Karnataka Tamils

Last updated

Bharatanatyam is a classical dance form of South India is immensely popular in Karnataka as well Bharatanatyam 1.jpg
Bharatanatyam is a classical dance form of South India is immensely popular in Karnataka as well

The Karnataka Tamils are a social community of Tamil language speakers living in Bangalore, capital city of the Indian state of Karnataka and Mysore, Mandya, Kolar Gold Fields, Chamrajnagar, and other districts of old Mysore Kingdom. According to The Hindu newspaper, Tamil-speaking settlers migrated to Bangalore in four major waves, the first after the 10th century; the second during the Vijayanagara period; and the third, in the 18th century, after the need for government service required by British East India Company who built the train tracks in Bangalore. Lastly now most Tamilians move to Bangalore for work. However some may say both kannadiga and Tamil were there from the first. According to census 1991, people speaking Tamil as mother tongue in Bangalore formed about 21%. [1] There are 2.1 million Tamils living in Karnataka as of 2011 Census report. [2]

Contents

History

According to Srinivas, at the end of the tenth century, the Cholas from Tamil Nadu began to penetrate in areas east of Bangalore; it later began to extend its control over parts of present-day Bangalore, such as Domlur on the eastern side of the city. Around 1004, during the reign of Rajendra Chola I, the Cholas defeated the Western Gangas, and captured Bangalore. In the 19th century, Bangalore essentially became a twin city, with the "pētē", whose residents were predominantly Kannadigas, and the "cantonment" created by the British, whose residents were predominantly British and Tamils. [3]

Communities

Hebbar Iyengar

Hebbar Iyengars were formerly an endogamous group and constitute a part of the Iyengar sub-caste of the Karnataka Brahmins. They are traditionally followers of Ramanuja and Vedanta Desika. They hail primarily from Hassan, Mysore, Tumkur, Bangalore, and surrounding areas in southern Karnataka. The characteristic dialect of the Hebbar Iyengars is called Hebbar Tamil and is a mixture of Iyengar Tamil, Kannada and Sanskrit. The group's primary mother tongue is Hebbar Tamil which is spoken in most Hebbar Iyengar households, though Kannada and English are increasingly taking its place. A peculiar characteristic of Iyengar Tamil (including Hebbar Tamil) is its retention of divine or holy food terminology. For example, Iyengar Tamil makes distinctions between potable ([t̪iːrt̪o]) and non-potable water ([d͡ʒʌlo]), the former considered sacred but both borrowed from Sanskrit. Standard Tamil exhibits only the generic term for 'water'. The Vaishnavite Brahmins of Southern Karnataka use the Tamil surname "Iyengar" and are believed to have migrated during the time of the 11th century Vaishnavite saint Ramanujacharya. Most Iyengars in Karnataka use sub-dialects of Iyengar Tamil.

Thigala

The Thigala or Tigala are a Tamil social group found in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka states of India, and particularly the city of Bangalore. [4] They are likely a sub-caste of the numerous Vanniyar caste. [4] Every year, the Thigalas celebrate a festival called Karaga. The story of the Karaga is also rooted in the Mahabharata. Draupadi is the community deity of the Vanniyakula Kshatriyas. The Thigala in Karnataka speak a mixture of Kannada and Tamil [4]

Thigala and Bangalore Karaga

Bangalore Karaga is primarily a well-known tradition of Thigala community in southern Karnataka. The Karaga festival is generally led by the men of the community. There is a legend which gives them this privilege. Thigalas believe that in the last part of the Mahabharatha, when the Pandavas were shown a glimpse of hell, one last Asura (Demon) called Tripurasura was still alive. [5] At this time, Draupadi, the Pandava's wife, took the form of Shakthi devi. She created a huge army of soldiers called the Veerakumaras. After defeating the Asura, the soldiers asked Shakthi Devi to stay back with them. Though she had to go back, she promised them that she would come to stay with them every year during the first full moon of the first month of the Hindu calendar [5] Kempe Gowda built the Bangalore fort and the town in 1537 A D. And moved his capital from Yelahanka to the new Bangalore. . [6]

Demographics

Tamils form 3.46% of the total population of the state. [7] Almost 5 million Tamils live outside Tamil Nadu, inside India. There has been a recorded presence of Tamil-speaking people in Southern Karnataka since the 10th century. [8]

Suburbs of the Bangalore Cantonment (Fraser Town, Murphy Town, Shivajinagar,Shantala Nagar,Vasanth Nagar,Wilson Garden,Langford Town,Benson Town,Ulsoor, Austin Town,Sivanacheti Gardens,Richards Town, Cox Town, Richmond Town, Neelasandra and Viveknagar) have a large Tamil population. They trace their ancestry to the large number of Tamil speaking soldiers, suppliers and workers who were brought into the Bangalore Civil and Military Station, by the British Army, after the fall of Tippu Sultan. The Bangalore Cantonment was directly under the administration of the British Madras Presidency till 1949, when it was handed over to the Mysore State. [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] Significant Tamil-speaking populations are also found in areas of Bangalore not part of the Cantonment such as Chamarajpet, Kalasipalya, Srirampura, Malleswaram, Vyalikaval, Hebbal, Vidyaranyapura and Yelahanka as well as the eastern and south-eastern localities of Bangalore which are in proximity to the IT Corridor (Whitefield, Electronics City and the Outer Ring Road) such as Indiranagar, Banaswadi, Koramangala, BTM Layout, HSR Layout, Bannerghatta Road, J. P. Nagar and Marathahalli among others. Many of the Tamilians living within or close to the IT corridor of Bangalore are first-generation immigrants who have migrated from Tamil Nadu to work in the IT industry in the city.

Politics

Tamils play an important role in Karnataka's politics there are few legislative constituencies like :-

Tamils even play an important role in Karnataka's parliamentary politics there are few Lok Sabha constituencies like :-

Tamil inscriptions

Temple inscriptions

Chokkanathaswamy Temple, Domlur

Chola Tamil inscriptions at the Chokkanathaswamy Temple, Domlur Domlur chola stone art 10th century,bangalore.jpg
Chola Tamil inscriptions at the Chokkanathaswamy Temple, Domlur
Vijaynagar Tamil inscription, Someshwara Temple, Ulsoor Vijaynagar Tamil Inscription, Someshwara Temple, Ulsoor.jpg
Vijaynagar Tamil inscription, Someshwara Temple, Ulsoor

The Chokkanathaswamy Temple is a 10th-century Chola temple, located in Domlur. There are a number of Tamil inscriptions in the temple. Domlur is called as Tombalur or Desimanikkapattanam in these inscriptions. Chakravarthi Posalaviraramanatha Deva has left inscriptions with directions to temple authorities of his kingdom. Further some inscriptions record the tributes, taxes and tolls made to the temple by Devaraya II of Vijayanagar Empire, which state the houses, wells, land around Tombalur were offered to the deity Sokkapperumal. Another Tamil inscription dated 1270 talks about 2 door posts being donated by Alagiyar. Yet another inscription in Tamil details Talaikkattu and his wife donating lands from Jalapalli village and Vinnamangalam tank to the deity. A 1290AD inscription talks about donation of ten pens from the revenue of Tommalur by Poysala vira Ramananda. [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26]

Someshwara Temple, Begur

The Someshware temple at Madivala is one of Bangalore's oldest, dating back to the Chola period. There are a number of Tamil and Grantha inscriptions on the outer walls of the temple. The oldest of these inscriptions dates to 1247 AD talks about a land grants "below the big tank of Vengalur" by a Veppur (modern Begur) resident. Other inscriptions also talk about other land grants including those done during the reigns of Ballala III and Rajendra Chola. Another instrciption dated 1365 talks about land grand at Tamaraikkirai (which translates to 'lotus pond bank' in Tamil, and according to HS Gopala Rao, Secretary of the Karnataka Itihasa Academy refers to the present day Tavarekere suburb. [27] [28]

Village inscriptions

Kadugodi

A Tamil inscription from dating 1043AD exists in Kadugodi, from the period of Rajendra Chola I, which describes the construction of the Pattanduru Lake, and Ganesh, Durga and Kshetrapaala temples by Chola chieftain Raja Raja Velan son of Permadi Gavunda. [29]

Marathahalli

Doddanekkundi village, located North of Marathahalli, and much older than Marathahalli, has two ancient inscriptions in Tamil. The first inscription dated 1304, mentions the village name as Nerkundi and talks about the existence of a fort around the village constructed in 1304. The second inscription talks about the Hoysala king Ballala III granting the entire revenue of the Doddanekkundi village to the Shivagange Temple. There is also a Telugu inscription in Marathahalli. According to scholars, this shows the use of Tamil and Telugu in Bangalore, much before the reign of Krishnadevaraya of the Vijaynagar Kingdom. [30]

British Period inscriptions in Tamil

Madras Regiment War Memorial, Bangalore WarMemorialBangalore.jpg
Madras Regiment War Memorial, Bangalore

Madras Sappers War Memorial, Brigade Road

A war memorial raised by the British to commemorate the lives lost in different wars by the Madras Sappers Regiment. It details the number of British officers, Indian officers and soldiers who died fighting during Second Opium War in China, Third Anglo-Burmese War(1885–87), World War I, Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) (1916–18), East Africa (1914-18) and the North West Frontier (1915). The soldiers fell during the Indian wars of Assaye, Seringapatam, Seetabuldee and Sholinghur are also acknowledged. The inscriptions are both in English and Tamil. [31] [32]

Broadway, Shivajinagar

When an encroached storm water drain was cleared in Shivajinagar, a huge plaque dating back to the 19th century was found. The stone, shows the progress of the building of the British Bangalore Cantonment. It reads 'This stone laid across the main channel in 1868 and worn by the feet of two generations was set up to mark the opening of this bridge and road on 16 February 1922'. The inscription is in English, Tamil and Urdu. According to SK Aruni, deputy director of the Indian Council of Historical Research, Tamil was used as all the workers of the British were Tamil people, and Urdu to communicate to the Hindustani men working for the British. [33]

Notable People

Masti Venkatesha Iyengar,Kannada Poet

V.Ravichandran,Film Actor,Director and Producer

N. Veeraswamy,Film Distributor and Producer

M. Chinnaswamy, Cricket Administrator after whom the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium is named

Jairam Ramesh,Indian Politician

J. Jayalalithaa,Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu

Sadhu Kokila,Film Actor and Director

Priyanka Arul Mohan,Film Actress

R. Sarathkumar,Film Actor and Politician

Arjun Janya, Music Composer

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kolar district</span> District of Karnataka in India

Kolar district is a district in the state of Karnataka, India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Masti Venkatesha Iyengar</span> Indian Kannada-language writer (1891–1986)

Masti Venkatesha Iyengar was a well-known writer in Kannada language. He was the fourth among Kannada writers to be honored with the Jnanpith Award, the highest literary honor conferred in India. He was popularly referred to as Maasti Kannadada Aasti which means "Maasti, Kannada's Treasure". He is most renowned for his short stories. He wrote under the pen name Srinivasa. He was honoured with the title Rajasevasakta by then Maharaja of Mysore Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wadeyar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Domlur</span> Neighbourhood in Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Domlur is a small township located in the eastern part of Bangalore city in India. Domlur was included in the erstwhile Bangalore Civil and Military Station under the British Madras Presidency till it was transferred to the Mysore State in 1949.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kolar Gold Fields</span> City in Karnataka, India

Kolar Gold Fields (K.G.F.) is a mining region in K.G.F. taluk (township), Kolar district, Karnataka, India. It is headquartered in Robertsonpet, where employees of Bharat Gold Mines Limited (BGML) and BEML Limited and their families live. K.G.F. is about 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Kolar, 100 kilometres (62 mi) from Bengaluru, capital of Karnataka. Over a century, the town has been known for gold mining. The mine closed on 28 February 2001 due to a fall in gold prices, despite gold still being present there. One of India's first power-generation units was built in 1889 to support mining operations. The mine complex hosted some particle physics experiments between the 1960s and 1992.

Malur is a town and taluk headquarters in Kolar district of the Indian state of Karnataka. It is 30 km from Kolar, the district headquarters, and about 50 km from Bangalore. It is accessible from Bangalore by road and railways. The Chennai Central-Bangalore City line passes through Malur, with trains to various parts of India, including Tirupati, Chennai, Kochi, Trivandrum, Patna and Calcutta.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Bangalore</span> Account of past events in Bengaluru, India

Bangalore is the capital city of the state of Karnataka. Bangalore, as a city, was founded by Kempe Gowda I, who built a mud fort at the site in 1537. But the earliest evidence for the existence of a place called Bangalore dates back to c. 890.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western Ganga dynasty</span> Ruling dynasty of ancient Karnataka in India

Western Ganga was an important ruling dynasty of ancient Karnataka in India which lasted from about 350 to 1000 CE. They are known as "Western Gangas" to distinguish them from the Eastern Gangas who in later centuries ruled over Kalinga. The general belief is that the Western Gangas began their rule during a time when multiple native clans asserted their freedom due to the weakening of the Pallava empire in South India, a geo-political event sometimes attributed to the southern conquests of Samudra Gupta. The Western Ganga sovereignty lasted from about 350 to 550 CE, initially ruling from Kolar and later, moving their capital to Talakadu on the banks of the Kaveri River in modern Mysore district.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kolar</span> City in Karnataka, India

Kolar or Kolara is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is the headquarters of Kolar district. The city is known for its milk production and gold mines. It is also known for the Someshwara and Kolaramma temples.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Halasuru Someshwara Temple, Bangalore</span> Hindu Shiva temple in Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Halasuru Someshwara Temple is located in the neighborhood of Halasuru in Bangalore, Karnataka, India. It is one of the old temples in the city dating back to the Chola period, it is dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva. Major additions or modifications were made during the late Vijayanagara Empire period under the rule of Hiriya Kempe Gowda II.

Bengaluru Karaga is an annual festival celebrated in the Tigalare Pete, primarily by the Vahnikula Kshatriya or Thigala community. Based on story of their heritage, they built temples for Draupadi and Dharmaraya (Yudhishthira). Adishakti Draupadi is the community Deity of the Vahnikula Kshatriyas, one of the foremost communities in Karanataka state. The Dharmaraya Swamy Temple itself is more than 800 years old. It was built by the Vahnikula Kshatriyas, one of the city's oldest communities that was into agriculture and horticulture. The Karaga festival is generally led by the Vahnikula Kshatriyas. Karaga is one of the many traditions of worshiping Adisakti Draupadi Devi. Karaga pooja and festivals have been celebrated in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka since ages. Its practice is in use in some parts of Kolar district and Bangalore in the state of Karnataka. It is learnt that there are forty lakh people belonging to the Vahnikula Kshatriya community living throughout the state: Hoskote, Malur, Kolar, Bengaluru and Anekal taluks have high populations of the Vahnikula Kshatriya community in both urban and rural areas. Basically, this community depends upon agricultural and horticultural activities.

Bangalore (Bengaluru), the capital of Karnataka state, India, reflects its multireligious and cosmopolitan character by its more than 1000 temples, 400 mosques, 100 churches, 40 Jain derasars, three Sikh gurdwaras, two Buddhist viharas and one Parsi fire temple located in an area of 741 km2 of the metropolis. The religious places are further represented to include the few members of the Jewish community who are making their presence known through the Chabad that they propose to establish in Bangalore and the fairly large number of the Baháʼí Faith whose presence is registered with a society called the Baháʼí Centre. In the demographically diverse, major economic hub and India's fastest-growing major metropolis of Bangalore, the number of religious places of each religion reported reflects growth in proportion to the population growth. According to the 2001 census of India, 79.37% of Bangalore's population is Hindu, roughly the same as the national average. Muslims comprise 13.37% of the population, which again is roughly the same as the national average, while Christians and Jains account for 5.79% and 1.05% of the population, respectively, double that of their national averages. Anglo-Indians also form a substantial group within the city.

Karnataka is a state in the southern part of India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act. Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Goa to the north-west, Maharashtra to the north, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the south-east, and Kerala to the south-west. The state covers an area of 74,122 sq mi (191,976 km2), or 5.83% of the total geographical area of India. It comprises 30 districts. Kannada is the official language of Karnataka and as per the 2011 census is the mother tongue of 66.5% of the population. Various ethnic groups with origins in other parts of India have unique customs and use languages at home other than Kannada, adding to the cultural diversity of the state. Significant linguistic minorities in the state in 2011 included speakers of Urdu (10.8%), Telugu (5.8%), Tamil (3.5%), Marathi (3.4%), Hindi (3.2%), Tulu (2.6%), Konkani (1.3%) and Malayalam (1.3%).

Chokkanathaswamy temple, at Domlur in the Indian city of Bangalore, Karnataka, India, is dedicated to the deity known as Chokkanathaswamy or Chokka Perumal. It is one of the oldest temples in the city. The temple has numerous Kannada and Tamil inscriptions that have been documented in the Epigraphia Carnatica Vol 9, Bangalore District (1905ed). Based on these inscriptions the temple is at least as old as 1200 CE.

Old Madiwala Sri Someshwara Temple located in Bangalore city, Karnataka, India is dedicated to the deity Someshwara. It is one among the oldest temples in the city and dates back to the Chola Empire period. The temple belongs to the early 12th century.(1247 AD).

The Karnataka Central Diocese is one of the twenty-two dioceses of the Church of South India covering the central part of Karnataka.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bangalore</span> Capital of Karnataka, India

Bangalore, officially Bengaluru, is the capital and largest city of the southern Indian state of Karnataka. It has a population of more than 8 million and a metropolitan population of around 15 million, making it India's third most populous city and fourth most populous urban agglomeration. It is the most populous city and largest urban agglomeration in South India, and is the 27th largest city in the world. Located on the Deccan Plateau, at a height of over 900 m (3,000 ft) above sea level, Bangalore has a pleasant climate throughout the year, with its parks and green spaces earning it the reputation of India's "Garden City". Its elevation is the highest of India's major cities.

There are nearly a thousand inscriptions in Tamil in the Southern Karnataka districts of Bangalore, Mysore, Kolar and Mandya in India. Nearly one third of these inscriptions are found in the Kolar District. Of all the inscriptions collected and published in the Epigraphia Carnatica Vol X for Kolar district, a fourth are in Tamil. The Tamil inscriptions start to appear around 1000 AD, after the conquest of the region by the Chola dynasty king Rajaraja I. Even after the Cholas left the area, the Hoysala and later the Vijaynagar kingdoms continued to use Tamil in the inscriptions.

Vira Ramanatha was a king of the southern portion of the Hoysala Empire. In 1254 CE, Hoysala king Vira Someshwara divided his kingdom between his two sons, Narasimha III who ruled from Halebidu, their original capital, had got the greater part of the ancestral kingdom and Vira Ramanatha Deva obtained the remaining part consisting of the present Kolar district and the Tamil territories conquered by the Hoysalas in the south, and ruled from Kannanur Kuppam near Srirangam. Like his father Narasimha II, Someshwara stayed back at Kannanur with Ramanatha where he was killed in 1262/1263 CE in a war with Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan I of the Pandya dynasty.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Basavanagudi (Bengaluru) Inscriptions</span>

The Basavanagudi Inscriptions are a set of three Kannada and one Tamil inscriptions that can be found in the locality of Basavanagudi. Of the four, three Kannada inscriptions are physically present and the fourth Tamil inscription's physical status remains unknown. The available Kannada inscriptions can be found in Bugle rock park and Dodda Basavana Gudi or Big bull temple. Two inscriptions found in the vicinity of Dodda Basavana Gudi or Big bull temple, both describe the Vrishabhavati river's origin as coming from the feet of the Basava idol in the temple's sanctum and flowing westwards thereon as Paschimavahini. The two inscriptions can be found: one on the pedestal of the Basava deity in the sanctum and the other on a boulder in the shrubbery surrounding the temple. Two more inscriptions that are published, one is a one line Tamil inscription in Grantha script published in Epigraphia Carnatica and is about possible donatory inscription to the Chokkanathaswamy Temple in Domlur, a locality in Bengaluru, its physical status is not known at present and the other is a one line Kannada inscription in the Kannada script published in Itihasa Darshana Journal and is present on a boulder in the Bugle rock park in Basavanagudi is about one Deevatige Soma.

References

  1. ↑ Modernisation and Ethnicity. Locating the Telugu Community in Bangalore; by D. V. Kumar
  2. ↑ "தமிழ்நாட்டைத் தவிர தமிழ் மொழி பேசுவோர் எந்த மாநிலத்தில் அதிகம் தெரியுமா?". Tamil.oneindia.com. 29 June 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  3. ↑ Vagale, Uday Kumar (6 May 2004). KANNADA MOVEMENT (PDF). Scholar.lib.vt.edu (Thesis). p. 50. hdl:10919/9941. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 Singh, Kumar Suresh; India, Anthropological Survey of (2003). People of India. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 1423. ISBN   9788185938981.
  5. 1 2 "bangaloremirror". bangaloremirror. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011.
  6. ↑ Srinivas, Smriti (1 January 2004). Landscapes of Urban Memory: The Sacred and the Civic in India's High-tech City. Orient Longman. ISBN   9788125022541.
  7. ↑ "Census of India - DISTRIBUTION OF 10,000 PERSONS BY LANGUAGE". Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  8. ↑ Smriti Srinivas (2004). "The Settlement of Tamil speaking Groups". Landscapes of Urban Memory. Orient Blackswan. pp. 100–102. ISBN   9788125022541.
  9. ↑ Srivatsa, Sharath S (31 October 2007). "Bangalore calling: it all goes way back…". The Hindu. No. Bangalore. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  10. ↑ Steve, Arul (17 April 2013). "Specialization On Social And Cultural Indifference Among Kgf Tamil Migrants". Word Press. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  11. ↑ Rizvi, Aliyeh (18 July 2013). "Greet.Meat.Eat". A Turquoise Cloud. Word Press. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  12. ↑ Dasharathi, Poornima (23 July 2008). "Cantonment: colonial past, multicultural present". Citizen Matters. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  13. ↑ "Right to be a Minority institution (and make majority profits)". Word Press. 7 July 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  14. ↑ Harshitha, Samyuktha (1 June 2013). "The Mootocherry of Bangalore". Suttha Muttha. Retrieved 4 January 2015– via Blogspot.com.au.
  15. ↑ "Indian Express". Indian Express. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
  16. ↑ DHNS. "Tamil votes to decide the fate of Gandhinagar candidates". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  17. ↑ "Tamil votes to decide the fate of Pulikeshinagar candidates". 19 April 2023.
  18. ↑ Kaggere, Niranjan (9 April 2014). "Tamil voters will decide winner in B'lore Central". No. Bangalore. Bangalore Mirror. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  19. ↑ Hegde, Bhaskar (13 April 2014). "Will Tamilians back BJP this election?". No. Bangalore. Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  20. ↑ Mohan, P C (10 April 2014). "Support from Tamil Sangham 10-04-2014". Archived from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  21. ↑ Rice, Benjamin Lewis (1887). Mysore: A Gazetteer Compiled for Government. London, UK: Asian Educational Services. p. 70. ISBN   8120609778 . Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  22. ↑ Githa, U B (19 April 2004). "A Chola temple in Domlur!". No. Bangalore. Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  23. ↑ Githa, U B. "Chokkanathaswamy Temple, a fine example of Chola architecture". Chitralakshana.com. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  24. ↑ Sridhar, Lakshminarasimhan; Sridhar, Geetha. "Chokkanarayan Swamy Temple Domlur". Vishnutemplesofkarnataka.info. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  25. ↑ Rao, Priyanka S (19 May 2012). "Chokkanatha: The city's oldest temple". No. Bangalore. The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  26. ↑ Harshitha, Samyuktha (10 December 2012). "The temple of the Cholas". Ramubangalore.blogspot.com.au. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  27. ↑ Iyer, Meera (20 July 2009). "Ancient temple; bustling junction". No. Bangalore. Deccan Herald. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  28. ↑ Srikumar, S (12 March 2014). Kolar Gold Field: (Unfolding the Untold) (International ed.). Partridge Publishing. p. 57. ISBN   978-1482815078 . Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  29. ↑ Krishnamurthy, P V (2005). "Inscriptions of Bangalore East Taluk - A Study". Itihasa Dharshana. 20. Archived from the original on 29 January 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  30. ↑ Aruni, S K (12 January 2012). "Of inscriptions and the medieval period". The Hindu. No. Bangalore. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  31. ↑ Rodricks, Allan Moses (19 September 2014). "A chapter from the war". The Hindu. No. Bangalore. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  32. ↑ Karthik, S A (11 August 2014). "A memorial for WWI Warriors". No. Bangalore. Deccan Herald. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  33. ↑ "Slice of history found in encroached drain". The Times of India. No. Bangalore. 15 January 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
Bibliography and sources
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.