Kangaroo rat

Last updated

Kangaroo rat
Temporal range: Late Pliocene – Recent
Kangaroo-rat.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Heteromyidae
Subfamily: Dipodomyinae
Genus: Dipodomys
J. E. Gray, 1841 [1]
Type species
Dipodomys phillipsii
J. E. Gray, 1841
Species

Dipodomys agilis
Dipodomys californicus
Dipodomys compactus
Dipodomys deserti
Dipodomys elator
Dipodomys elephantinus
Dipodomys gravipes
Dipodomys heermanni
Dipodomys ingens
Dipodomys merriami
Dipodomys microps
Dipodomys nelsoni
Dipodomys nitratoides
Dipodomys ordii
Dipodomys panamintinus
Dipodomys phillipsii
Dipodomys simulans
Dipodomys spectabilis
Dipodomys stephensi
Dipodomys venustus

Contents

Synonyms [2]
  • Dipodops Merriam, 1890
  • Perodipus Fitzinger, 1867
  • Macrocolus Wagner, 1846

Kangaroo rats, small mostly nocturnal rodents of genus Dipodomys, are native to arid areas of western North America. The common name derives from their bipedal form. They hop in a manner similar to the much larger kangaroo, but developed this mode of locomotion independently, like several other clades of rodents (e.g. dipodids and hopping mice).

Description

Kangaroo rats are four or five-toed heteromyid rodents with big hind legs, small front legs, and relatively large heads. Adults typically weigh between 70 and 170 grams (2.5 and 6.0 oz) [3] The tails of kangaroo rats are longer than both their bodies and their heads. Another notable feature of kangaroo rats is their fur-lined cheek pouches, which are used for storing food. The coloration of kangaroo rats varies from cinnamon buff to dark gray, depending on the species. [4] There is also some variation in length with one of the largest species, the banner-tailed kangaroo rat being six inches in body length and a tail length of eight inches. [4] Sexual dimorphism exists in all species, with males being larger than females.

Locomotion

Kangaroo rats move bipedally. Kangaroo rats often leap a distance of 7 feet, [5] and reportedly up to 9 feet (2.75 m) [6] at speeds up to almost 10 feet/sec, or 10 km/h (6 mph). [7] They can quickly change direction between jumps. [7] The rapid locomotion of the banner-tailed kangaroo rat may minimize energy cost and predation risk. [8] Its use of a "move-freeze" mode may also make it less conspicuous to nocturnal predators. [8]

Ecology

Range and habitat

Kangaroo rats live in arid and semiarid areas, particularly on sandy or soft soils [4] which are suitable for burrowing. They can, however, vary in both geographic range and habitat. Their elevation range depends on the species; they are found from below sea level to at least 7,100 feet (the type locality of D. ordii priscus). [9] They are sensitive to extreme temperatures and remain in their burrows during rain storms and other forms of inclement weather. [4] Kangaroo rats are preyed on by coyotes, foxes, badgers, weasels, owls, and snakes.

Merriam's kangaroo rats live in areas of low rainfall and humidity, and high summer temperature and evaporation rates. [10] They prefer areas of stony soils, including clays, gravel, and rocks, which are harder than soils preferred by some other species (like banner-tailed kangaroo rats). [4] Because their habitats are hot and dry, they must conserve water. [11] They do this in part by lowering their metabolic rate, which reduces the loss of water through their skin and respiratory system. Evaporation through the skin is the major route of loss. [12] Merriam's kangaroo rats obtain enough water from the metabolic oxidation of the seeds they eat to survive and do not need to drink water at all. [11] To help conserve water they produce very concentrated urine, via a process apparently associated with expression of aquaporin 1 along a longer than usual segment of the descending limb of the loop of Henle in the kidney. [13]

In contrast, banner-tailed kangaroo rats have more specific habitat requirements for desert grasslands with scattered shrubs; this species is also more threatened because of the decline in these grasslands. These are also dry areas but they tend to have more water available to them than Merriam's kangaroo rats.

Food and foraging

Kangaroo rats are primarily seed eaters. [14] They will, however, eat vegetation occasionally, and at some times of the year, possibly insects as well. [4] They have been seen storing the seeds of mesquite, creosote bush, purslane, ocotillo, and grama grass in their cheek pouches. Kangaroo rats will store extra seeds in seed caches. [10] This caching behavior affects the rangeland and croplands where the animals live. [4] Kangaroo rats must harvest as much seed as possible in as little time as possible. [14] To conserve energy and water, they minimize their time away from their cool, dry burrows. In addition, maximizing time in their burrows minimizes their exposure to predators. [14]

When on foraging trips, kangaroo rats hoard the seeds that they find. It is important for a kangaroo rat to encounter more food items than are consumed, at least at one point in the year, as well as defend or rediscover food caches and remain within the same areas long enough to utilize food resources. [8] Different species of kangaroo rat may have different seed caching strategies to coexist with each other, as is the case for the banner-tailed kangaroo rat and Merriam's kangaroo rat which have overlapping ranges. [3] Merriam's kangaroo rats scatterhoard small caches of seeds in numerous small, shallow holes they dig. [15] This is initially done close to the food source, maximizing harvest rates and reducing travel costs, but later redistributed more widely, minimizing theft by other rodents. [15] Banner-tailed kangaroo rats larderhoard a sizable cache of seeds within the large mounds they occupy. This could decrease their time and energy expenses; they also spend less time on the surface digging holes, reducing the risk of predation. Being larger and more sedentary, they are better able to defend these larders from depredations by other rodents. [15]

Behavior

Tipton kangaroo rat (D. nitratoides nitratoides) at the California Living Museum in Bakersfield Tipton kangaroo rat 8046-5 1991.jpg
Tipton kangaroo rat (D. nitratoides nitratoides) at the California Living Museum in Bakersfield

Kangaroo rats inhabit overlapping home ranges. These home ranges tend to be small with most activities within 200–300 ft and rarely 600 ft. [4] Home range size can vary within species with Merriam's kangaroo rats having larger home ranges than banner-tailed kangaroo rats. Recently weaned kangaroo rats move into new areas not occupied by adults. Within its home range, a kangaroo rat has a defended territory consisting of its burrowing system.

Burrow system

Kangaroo rats live in complex burrow systems. The burrows have separate chambers used for specific purposes like sleeping, living, and food storage. [4] The spacing of the burrows depends on the number of kangaroo rats and the abundance of food. Kangaroo rats also live in colonies that range from six to several hundred dens. [10] The burrow of a kangaroo rat is important in providing protection from the harsh desert environment. To maintain a constant temperature and relative humidity in their burrows, kangaroo rats plug the entrances with soil during the day. [4] When the outside temperature is too hot, a kangaroo rat stays in its cool, humid burrow and leaves it only at night. [11] To reduce loss of moisture through respiration when sleeping, a kangaroo rat buries its nose in its fur to accumulate a small pocket of moist air. [11] The burrows of Merriam's kangaroo rats are simpler and shallower than those of banner-tailed kangaroo rats. Banner-tailed kangaroo rats also mate in their burrows, unlike Merriam's kangaroo rats.

Social interactions

Kangaroo rats are generally solitary animals with little social organization. Kangaroo rats communicate during competitive interactions and courtship. [16] They do cluster together in some feeding situations. Groups of kangaroo rats that exist are aggregations and colonies. [4] There appears to be a dominance hierarchy among male kangaroo rats in competition for access to females. [17] Male kangaroo rats are generally more aggressive than females and are more dominant over them. Females are more tolerant of each other than males are and have more non-aggressive interactions. This is likely in part because the home ranges of females overlap less than the home ranges of males. [17] Linear dominance hierarchies appear to exist among males but it is not known if this is the case for females. [17] Winners of aggressive encounters appear to be the most active individuals.

Mating and reproduction

Kangaroo rats have a promiscuous mating system. Their reproductive output is highest in summer following high rainfalls. [18] During droughts and food shortages, only a few females will breed. [4] It appears that kangaroo rats can assess their local conditions and adjust their reproductive efforts accordingly. [18] Merriam's kangaroo rats breed between February and May and produce two or three litters per year. [3] Before mating, the male and female will perform nasal-anal circling until the female stops and allows the male to mount her. A Merriam's kangaroo rat female will allow multiple males to mount her in a short time, perhaps to ensure greater chances of producing offspring. Mating in banner-tailed kangaroo rats involves more chasing and foot drumming in the male before the female allows him to mate. [19] Banner-tailed kangaroo rats mate on mounds and the more successful males chase away rival males. [19] The gestation period of kangaroo rats lasts 22–27 days.

The young are born in a fur-lined nest in the burrows. They are born blind and hairless. [3] For the first week, young Merriam kangaroo rats crawl, developing their hind legs in their second or third week. [10] At this time, the young become independent. Banner-tailed kangaroo rats are weaned between 22 and 25 days. Offspring remain in the mound for 1-6 more months in the maternal caches. [18]

Taxonomy

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Giant kangaroo rat</span> Species of rodent

The giant kangaroo rat is an endangered species of heteromyid rodent endemic to California.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heteromyidae</span> Family of rodents

Heteromyidae is a family of rodents consisting of kangaroo rats, kangaroo mice, pocket mice and spiny pocket mice. Most heteromyids live in complex burrows within the deserts and grasslands of western North America, though species within the genus Heteromys are also found in forests and their range extends as far south as northern South America. They feed mostly on seeds and other plant parts, which they carry in their fur-lined cheek pouches to their burrows.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kangaroo mouse</span> Genus of mammals belonging to the kangaroo rats, kangaroo mice, and pocket mice family of rodents

A kangaroo mouse is either one of the two species of jumping mouse native to the deserts of the southwestern United States, predominantly found in the state of Nevada. The name "kangaroo mouse" refers to the species' extraordinary jumping ability, as well as its habit of bipedal locomotion. The two species are:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dipodomyinae</span> Subfamily of rodents

Dipodomyinae is a subfamily of heteromyid rodents, the kangaroo rats and mice. Dipodomyines, as implied by both their common and scientific names, are bipedal; they also jump exceptionally well. Kangaroo rats and mice are native to desert and semidesert ecosystems of western North America from southern Canada to central Mexico. They are generally herbivorous foragers, and dig and live in burrows.

The Texas kangaroo rat is a rodent of the family Heteromyidae. It is found in Texas and Oklahoma in the United States, where it often lives in association with brush species, like mesquite and lotebush, growing in areas with firm clay-loam soils. The species is listed as threatened by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and the IUCN lists the species as vulnerable.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ord's kangaroo rat</span> Species of rodent

Ord's kangaroo rat is a kangaroo rat native to western North America, specifically the Great Plains and the Great Basin, with its range extending from extreme southern Canada to central Mexico.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agile kangaroo rat</span> Species of rodent

The agile kangaroo rat is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is endemic to southern California in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gulf Coast kangaroo rat</span> Species of rodent

The Gulf Coast kangaroo rat is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae found in Mexico and the state of Texas in the United States. Its appearance and ecology are very similar to those of its putative sister species, Ord's kangaroo rat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Desert kangaroo rat</span> Species of rodent

The desert kangaroo rat is a rodent species in the family Heteromyidae that is found in desert areas of southwestern North America. It is one of the large kangaroo rats, with a total length greater than 12 inches (300 mm) and a mass greater than 3.2 ounces (91 g).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heermann's kangaroo rat</span> Species of rodent

Heermann's kangaroo rat is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. Their long smooth pelage resembles typical kangaroo rats, with their dorsal side showing a mixed range of olive, black and orange colors. There are 9 distinguished sub-species of Dipodomys heermanni: D.h. arenae, D.h. berkeleyensis, D.h. dixoni, D.h. goldmani, D.h. heermanni, D.h. jolonensis, D.h.morroensis, D.h. swarthi, and D.h. tularensis. The dental formula of Dipodomys heermanni is 1.0.1.31.0.1.3 × 2 = 20.

The San José Island kangaroo rat is a subspecies of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is endemic to Mexico, where it is found only on San José Island off the east coast of Baja California Sur. is restricted to an area of only 30 km2 in the southwestern coast of San José Island, Lower California, with the population having been drastically reduced in size and being close to extinction No other species of Dipodomys occur in sympatry with D. insularis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Merriam's kangaroo rat</span> Species of rodent

Merriam's kangaroo rat is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. The species name commemorates Clinton Hart Merriam. It is found in the Upper and Lower Sonoran life zones of the southwestern United States, Baja California, and northern Mexico.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chisel-toothed kangaroo rat</span> Species of rodent

The chisel-toothed kangaroo rat is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nelson's kangaroo rat</span> Species of rodent

Nelson's kangaroo rat is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae which is endemic to the central plateau of Mexico.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fresno kangaroo rat</span> Species of rodent

The Fresno kangaroo rat or San Joaquin kangaroo rat is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is endemic to areas within and near the San Joaquin Valley of California in the United States. Habitat destruction due to agricultural development and urbanization has put this species at risk, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as "vulnerable".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Panamint kangaroo rat</span> Species of rodent

The Panamint kangaroo rat is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is endemic to the Mojave Desert in eastern California and western Nevada, in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Banner-tailed kangaroo rat</span> Species of rodent

The banner-tailed kangaroo rat is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is found in arid environments in the southwestern United States and Mexico where it lives in a burrow by day and forages for seeds and plant matter by night.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stephens's kangaroo rat</span> Species of rodent

Stephens's kangaroo rat is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is endemic to the Southern California region of the United States, primarily in western Riverside County. The species is named after American zoologist Frank Stephens (1849–1937).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Silky pocket mouse</span> Species of rodent

The silky pocket mouse is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is found in northern and central Mexico and the southwest region of the United States. It is a species of least concern, according to the IUCN, with no known major threats. The silky pocket mouse eats seeds, succulent parts of plants and nuts, and carries food in its cheek pouches. It lives in low valley bottoms with soft soils, among weeds and shrubs, where it burrows in the sand to bury seed caches. The species is more tolerant of harsh habitat conditions than other pocket mice.

The San Bernardino kangaroo rat is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is one of 19 recognized subspecies of Merriam's kangaroo rat that are spread throughout the arid regions of the southwestern United States and Mexico.

References

  1. ↑ Gray, J. E. (1841). "A new Genus of Mexican Glirine Mammalia". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 7 (46): 521–522.
  2. ↑ "Dipodomys". Catalogue of Life . Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Nader, I.A. 1978. "Kangaroo rats: Intraspecific Variation in Dipodomus spectabilis Merriami and Dipodomys deserti Stephens". Illinois biological monographs; 49: 1-116. Chicago, University of Illinois Press.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Howard, V.W. Jr. (1994). "Kangaroo Rats". In Hygnstrom, S.E.; Timm, R.M.; Larson, G.E. (eds.). Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage. Cooperative Extension Division, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln; United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service: Animal Damage Control; Great Plains Agricultural Council: Wildlife Committee. pp. B101–B104. Retrieved 2019-12-24.
  5. ↑ "Merriam's Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys merriami". U. S. Bureau of Land Management web site. Bureau of Land Management . Retrieved 2014-03-26.
  6. ↑ Merlin, P. (2014). "Heteromyidae: Kangaroo Rats & Pocket Mice". Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum web site. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum . Retrieved 2014-03-26.
  7. 1 2 "Animal Guide: Giant Kangaroo Rat". Nature on PBS web site. Public Broadcasting System. 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-03-26. Retrieved 2014-03-26.
  8. 1 2 3 Schroder, G. D. (August 1979). "Foraging Behavior and Home Range Utilization of the Bannertail Kangaroo Rat". Ecology . 60 (4): 657–665. doi:10.2307/1936601. JSTOR   1936601.
  9. ↑ Garrison, T.E.; Best, T.L. (April 1990). "Dipodomys ordii". Mammalian Species (353): 1–10. doi: 10.2307/3504290 . JSTOR   3504290.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Reynolds, H. G. (February 1958). "The Ecology of the Merriam Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys merriami Mearns) on the Grazing Lands of Southern Arizona". Ecological Monographs. 28 (2): 111–127. doi:10.2307/1942205. JSTOR   1942205.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Lidicker, W.Z. (Jr.) (1960), An Analysis of Intraspecific Variation in the Kangaroo Rat Dipodomus merriami, University of California Publications in Zoölogy, vol. 67, University of California Press, OCLC   902701222
  12. ↑ Tracy, R.L.; Walsberg, G.E. (2000). "Prevalence of cutaneous evaporation in Merriam's kangaroo rat and its adaptive variation at the subspecific level". Journal of Experimental Biology. 203 (4): 773–781. doi:10.1242/jeb.203.4.773. PMID   10648219 . Retrieved 2020-01-06.
  13. ↑ Urity, V. B.; Issaian, T.; Braun, E. J.; Dantzler, W. H.; Pannabecker, T. L. (2012). "Architecture of kangaroo rat inner medulla: segmentation of descending thin limb of Henle's loop". American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 302 (6): R720–R726. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00549.2011. PMC   3774486 . PMID   22237592.
  14. 1 2 3 Morgan, K. R.; Price, M. V. (1992-12-01). "Foraging in Heteromyid Rodents: The Energy Costs of Scratch-Digging". Ecology. 73 (6): 2260–2272. doi:10.2307/1941473. JSTOR   1941473.
  15. 1 2 3 Jenkins, S. H.; Rothstein, A.; Green, W. C. H. (December 1995). "Food Hoarding by Merriam's Kangaroo Rats: A Test of Alternative Hypotheses". Ecology . 76 (8): 2470–2481. doi:10.2307/2265821. JSTOR   2265821.
  16. ↑ Randall, J.A. (2014). Vibrational Communication: Spiders to Kangaroo Rats. In: Witzany, G. (ed). Biocommunication of Animals. Springer, Dortrecht, pp. 103-133.
  17. 1 2 3 Newmark, J. E.; Jenkins, S. H. (April 2000). "Sex Differences in Agonistic Behavior of Merriam's Kangaroo Rats (Dipodomys merriami)". The American Midland Naturalist. 43 (2): 377–388. doi:10.1674/0003-0031(2000)143[0377:SDIABO]2.0.CO;2. S2CID   86370238.
  18. 1 2 3 Waser, P. M.; Jones, W. T. (June 1991). "Survival and Reproductive Effort in Banner-Tailed Kangaroo Rats". Ecology. 72 (3): 771–777. doi:10.2307/1940579. JSTOR   1940579.
  19. 1 2 Randall, J. A. (January 1987). "Field Observations of Male Competition and Mating in Merriam's and Bannertail Kangaroo Rats". American Midland Naturalist. 117 (1): 211–213. doi:10.2307/2425723. JSTOR   2425723.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.