| Lepisosteus Temporal range: Campanian to present | |
|---|---|
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| Longnose gar, Lepisosteus osseus | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Clade: | Ginglymodi |
| Order: | Lepisosteiformes |
| Family: | Lepisosteidae |
| Tribe: | Lepisosteini |
| Genus: | Lepisosteus Lacepède, 1803 |
| Species | |
See text | |
| Synonyms [1] [2] | |
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Lepisosteus is a genus of gars in the family Lepisosteidae. [3]
Lepisosteus is known to be a freshwater fish. However, they do have the ability to survive in high salinity, and low oxygen water after gulping air. [4] [5] Lepisosteus prefers to reside in brackish and shallow slow-moving waters, living usually in schools. [3] The habitat range of this genus ranges on the Eastern coast from the Gulf of Mexico in Florida north to Quebec. Habitats can be found in the Missouri River Basin and Mississippi River drainage area, westward in the Rio Grande River basin of Southern Texas and Northern Mexico. There are also populations in the Great Lakes except for Lake Superior. Their range can occasionally reach out towards the Mobile Bay, Perdido Bay, and Mississippi Sound. [3] [5]
These fish have ganoid scales on their elongated bodies with a single dorsal fin on the posterior side approximately one inch from their caudal fin. [5] Depending on the clarity of the water, Lepisosteus colors will change. In clear water they can have bright colors of green and silvery-white; alternatively if the water is brackish and cloudy, their colors will be more of a brown hue. [3] Hatchlings are approximately 8–10 mm in size. The average full-grown length of Lepisosteus varies from 34 to 78 inches depending on the species. [5] In comparison to their long snouts, Lepisosteus have relatively small heads; however, their mouths full of sharp teeth.
Lepisosteusis a slow-growing genus generally living a long time. Female gars take 6 years to reach sexual maturity, grow larger, and live up to 22 years. Male gars reach maturity around 3 or 4 years after hatching. The males do not often live longer than 11 years. [5] [6] The Longnose Gar will migrate upstream to smaller streams with faster-moving water to spawn and lay eggs. [5] Fish of this genus that are newly hatched will attach themselves vertically to submerged objects by an adhesive disc on their snout. The youth stay attached to the objects until the yolk sac is absorbed which usually takes about 9 days. After the yolk sac of an egg is absorbed, the roe hatches. Hatchlings stabilize to a horizontal position, take their first aerial breath, and begin feeding.
Because Lepisosteus has evolved to be a top predator, they are voracious eaters that eat a variety of other freshwater fish and crustaceans such as Ictiobus and Blue crabs. Adults will float toward the surface of streams to scout prey that are below them while younger fish in this genus will hide in submersed vegetation to ambush hunt. [7] Studies have found this native North American species is a predator of invasive Asian Carp. The Lepisosteus genus enjoys living in shallow water similar to the habitat of the Invasive Asian Carp. [8] This genus is not generally used for recreational hunting because their roe is toxic to humans. There are no significant threats to these top predators other than habitat loss. [7] [9] On the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, this genus is listed as Least Concerned. [10] The fossil found in Northern Mexico shows that the family once may have been able to live in oceans. The genus consists of four species but cretaceous fossils have shown this family has ancient relatives. [4]
| Lepisosteidae |
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The currently recognized species are: Lepisosteus oculatus, Lepisosteus osseus, Lepisosteus platostomus, and Lepisosteus platyrhincus. [9] Three species formerly classified in Lepisosteus (tropical gar, Cuban gar, and alligator gar) are now assigned to the genus Atractosteus . [6]
| Image | Scientific name | Common name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
 | Lepisosteus oculatus Winchell, 1864 | Spotted gar | North America |
 | Lepisosteus osseus Linnaeus, 1758 | Longnose gar | east coast of North and Central America in freshwater lakes and as far west as Kansas and Texas and southern New Mexico |
 | Lepisosteus platostomus Rafinesque, 1820 | Shortnose gar | Montana to the west and the Ohio River to the east, southwards to the Gulf Coast. |
 | Lepisosteus platyrhincus DeKay, 1842 | Florida gar | USA from the Savannah River and Ochlockonee River watersheds of Georgia and throughout peninsular Florida |
According to Grande, 2010. In addition, indeterminate record is known from Campanian Oldman Formation. [11]
Gars are an ancient group of ray-finned fish in the family Lepisosteidae. They comprise seven living species of fish in two genera that inhabit fresh, brackish, and occasionally marine waters of eastern North America, Central America and Cuba in the Caribbean, though extinct members of the family were more widespread. They are the only surviving members of the Ginglymodi, a clade of fish which first appeared during the Triassic, over 240 million years ago, and are one of only two surviving groups of holosteian fish, alongside the bowfins, which have a similar distribution.
The tropical gar is a species of fish from Central America, where it is found in the Pacific and Atlantic drainages from southern Mexico to Costa Rica. In Central America it is known as gaspar and in Mexico it is known as pejelagarto, a contraction of the words "pez" (fish) and "lagarto" (alligator). This gar inhabits a wide range of fresh and brackish water habitats such as rivers, floodplains, lakes and pools, but avoids areas with a strong current. It reaches lengths of up to 1.25 m (4 ft) and a weight up to 2.9 kg (6.4 lb). The tropical gar looks very similar to the longnose gar in color and markings, but can be distinguished by its shorter, broader snout. The tropical gar's diet consists mainly of cichlids and other fish.
The longnose gar, also known as longnose garpike or billy gar, is a ray-finned fish in the family Lepisosteidae. The genus may have been present in North America for about 100 million years. References are made to gars being a primitive group of bony fish because they have retained some primitive features, such as a spiral valve intestine, but they are not primitive in the sense of not being fully developed.
The alligator gar is a euryhaline ray-finned fish in the clade Ginglymodi of the infraclass Holostei, being most closely related to the bowfins. It is the largest species in the gar family (Lepisosteidae), and is among the largest freshwater fish in North America. The fossil record traces its group's existence back to the Early Cretaceous over 100 million years ago. Gars are often referred to as "primitive fishes" or "living fossils," because they have retained some morphological characteristics of their early ancestors, such as a spiral valve intestine, which is also common to the digestive system of sharks, and the ability to breathe in both air and water. Their common name was derived from their resemblance to the American alligator, particularly their broad snouts and long, sharp teeth. It is suggested that an alligator gar can grow up to 10 ft (3.0 m) in length.
Deinodon is a dubious tyrannosaurid dinosaur genus containing a single species, Deinodon horridus. D. horridus is known only from a set of teeth found in the Late Cretaceous Judith River Formation of Montana and named by paleontologist Joseph Leidy in 1856. These were the first tyrannosaurid remains to be described and had been collected by Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden. The teeth of Deinodon were slightly heterodont, and the holotype of Aublysodon can probably be assigned to Deinodon.
Diplotomodon is a dubious genus of theropod dinosaur, from New Jersey. It was possibly a member of the Tyrannosauroidea, the clade that also contains Tyrannosaurus.
Diclonius is a genus of dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous. It was a hadrosaur based solely on teeth. Its fossils were found in the Judith River Formation of Montana, northern US. The name is in reference to the method of tooth replacement, in which newly erupting replacement teeth could be in functional use at the same time as older, more worn teeth. Thus, the number of "sprouting" teeth was doubled in comparison to Monoclonius, which used only one set of teeth at a time and which Cope named in the same paper.
The Florida gar is a species of gar found in the US from the Savannah River and Ochlockonee River watersheds of Georgia and throughout peninsular Florida. Florida gar can reach a length over 3 ft (91 cm). The young feed on zooplankton and insect larvae, as well as small fish. Adults mainly eat fish, shrimp, and crayfish. Although edible, they are not popular as food. The roe is highly toxic to many animals, including humans and birds.
The spotted gar is a freshwater fish native to North America that has an abundance of dark spots on its head, fins, and dart-like body. Spotted gar have an elongated mouth with many needle-like teeth to catch other fish and crustaceans. It is one of the smallest of the seven species of gar found in North America, growing 2–3 ft in length and weighing 4-6 lb (1.8–2.7 kg) typically. Gars have diamond-shaped, thick, enamel (ganoid) scales. The name Lepisosteus is Greek for "bony scale".
The shortnose gar is a primitive freshwater fish of the family Lepisosteidae. It is native to the United States where its range includes the Mississippi and Missouri River basins, ranging from Montana to the west and the Ohio River to the east, southwards to the Gulf Coast. It inhabits calm waters in large rivers and their backwaters, as well as oxbow lakes and large pools. It is a long, slender fish, brown or olive green above and whitish below. It typically grows to about 60 cm (24 in) and is armored by rows of interlocking, rhomboidal ganoid scales.
Hadrianus is an extinct genus of tortoise belonging to the Testudinidae found in the United States, the Yolomécatl Formation of Mexico, the Alai Beds of Kyrgyzstan and Spain and believed to be the oldest true tortoise known. The genus is thought to be closely related to the genus Manouria. The genus may have evolved in the subtropics of Asia and subsequently migrated to North America and Europe. Evangelos Vlachos (2018) reassessed the North American species attributed to the genus, and determined only two as accepted namely H. corsoni & H. majusculus. The remaining species were identified as either junior synonyms, moved to other genera or considered nomen dubium do to incomplete fossils.
Atractosteus is a genus of gars in the family Lepisosteidae, with three species. The genus first appeared in the Campanian in the Late Cretaceous.
The Cuban gar, also known as the manjuarí, is a fish in the family Lepisosteidae. It is a tropical, freshwater species, although it also inhabits brackish water. It is found in rivers and lakes of western Cuba and the Isla de la Juventud. The flesh of the fish is edible, but the eggs are poisonous for humans.
Atractosteus grandei is an extinct species of gar in the family Lepisosteidae. Remains have been found in Lower Paleogene sediments from North Dakota. A. grandei belonged to the genus Atractosteus which includes modern day species of gars such as the giant alligator gar and the tropical gar. It is named after paleontologist and ichthyologist Lance Grande.
Cuneatus is an extinct genus of gar that inhabited western North America during the early Paleogene. As the genus name suggests, they are distinguishable from modern gar by their cuneate (wedge-shaped) heads, with a significantly shortened snout. Three species are known: C. cuneatus, C. maximus, and C. wileyi.
Oniichthys is an extinct genus of gar in the family Lepisosteidae. It contains a single species, O. falipoui, known from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Morocco.
Herreraichthys is an extinct genus of gar from the Late Cretaceous of Mexico. It contains a single species, H. coahuilaensis. The genus name honors the famous Mexican scientist Alfonso L. Herrera.
Grandemarinus is an extinct genus of gar from the Late Cretaceous of Morocco. It contains a single species, G. gherisensis. The genus name honors evolutionary biologist Lance Grande and references the species' apparent marine nature, while the specific epithet references Oued Gheris, a wadi near the type locality.
Data related to Lepisosteus at Wikispecies
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