Knights Templar in popular culture

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The original historic Knights Templar were a Christian military order, the Order of the Poor Fellow Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon, that existed from the 12th to 14th centuries to provide warriors in the Crusades. These men were famous in the high and late Middle Ages, but the Order was disbanded very suddenly by King Philip IV of France, who took action against the Templars in order to avoid repaying his own financial debts. He accused them of heresy, ordered the arrest of all Templars within his realm, put the Order under trial and many of them burned at the stake. [1] The dramatic and rapid end of the Order led to many stories and legends developing about them over the following centuries. [1] The Order and its members increasingly appear in modern fiction, though most of these references portray the medieval organization inaccurately.

Contents

In modern works, the Templars generally are portrayed as villains, misguided zealots, representatives of an evil secret society, [2] or as the keepers of a long-lost treasure. Several modern organizations also claim heritage from the medieval Templars, as a way of enhancing their own image or mystique.[ citation needed ]

Modern organizations

Temperance movement

A lodge of the International Order of Good Templars in Vaga, Norway. Losjehuset Maihaugen.jpg
A lodge of the International Order of Good Templars in Vågå, Norway.

Many temperance organizations named themselves after the Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon, citing the belief that the original Knights Templar "drank sour milk, and also because they were fighting 'a great crusade' against 'this terrible vice' of alcohol." [3] The largest of these, the International Order of Good Templars (IOGT), grew throughout the world after being started in the 19th century and continues to advocate for the abstinence of alcohol and other drugs. [3] Other Orders in this tradition include those of the Templars of Honor and Temperance (Tempel Riddare Orden), which has a large presence in Scandinavia. [4]

Freemasonry

Freemasonry has contained references to the Knights Templar since at least the 18th century; Templar symbols and rituals are incorporated in a number of Masonic bodies. [2]

The best-known reference to the Knights Templar in Freemasonry is the Degree of Knight of the Temple, or "Order of the Temple", the final order joined in "The United Religious, Military and Masonic Orders of the Temple and of St John of Jerusalem, Palestine, Rhodes and Malta" commonly known as the Knights Templar. Freemasonry is traditionally open to men of all faiths, asking only that they have a belief in a supreme being, but membership in this Masonic body (and others) is open only to Freemasons who profess a belief in the Christian religion. These Knights Templar often take part in public parades and exhibitions, wearing distinctive uniforms and have had a number of high-profile members such as Henry Ford, and Harry S. Truman.

In the later 20th century, masonic Knights Templar became the subject of pseudohistorical theories connecting them to the medieval order, even though such a connection is rejected by Masonic authorities themselves [5] and the source known to historians. [6]

Self-styled orders

Scholarly reception

The popularity of the Knights Templar in modern fiction and their presence in pseudohistorical or fringe literature has received scholarly attention.

At the 2005 Annual Conference of the American Culture Association, their call for papers was specifically about such conspiracy theories relating to the Templars and their association with other legends and mysterious organizations. [7] [2] Literary theorists puzzle over Umberto Eco's use in his novel Foucault's Pendulum of the Templars as a symbol of postmodernist rewriting of history. Historian Malcolm Barber writes that "Mystic Templars are omnipresent in all good conspiracy theories." [8] On Day to Day , a program on American NPR, host Alex Chadwick discussed "the literary fascination with the Knights Templar." [9] In Poland, the Toruń Museum had an exhibition entitled "The Knights Templar – History and Myth" which offered a description, "Apart from pieces of "high art", the exhibit will grant equal importance to "popular culture" items (literature, film, Internet content) exploring the subject of the Knights Templar." [10] In 2007, a National Post editorial noted that "the Templars remain a living presence in popular culture. This has happened precisely because the historical record concerning their sudden annihilation in the early-14th century at the hands of Philip IV ("the Fair") of France has been so sparse and ambiguous. Time and revolution have damaged and dispersed the sources, and made the Templars a magnet for speculation and imagination." [11]

Popular themes are their supposed association with the Holy Grail and the Ark of the Covenant, and the supposed historical connection to the Freemasons.

The historical Templars had their first headquarters on the Temple Mount, which had been assigned to them by King Baldwin II of Jerusalem. [12] [13] They were in operation there for 75 years. Pseudo-historical books such as The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail theorise that the Templars could have discovered documents hidden in the ruins of the Temple, possibly "proving" that Jesus survived the Crucifixion or possibly "proving" Jesus was married to Mary Magdalene and had children by her. Indeed, the supposition that the Templars must have found something under the Temple Mount lies at the heart of most Templar legends and pseudo-historical theories, also popularised by French author Louis Charpentier (1966). [14] There is no physical or documentary evidence, however, to support such a supposition. It is true that they are documented as having carried a piece of the True Cross into some battles, [15] but this was probably a portion of a timber that was discovered during the 4th century by Saint Helena, the mother of the Emperor Constantine. [16]

Relics and treasure

There are various legends concerning a treasure that some Templars managed to hide from King Philip and that was later lost. [17] One particular story concerns Rennes-le-Château, where a treasure was supposedly found in the 19th century; one speculative source for that treasure was the long-lost treasure of the Templars. [18]

In a 1910 publication by one Joaquín Miret y Sans, the case is made that the Knights Templar hid and buried the great treasure in Vrana, Zadar County, because Ramón from Serò near Granja del Pairs in Noguera (comarca) in Catalonia gave a generous gift to the Knights Templar into the hands of their Grand Master Arnold of Torroja. This Ramón was the son of Romana the daughter of Benesmiro de Siponto who was the justitiarius of Monte Sant'Angelo and who was sent by Pope Alexander III as a notifier to Šibenik. [19]

Hugh J. Schonfield (1984) [20] argued that the Knights Templar may have found the Copper Scroll treasure of the Qumran Essenes in the tunnels beneath the Temple Mount. He suggested that this might explain one of the charges of heresy which were later brought against the knights by the Medieval Inquisition.

Holy Grail

The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail (1982) seems to be the source of the story that the Holy Grail was found by the Order and taken to Scotland during the suppression of the order in 1307, where it remains buried beneath Rosslyn Chapel.

A book published in 2006 claims that the Grail was instead taken to northern Spain, and protected by the Knights Templar there. [21]

Ark of the Covenant

Graham Hancock in his The Sign and the Seal (1992) claimed that the Templars discovered secrets of the Masons, builders of Solomon's Temple, Zerubbabel's Temple, and Herod's Temple at the Temple Mount, along with knowledge that the Ark of the Covenant had been moved to Ethiopia before the destruction of the first temple. [22] Hancock claims that allusion to this is made in engravings on the Cathedral at Chartres, the construction of which was greatly influenced by Bernard of Clairvaux, the Order's patron. Further links to both the search by the order for the Ark and to its discovery of ancient secrets of building are supposedly suggested by the existence of the monolithic Church of Saint George in Lalibela, Ethiopia, which stands to this day but whose construction is incorrectly attributed to the Knights Templar.

Shroud of Turin

Another legendary object that is claimed to have some connection with the Templars is the Shroud of Turin. The shroud was first publicly displayed in 1357 by the widow of a nobleman known as Geoffrey of Charney, [23] described by some sources as being a member of the family of the grandson of Geoffroi de Charney, who was burned at the stake with De Molay. [24]

In 2009, Barbara Frale, a paleographer in the Vatican Secret Archives, claimed that the Shroud of Turin had been kept by the Templars after 1204. Frale also claimed that "the burial certificate of Jesus the Nazarene", imprinted in fragments of Greek, Hebrew and Latin writing, is visible on the shroud. [25]

The so-called Templecombe painting, a painting discovered in 1945 by Mrs Molly Drew in the roof of an outhouse of a cottage in Templecombe, England, [26] has been alleged to be a copy of the image on the Turin Shroud, and therefore evidence of the Turin Shroud being in the possession of the Knights Templar during its "hidden years". [27] The painting has been on display in St Mary's Church in the village since 1956 (the only Templar-related site to have survived there), and has been carbon-dated to c. 1280. [28] Some people believe that it is a Templar-commissioned image of either Jesus Christ or the severed head of John the Baptist, [29] although it is without a Halo. [30]

De Molay's curse

Malcolm Barber (2006) discusses a supposed curse uttered by the last Grand Master of the Templar Order, Jacques de Molay, as he was burned at the stake in 1314. Jacques de Molay supposedly cursed Philip IV of France and Pope Clement V, saying that he would meet them before God before the year was out. Pope Clement died only a month later, King Phillip died later that year in a hunting accident. Further, within a short span of years thereafter each of Phillip's sons died at relatively young ages, resulting in the end of the House of Capet, leading to disputes over succession and The Hundred Years' War as different factions battled for the throne.

Barber traces this story to a verse chronicle attributed to Geoffrey of Paris (La Chronique métrique attribuée à Geffroi de Paris, ed. A. Divèrres, Strasbourg, 1956, pp. 5711–5742). Geoffrey of Paris was "apparently an eye-witness, who describes Molay as showing no sign of fear and, significantly, as telling those present that God would avenge their deaths". [31]

Albert Pike claimed the Knight Kadosh, the 30th degree within the Ancient Accepted and Scottish Rite, commonly known as a 'Vengeance degree', involved the trampling on the Papal tiara and the royal crown, destined to wreak a just vengeance on the high criminals for the murder of de Molay: [32] the figure of Hiram Abiff representing Jacques de Molay, with the three assassins representing Philip IV of France, Pope Clement V and Squin de Florian. [33] Malcolm Barber has cited a Masonic legend, resembling Pike's claims, in Louis Claude Cadet de Gassicourt's Le Tombeau de Jacques Molai (Paris, 1796, first edition). [34]

A series of mid-20th-century novels, Les Rois maudits (The Accursed Kings) by Maurice Druon, which were first published in 1955, expanded on the story of the curse of Jacques de Molay and the French monarchy in the fourteenth century:

"Cursed, you’ll be all cursed, until the thirteenth generation of your races will have disappeared!"

— Maurice Druon

A popular version of the legend attributes to the curse the death of Louis XVI, saying he belonged to the thirteenth generation after Philip IV. [35] [36] The thirteenth generation is in fact that of Louis XIV's children. [37] A frequent recurring legend relates how when Louis XVI was guillotined, an anonymous French Freemason rushed from the crowd, dipped his hand in the king's blood (or grabbed the head and held it, or is just heard in the crowd) and yelled, "Jacques de Molay, thou art avenged!" [38]

Claims of hidden survival

Supposed Continuity in Freemasonry

Some historians and authors have tried to draw a link from Freemasonry and its many branches to the Templars. Degrees in the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite such as the Knight of Saint Andrew, the Knight of Rose-Croix, and the 32nd Degree in Consistory make reference to a "Masonic Knights Templar" connection, but this is usually dismissed as being ceremonial and not historical fact.

John J. Robinson argues for the Templar–Masonic connection in his book Born in Blood: The Lost Secrets of Freemasonry, in which he alleges that some French Templars fled to Scotland after the suppression of the Order, fearing persecution from both Church and state. He claims that they sought refuge with a lodge of Scottish stonemasons within which they began to teach the virtues of chivalry and obedience, using the builder's tools as a metaphor; and they began eventually taking in "speculative masons" (men of other professions) in order to ensure the continuation of the Order. According to Robinson, the Order existed in secret in this form until the formation of the United Grand Lodge of England in 1717. An example of Templar–Masonic transitory symbolism can supposedly be found in Rosslyn Chapel, owned by the first Earls of Rosslyn, a family with well-documented ties to Scottish Freemasonry; however, Rosslyn Chapel itself dates from at least 100 years after the suppression of the Templars.

The case is also made in Michael Baigent’s and Richard Leigh’s book The Temple and the Lodge .

However, historians Mark Oxbrow, Ian Robertson, [39] Karen Ralls and Louise Yeoman [40] have each made it clear that the Sinclair family had no connection with the Medieval Knights Templar. The Sinclairs’ testimony against the Knights at their 1309 trial is not consistent with any alleged support or membership. In "The Templars and the Grail" [41] Karen Ralls states that among some 50 who testified against the Templars were Henry and William Sinclair.

Knights Templar in Scotland

Since the 1980s, there has been a growing body of publications in both popular fiction and pseudohistory which construct a continuity between the historical presence of the Knights Templar in Scotland with the emergence of Masonic Scottish Knights Templar in the early modern period.

The idea of an association with Rosslyn Chapel originates in the 1982 The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail [42] and entered mainstream pop culture with Dan Brown's The Da Vinci Code (2003), reinforced by the subsequent film of the same name (2006). [43] Numerous books were published after 2003 to cater to the popular interest in supposed connections between Rosslyn Chapel, Freemasonry, the Templars and the Holy Grail generated by Brown's novel.

The tale of a missing Templar fleet is supposedly based on the protocol of the interrogation of Jean de Châlons by the Inquisition. He claimed that he had heard that preceptor of the French Templars, Gérard de Villiers, had been warned of his imminent arrest. De Villiers had escaped with 50 horses and eighteen galleys. De Châlons' son, Hugues de Châlons, escaped with him carrying the wealth of his uncle, Hugues de Pairaud. [44] In Baigent and Leigh's The Temple and the Lodge, the fleet carried the treasure of the Paris preceptory of the Templars. [45]

Scotland became the destination of the fleet over four centuries later, in the claims of George Frederick Johnson, an exiled Jacobite living in Austria. Johnson, however, turned out to be a fraudster who was probably called Johann Samuel Leuchte. After a chequered career based on alchemy and forgery, "Johnson" convinced a masonic lodge in Jena that he possessed the highest secrets of masonry, and having declared the rest of German masonry irregular, brought a surprising amount of lodges under his control. Exposed as a fraud by Karl Gotthelf von Hund in 1764, he was later apprehended by a previous victim, and spent the rest of his life in prison. [46]

Hund's initial attraction to Johnson was spurred by a need to find his own superiors. He had been received into the Order of the Temple by high ranking Jacobites in Paris during 1743, being introduced to Charles Edward Stuart himself. After the failure of the 1745 rebellion, his masters were either in hiding or dead, and had lost interest in maintaining their Templar offshoots, leaving Hund with a depleted ritual book which he had to reconstruct from memory. As Johnson's collection of lodges now looked to him for leadership, the Rite of Strict Observance was born. Again, the foundation myth alleged that Freemasonry was started by Templar refugees under the protection of Robert the Bruce. This time, they had travelled from France through England disguised as stonemasons, and their use of masonic symbols in their allegories paid tribute to this deception. [46] [47]

Under Hund's leadership, the Rite of Strict Observance became the most popular branch of Freemasonry in the German states, with lodges all over Continental Europe. However, Hund's continuing inability to produce, or even contact his "Unknown Superiors" led to increasing dissatisfaction. Six years after his death, a convent meeting in Wilhelmsbad from 1782 to 1783 finally agreed that Freemasonry had no connection to the Templars, and Strict Observance ceased to exist, most lodges being absorbed into the Rectified Scottish Rite. For most of the previous two decades, the most common foundation myth among German masons stated that Freemasonry came from the Knights Templar, protected and allowed to flourish in Scotland. [48]

Illustration from Sketch of the history of the Knights templars (1840) by James Burnes Burnes Knights Templars.jpeg
Illustration from Sketch of the history of the Knights templars (1840) by James Burnes

In 1815, Claude Thory, a respected French scientist and Freemason, claimed that Robert the Bruce had created the Order of St. Andrew for masons who had supported him at Bannockburn, which was later joined to the Order of Heredom, which he founded at Kilwinning. [49] In 1837, a Scottish Freemason, James Burnes, in attempting to revive a Scottish order of "Knights Templar", expanded the masonic link to Bannockburn. He introduced the Knights Templar as the bearers on Freemasonry to Scotland, and had the Templars play a crucial part in the battle. This appears to be the basis of subsequent tales of Templar involvement at Bannockburn. The contemporary Royal Order of Scotland makes use of a similar foundation myth, which is no more intended to be taken as historical fact than any other piece of masonic allegory. [50]

Discoverers of the New World

Holy Blood, Holy Grail (1982) further embellished the "lost fleet" topos discussed above, alleging that the Templars in these ships "fled to the New World by following old Viking routes", i.e., making one of the pre-Columbian voyages to America. [51] Since the popularisation of Holy Blood, Holy Grail with the commercial success of Dan Brown's 2003 novel, there have been numerous allusions to this idea in American pop culture.

A supposed Templar treasure in New York City is featured in the movie National Treasure (2004), starring Nicolas Cage.

As early as 2001, historian Helen Nicholson, in a popular history of the Templars, dispels the idea that the Templars could "spare ships to indulge in world exploration". [52]

The Templar Code for Dummies (2007) also points out the historical implausibility of this scenario:

"As for having 18 galleys that may have left from La Rochelle, history doesn't back that up...In shipping records from La Rochelle of the period, there is no record that the Templars had 18 galleys, much less that 18 galleys were at La Rochelle. Reports in the years leading up to the arrest seem to imply that the Templars (and the Hospitallers, for that matter) actually had very few large ships – some suggest no more than four – and hired more from merchant shippers when needed" - Source: Hodapp, Christopher; Von Kannon, Alice (2007). The Templar Code for Dummies. Wiley Publishing Inc. p. 157. ISBN   978-0-470-12765-0.

September 11 conspiracy theory

In "The Twin Towers and the Great Masonic Experiment: Has the 'End of Days' Begun?" [53] Richard C. Hoagland applies esoteric numerology in his theory that the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, were carried out by the Order of Assassins against the Knights Templar. Michael Barkun, Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Syracuse University, summarizes and discusses Hoagland's 9/11 Templar conspiracy theory in A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America: "Each World Trade Center Tower had 110 floors, a multiple of 11. One of them was struck by flight 11, which had 11 crew members, and so on. […] The order of the Knights Templar was recognized by the Vatican in the year 1118, whose integers add up to 11. There are 883 years between that date and 2001, and the sum of those numbers, 19, is the same as the number of hijackers. The number 19 allowed Hoagland to introduce the Koranic numerology of Rashad Khalifa, in which it is central. By the time Hoagland finished, the events of September 11 were revealed to be an attack by none other than the Islamic Order of Assassins on the Knights Templar and the Masons!" [54]

Friday the 13th

There is a modern urban legend to the effect that the tradition of viewing Friday the 13th as unlucky [55] originates with the date of the simultaneous arrest of many Templars at the behest of Philip IV of France, on Friday, 13 October 1307. [56] [57] [58]

Notable examples

Some notable works which have featured the Knights Templar, or stand-ins for them, are listed below.

Films

(Chronological)

Games

(Alphabetical by game title)

Literature and comics

(Alphabetical by author's surname)

Music

Television

(Chronological)

Audio drama

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 Mollier, Pierre (2014). "Freemasonry and Templarism". In Bodgan, Henrik; Snoek, Jan A. M. (eds.). Handbook of Freemasonry. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 8. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 82–99. doi:10.1163/9789004273122_007. ISBN   978-90-04-21833-8. ISSN   1874-6691.
  2. 1 2 3 Masons, Templars and the Holy Grail: Historical Conspiracies and Popular Culture
  3. 1 2 Nicholson, Helen (2014). A Brief History of the Knights Templar. Little, Brown. p. 151. ISBN   9781472117878.
  4. ↑ Ammerman, Robert T.; Ott, Peggy J.; Tarter, Ralph E. (1999). Prevention and Societal Impact of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. Psychology Press. ISBN   9781135672157.
  5. ↑ "Knights Templar FAQ". knightstemplar.org. The Grand Encampment of Knights Templar. Archived from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
  6. ↑ Cooper, Robert L. D. (2007). The Rosslyn hoax? Viewing Rosslyn Chapel from a new perspective. Addlestone: Lewis. pp. 68–70. ISBN   9780853182818.
  7. ↑ "CFP - Historical Consiracies and Popular Culture". 24 October 2004.
  8. ↑ Barber's The New Knighthood (Cambridge U Press, 1995) paraphrased by Elaine Graham-Leigh
  9. ↑ Knights Templar Inspires Trio of Best-Selling Books
  10. ↑ "THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR - HISTORY AND MYTH" at Toruń, District Museum, October 23 – November 28, 2004
  11. ↑ Marni Soupcoff, "The Post editorial board: The truth about the Templars [ dead link ]", National Post (October 22, 2007).
  12. ↑ Dent, JD. Baldwin II. Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine History Bookshop. Retrieved on 2007-07-17.
  13. ↑ Adrian J. Boas, Archaeology of The Military Orders: A Survey of The Urban Centres, Rural Settlements and Castles of The Military Orders in The Latin East (c.1120–1291) (Routledge, 2006). ISBN   0-415-29980-2
  14. ↑ Louis Charpentier, Les Mystères de la Cathédrale de Chartres (Paris: Robert Laffont, 1966), translated The Mysteries of Chartres Cathedral (London: Research Into Lost Knowledge Organisation, 1972).
  15. ↑ Piers Paul Read, The Templars, p. 159
  16. ↑ Read, p. 27
  17. ↑ Robinson, John J. (1994). Dungeon, Fire and Sword. Michael O'Mara Books. ISBN   1-85479-956-8. See p. 472.
  18. ↑ Burl, Aubrey. (2002). God's Heretics. Sutton. ISBN   0-7509-2572-8. See p. 240.
  19. ↑ Les cases de Templers y Hospitalers en Catalunya; aplech de noves y documents històrichs (1910), Miret y Sans, Joaquín, Subject: Templars in Catalonia; Knights of Malta in Catalonia, Publisher: Barcelona Impr. de la Casa Provincial de Caritat. Denkschriften, der kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenschaften, philosophisch-historische Klasse, 49. Band, Wien 1904.[ clarification needed ] Biblioteca Provinciale di Foggia, Monumenta edita ac illustrata 703.-1130. Archivio di Stato di Napoli.
  20. ↑ Hugh J. Schonfield, The Essene Odyssey: The Mystery of The True Teacher and The Essene impact on The Shaping of Human Destiny (Element Books, 1984). ISBN   0-906540-49-6
  21. ↑ Juan García Atienza, The Knights Templar in the Golden Age of Spain: Their Hidden History on the Iberian Peninsula (Destiny Books, 2006). ISBN   978-1-59477-098-2
  22. ↑ Hancock, G: The Sign and the Seal: The Quest for the Lost Ark of the Covenant, Toronto: Doubleday, ISBN   0-671-86541-2
  23. ↑ Barber, The New Knighthood, p. 332
  24. ↑ Newman, p. 383
  25. ↑ Owen, Richard (26 April 2009). "Knights Templar hid the Shroud of Turin, says Vatican". The Times. Archived from the original on April 13, 2009. Retrieved 24 October 2010. her study of the trial of the Knights Templar had brought to light a document in which Arnaut Sabbatier (...) was shown "a long linen cloth on which was impressed the figure of a man" and instructed to venerate the image by kissing its feet three times.
  26. ↑ Templecombe in relation to the history of the Knights Templar was mentioned by Charles G. Addison, The History of The Knights Templars, the Temple Church, and The Temple, page 224 (Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans; 1842).
  27. ↑ Ian Wilson, The Turin Shroud, (Victor Gollancz Ltd; 1978 ISBN   0-575-02483-6)
  28. ↑ Archived 2016-03-06 at the Wayback Machine Abbas and Templecombe – a history
  29. ↑ The History Channel, Lost Worlds: Knights Templar, July 10, 2006 video documentary. Directed and written by Stuart Elliott
  30. ↑ Karen Ralls, Knights Templar Encyclopedia: The Essential Guide to The People, Places, Events and Symbols of the Order of the Temple, page 202 (Career Press, 2007). ISBN   978-156414-926-8
  31. ↑ Malcolm Barber, The Trial of The Templars, page 357, footnote 110, Second edition (Cambridge University Press, 2006). ISBN   0-521-67236-8. In The New Knighthood Barber referred to a variant of this legend, about how an unspecified Templar had appeared before and denounced Clement V and, when he was about to be executed sometime later, warned that both Pope and King would "within a year and a day be obliged to explain their crimes in the presence of God", found in the work by Ferreto of Vicenza, Historia rerum in Italia gestarum ab anno 1250 ad annum usque 1318 (Malcolm Barber, The New Knighthood, pages 314-315 (Cambridge University Press, 1994). ISBN   0-521-55872-7
  32. ↑ Arthur Edward Waite, Secret Tradition In Freemasonry, page 497 (Plymouth: The Mayflower Press, 1937). Reprinted by Kessinger Publishing, LLC; 2002. ISBN   0-7661-2664-1
  33. ↑ Arthur Edward Waite, Emblematic Freemasonry and the Evolution of its Deeper Issues, page 98 (London: W. Rider & Son, 1925).
  34. ↑ Malcolm Barber, The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple, page 393, footnote 11 (Cambridge University Press, 2000). ISBN   0-521-55872-7
  35. ↑ Séguin, Xavier (26 December 2011). "The End of the Temple". eden saga. Retrieved 16 March 2017. Good account: thirteen generations later, for the Bourbons, it is Louis XVI.
  36. ↑ Bern, Stéphane (2011). Secrets d'histoire (in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Albin Michel. p. 271. Louis XVI, dead exactly thirteen generations after that of Philip IV.
  37. ↑ After Philip IV: 1. Louis X, 2. Joan II of Navarre, 3. Charles II of Navarre, 4. Joan of Navarre, 5. Marie of Brittany, 6. Jean II of Alençon, 7. René of Alençon, 8. Françoise of Alençon, 9. Antoine of Navarre, 10. Henri IV, 11. Louis XIII, 12. Louis XIV, 13. Louis, Grand Dauphin, born in 1661, 4 generations before Louis XVI, born in 1754.
  38. ↑ For example: Daniel-Rops, Henri, Cathedral and Crusade: Studies of the Medieval Church, 1050-1350, pages 577-78 (E.P. Dutton & Co. 1957).
  39. ↑ "The Da Vinci Connection", Sunday Herald, 14 November 2004 Archived 6 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  40. ↑ "Historian attacks Rosslyn Chapel for 'cashing in on Da Vinci Code'", Scotsman.com, 03-May-06
  41. ↑ Ralls, Karen, The Templars and the Grail. Quest Books; 1st Quest edition (May 25, 2003), ISBN   0-8356-0807-7 (see p.110 – quoting "The Knights Templar in England" p.200-1)
  42. ↑ with numerous repetitions during the 1980s to 2000s, see also e.g. Michael Baigent and Richard Leigh, The Temple and the Lodge, Arrow, 1998. Tim Wallace-murphy and Marilyn Hopkins, Rosslyn, Guardian of the Secrets of the Holy Grail, Element, 2000, pp120-122
  43. ↑ "Hollywood legend Tom Hanks makes donation to Rosslyn Chapel restoration". The Scotsman . 6 February 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
  44. ↑ Malcolm Barber, The Trial of the Templars, Cambridge University Press, 1993, p101
  45. ↑ Michael Baigent and Richard Leigh, The Temple and the Lodge, Arrow, 1998, pp100-101
  46. 1 2 Ladislas de Malczovich, A Sketch of the Earlier History of Masonry in Austria and Hungary, Ars Quatuor Coronatorum, v6, 1893, pp85-91
  47. ↑ R. F. Gould, A Concise History of Freemasonry. Gale & Poulden, London 1904, pp 411-414
  48. ↑ Trevor W. McKeown, The Rite of Strict Observance, Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon A.F. & A. M, 2007, accessed 14 April 2014.
  49. ↑ Claude Antoine Thory Acta Latomorum, Paris, 1815, p6
  50. ↑ Robert L.D. Cooper, Cracking the Freemason's Code, Rider 2006, pp. 158-160.
  51. ↑ The Templar Code. US: The History Channel. May 17, 2006.
  52. ↑ "The Templars did have ships to carry personnel, pilgrims and supplies across the Mediterranean between the West and East and back, but if the Hospital after 1312 is any guide they did not have more than four galleys (warships) and few other ships, and if they needed more they hired them. They certainly could not spare ships to indulge in world exploration ... [T]he records of the port of La Rochelle show that the Templars were exporting wine by ship. This was not a fleet in any modern sense: again, those would have been transport vessels rather than warships, and the Templars probably hired them as they needed them, rather than buying their own. ... The ships would have been very small by modern standards, too shallow in draught and sailing too low in the water to be able to withstand the heavy waves and winds of the open Atlantic, and suited for use only in the relatively shallow waters of the continental shelf. What was more, they could not carry enough water to be at sea for long periods." Nicholson, Helen (2001). The Knights Templar: A New History. Phoenix Mill Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire UK: Sutton Publishing Limited. pp. 12, 191–92. ISBN   0-7509-2517-5.
  53. ↑ Hoagland, Richard (2002). "The Twin Towers and the Great Masonic Experiment: Has the 'End of Days' Begun?". Paranoia. 20 (Spring 2002): (52-58).
  54. ↑ Barkun, Michael (2013). A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America. University of California Press. p. 161. ISBN   978-0520276826.
  55. ↑ "Friday the 13th". snopes.com. 12 February 2004. Retrieved 2007-03-26.
  56. ↑ "Why Friday the 13th is unlucky". urbanlegends.about.com. Archived from the original on 2003-12-18. Retrieved 2007-03-26. "The claim that the Friday the 13th superstition began with the arrest of the final Grand Master of the Knights Templar, Jacques Demolay, on Friday, October 13, 1307, is a modern-day invention."
  57. ↑ Cord, W. Harlan (1885). A Knight Templar Abroad: Or, Reminiscences of Travel Beyond the Sea. J. Burns Publishing Company. p.  202 . Retrieved 2013-11-01. Friday the 13th knight templar.
  58. ↑ Burnes, James (1840). Sketch of the History of the Knights Templar. Edinburgh: Blackwood. p.  31. Friday the 13th knight templar.
  59. ↑ Harty, Kevin J. The reel Middle Ages : American, Western and Eastern European, middle Eastern and Asian films about medieval Europe. Jefferson N.C. ; London : McFarland & Co., cop. 1999. ISBN   9780786405411 (pgs. 456)
  60. ↑ McCormick, Colin; Leo, Savannah Di (2019-09-05). "Get Out: 20 Hidden Details Everyone Completely Missed". ScreenRant. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  61. 1 2 Adamson, Lynda G. (1999). World Historical Fiction: An Annotated Guide to Novels for Adults and Young Adults. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.  41. ISBN   9781573560665.
  62. ↑ "Review: Templar Silks by Elizabeth Chadwick Review by Elizabeth Hawksley. Historical Novel Society. May 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  63. ↑ Howard, Robert E., Sword Woman and Other Historical Adventures. New York : Del Rey, 2011. ISBN   9780345505460 (pg.288)
  64. ↑ Wagenknecht, Edward, Greenwood Press, 1991. ISBN   9780313279607 (p.64)
  65. 1 2 Ashton, Gail. Medieval afterlives in contemporary culture London: Bloomsbury 2017. ISBN   9781350021617 (pgs. 173-174)
  66. 1 2 3 Stableford, Brian, The A to Z of Fantasy Literature, (pg. 399-400), Scarecrow Press, Plymouth. 2005. ISBN   0-8108-6829-6
  67. ↑ Irwin, Robert, "Saladin and the Third Crusade: A Case Study in Historiography and the Historical Novel". In Bentley, Michael, Companion to Historiography. London. Routledge, 2007 ISBN   9780415285575 (pgs. 146-147)
  68. ↑ "Templar: historical caper graphic novel from Prince of Persia creator / Boing Boing". boingboing.net. 10 July 2013.
  69. ↑ Morris, Dave (1991). Knightmare: The Sorcerer's Isle. London: Corgi. ISBN   9780552527149.
  70. ↑ "Description of Bloodline by James Rollins". Goodreads.
  71. ↑ Adamson, Lynda G. (1999). World Historical Fiction: An Annotated Guide to Novels for Adults and Young Adults. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.  163. ISBN   9781573560665.
  72. ↑ Hopkins, Adrian (2012). The Little Black Songbook: David Bowie. Music Sales. p. 126.
  73. ↑ Dennis Hackett. "Television: The Dark Side of the Sun". Times [London, England] 14 Sept. 1983: 13. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 25 April 2021.
  74. ↑ Chapman, James (2015). Swashbucklers: The Costume Adventure Series. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 159. ISBN   978-0719098932.
  75. ↑ Aloi, Peg, and Johnston, Hannah E., Carnivàle and the American grotesque : critical essays on the HBO series.Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co., 2015. ISBN   9780786448166 (pg. 66).
  76. ↑ Kolb, Leigh (September 22, 2015). "The Bastard Executioner Recap: Grand Master Slash". Vulture.
  77. ↑ Kolbtitle, Leigh (October 21, 2015). "The Bastard Executioner Recap: Agnus Dei". Vulture.
  78. ↑ Kolbtitle, Leigh (November 4, 2015). "The Bastard Executioner Recap: Templar Traps". Vulture.
  79. ↑ Kolbtitle, Leigh (November 18, 2015). "The Bastard Executioner Recap: Mission Complete". Vulture.
  80. ↑ Kolbtitle, Leigh (November 4, 2015). "The Bastard Executioner Recap: Templar Traps". Vulture.
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