEC launches mass production of VK-2500P engines". 26 May 2021.
  4. Nealy, Sylvia (27 July 2010). "Russian Navy conducts flight training aboard US ship". Rotorhub. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
  5. "Russian Helicopters unveils Ka-32 upgrade".
  6. "Russian Helicopters and South Korean RH Focus Corp. are creating a service center". rostec.ru. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  7. "Russian Helicopters visit South Korea". www.helicopterinvestor.com. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  8. Ahn, Se Hyun (2009). "Understanding Russian–South Korean Arms Trade". Armed Forces & Society. 35 (3): 421–436. doi:10.1177/0095327X08330817. JSTOR   48608917. S2CID   220899100 . Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  9. "KAMOV Ka-32". omundodaprogramacao.com. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
  10. "Ka-28 Ka-31 in Chinese navy". AirForceWorld.com. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
  11. "Russia creates new generation of shipborne helicopter radars".
  12. "Powering Up – Vertical Magazine". verticalmag.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
  13. "VIH Aviation Group – Pride in Service since 1955". www.vih.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  14. Canada, Government of Canada, Transportation Safety Board of (7 January 2015). "Aviation Investigation Report A13P0163 – Transportation Safety Board of Canada". www.tsb.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. "S. Damascus: rare insight of a Syrian Navy Ka-27 dropping bombs on Khan As-Sheih pocket - Map of Syrian Civil War - Syria news today - syria.liveuamap.com". Map of Syrian Civil War - Syria news today - syria.liveuamap.com. Archived from the original on 3 November 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
  16. Dylan Malyasov (21 June 2024). "Russia reportedly loses Ka-29 helicopter to friendly fire". Defence Blog. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 "Worldwide Equipment Guide. Volume 2: Airspace and Air Defense Systems" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center . December 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
  18. "Russia's naval aviation receives 8 upgraded Ka-27M deck-based helicopters". Archived from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  19. "Modernized Ka-27M helicopters for the Russian Ministry of Defense". 22 August 2017. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  20. "Russian Helicopters deliver upgraded Ka-27Ms to Defense Ministry". Archived from the original on 10 January 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  21. "Naval aviation to receive about 50 modernised Ka-27 helicopters : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation". eng.mil.ru. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  22. "ЦАМТО / Новости / Морская авиация Балтийского флота получила на вооружение модернизированные вертолеты Ка-27М". Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  23. "ЦАМТО / Новости / На аэродроме Черняховск провели облет первого модернизированного вертолета Ка-27М". Archived from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  24. "Janes | Latest defence and security news". Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  25. "Russia: Upgraded Kamov Ka-29 helicopters to operate in Arctic".
  26. "[Actu] Le Kamov Ka-31(R)". Red Samovar. 21 March 2020.
  27. "Ka helicopters for sale. Ka 32, Ka 62, Ka 226. Buy ka helicopter in Russia and World". kahelicopter.com. 23 February 2015. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "World Air Forces 2018". Flightglobal Insight. 2018. Archived from the original on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
  29. 1 2 Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost (9 December 2020). "Caspian Amphibians - Azerbaijan's Elusive Fleet Of Beriev Amphibious Aircraft". Oryx.
  30. Oliemans, Joost; Mitzer, Stijn (13 May 2020). "In aid of Juche: how Cuban anti-submarine helicopters ended up in North Korea". NK News.
  31. Mladenov Air International May 2011, p. 112.
  32. Banković, Živojin (26 October 2022). "Ruski protivpožarni helikopter Ka-32 isporučen Srbiji: Drugo predstavljanje javnosti ispred Kule Beograd, bez pominjanja drugog helikoptera". Tango Six Portal (in Serbian). Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  33. "ЦАМТО / / Сербия получила второй пожарный вертолет Ка-32 из России".
  34. "Korea Coast Guard 2012 White Paper". Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
  35. "소방항공대 헬기 현황". www.nfa.go.kr (in Korean). Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  36. "산림항공기". fao.forest.go.kr (in Korean). Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  37. "항공대 창설과 헬기 도입". www.knps.or.kr (in Korean). Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  38. "Helicópteros bombarderos". www.miteco.gob.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  39. "รัสเซียปูดข่าวไทยซื้อ "ปักเป้า" Ka-32 ฮ.สุดทันสมัย สำหรับค้นหากู้ภัย-ดับเพลิง". 21 August 2017.
  40. "World Air Forces 2021". FlightGlobal. 4 December 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
  41. "Helicargo Services". helicargo.com.br. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  42. "From Russia With Love". Annex Business Media. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  43. "FLEET". www.eng.helikorea.co.kr. Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  44. "FLEET". www.ubair.co.kr. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  45. "FLEET". www.uihelijet.com. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  46. "Heli Swiss Fleet". heliswissinternational.ch. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  47. "Kamov Ka-32A 11BC: Dari Padamkan Api Sampai Guyur Massa di Kerusuhan 22 Mei – Indomiliter.com". 23 May 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
  48. "Ka-32A11BC". www.russianhelicopters.aero. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  49. "Spesifikasi Helikopter Kamov Ka-32, Pembawa Water Bombing untuk Redam Aksi Ricuh di Petamburan". Tribunnews.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  50. "HL9470 - Private Kamov Ka-32 at Ardmore". airplane-pictures.net. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  51. "Aircraft fleet". akagi-heli.co.jp. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  52. i-nature.com. "BHAirlines". www.bhairlines.com. Archived from the original on 26 January 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  53. Gabriel, Centeno (31 August 2022). "Portugal buys six Black Hawk helicopters for firefighting". Aeroflap. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  54. Pavliuk, Oleh; Petrenko, Roman (8 September 2024). "Portugal completes delivery of 6 Ka-32 helicopters to Ukraine". Ukrainska Pravda. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  55. "World Air Forces 1997 pg. 71". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  56. "Kamov Ka-27 Helix". helis.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  57. "Kamov KA-27 Helix". combataircraft.com. Archived from the original on 13 June 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
Bibliography