Leptospermum lanigerum

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Leptospermum lanigerum
L. lanigerum flowers.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Myrtaceae
Genus: Leptospermum
Species:
L. lanigerum
Binomial name
Leptospermum lanigerum
Distribution of L. lanigerum.gif
Synonyms [1]
List
    • Leptospermum australe Salisb.
    • Leptospermum lanigerum(Sol. ex Aiton) Sm. var. lanigerum
    • Leptospermum lanigerum var. montanum Rodway
    • Leptospermum lanigerum var. pubescens DC.
    • Leptospermum lanigerum var. pubescens(Willd.) Hook.f. nom. illeg.
    • Leptospermum microphyllum F.Muell. ex Miq. nom. illeg.
    • Leptospermum microphyllum var. glaucumF.Muell. ex Miq.
    • Leptospermum microphyllum Hoffmanns. var. microphyllum
    • Leptospermum microphyllum var. virideF.Muell. ex Miq.
    • Leptospermum pubescensWilld. nom. illeg.
    • Leptospermum pubescens f. angustifoliaMiq.
    • Leptospermum pubescens f. minorMiq.
    • Leptospermum sericeumHook.f. nom. inval., pro syn.
    • Leptospermum splendens Schauer
    • Philadelphia laniger W.R.Barker, R.M.Barker, Jessop & Vonow orth. var.
    • Philadelphus lanigerAiton
    • Philadelphus laniger var. canescensAiton
    • Philadelphus lanigerAiton var. laniger
    • Philadelphus laniger var. piligerAiton

Leptospermum lanigerum, commonly known as the woolly teatree, [2] is a small tree or medium shrub from the plant family Myrtaceae . [3] Its common name derives from the conspicuously hairy capsules produced as fruit, along with the fine, silky hairs present on branches and leaves. L. lanigerum is widespread in many habitats, particularly in waterlogged areas such as moist, sandy coastal heaths, on river banks, riparian scrub, woodlands and on the fringe of montane grasslands. This species is endemic to Australia, with native populations occurring in New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania and Victoria. [4]

Contents

Flowers possess the typical characteristics present within the genus Leptospermum ; five free, white petals, many stamens and five small sepals; although the most distinctive feature is the persistent hairy capsules and the silvery appearance of mature foliage. [5]

L. lanigerum is common and widespread throughout Australia, occurring both as natural populations and cultivated varieties. This species has been used for many years by Indigenous Australians, and is a popular garden plant today. [6]

Description

This small tree to medium-sized shrub is variable in size and shape and present in a number of different forms. Plants can grow as large, spreading or erect shrubs up to 3 metres (9.8 ft) high by 3 metres (9.8 ft) across, or very compact, columnar shrubs, up to 3 m high and 1 metre (3.3 ft) across. [7] L. lanigerum also grows as a slender tree up to 18 metres (59 ft) tall in montane habitats in Tasmania. [8]

Hairy leaves and stem of L. lanigerum. Leaves of Leptospermum lanigerum.jpg
Hairy leaves and stem of L. lanigerum.
Hairy, new L. lanigerum buds. L. lanigerum buds.jpg
Hairy, new L. lanigerum buds.

Leaves

Leaves are usually alternately arranged along the stem, oblong in shape and with slightly rolled margins. [3] Leaves vary in size from 4–20 millimetres (0.16–0.79 in), with new growth usually covered in small, soft, silky hairs. [7] These hairs usually cause the foliage to appear silvery grey, however leaves can vary in colour from silvery grey to dark green, or occasionally possess a glossy upper surface. [9] Like all species in the family Myrtaceae, L. lanigerum leaves are dotted with small oil containing glands, and when crushed emit a strong, characteristic aroma. [10] These oil glands allow for easy identification, and detailed analysis of the oils has assisted in the classification and taxonomy of species within the genus Leptospermum . [11] [12]

Flowers

Leptospermum lanigerum bears the characteristic flowers present within the genus Leptospermum : five distinctly separate, white petals, five small sepals, numerous stamens, along with inferior ovaries. [5] Receptacles and petals grow small soft hairs, with flowers usually measuring about 18mm in diameter. [13] The stamens usually occur in bundles of seven. [9] Numerous flowers are produced either in late spring, early summer or sporadically throughout the year, situated terminally on short side branches. [3] These flowers are mostly bisexual, however L. lanigerum is an andromonoecious species as plants also produce some functionally male flowers. [14]

Smooth, papery L. lanigerum bark. L. lanigerum bark.jpg
Smooth, papery L. lanigerum bark.

Fruit

Distinctly hairy when first produced, capsules are usually persistent, each with 4–5 compartments and around 5–10 millimetres (0.20–0.39 in) in diameter. These capsules are situated singularly on short, terminal side branches, distinguishable from Melaleuca spp. whose capsules clasp the stem in distinctive clusters. [15] Encasing seeds in tough, woody capsules provides some protection from damage by predators or insulation from disturbances such as fire. [16] Extreme desiccation or fire is needed, however, to open these capsules, allowing seeds to be released to germinate in the ash enriched seed bed after the first rains following the fire. [17]

Bark

Leptospermum lanigerum has smooth, light brown, fibrous and papery bark that comes away from the trunk in long strips when removed. This bark helps provide some protection to the trunk and epicormic buds from fire, allowing the tree to potentially grow back when burnt. The bark is very similar to other Leptospermum species. [17]

Taxonomy

This species was first formally described in 1789 by William Aiton in Hortus Kewensis , who gave it the name Philadelphus laniger. [18] [19] In 1797, James Edward Smith transferred the species to the genus Leptospermum as L. lanigerum in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London . [20] [21] The specific epithet (lanigerum), is a Latin word for wool-bearing, describing the silky hairy leaves and hairy buds, shoots and young capsules. The common names for this species, 'woolly tea-tree' or sometimes 'silky tea-tree', are also a result of these distinctive features. [22]

Distribution and habitat

Leptospermum lanigerum is endemic to Australia, mainly distributed within the south eastern states. Native populations are found in eastern South Australia, across Victoria and southern New South Wales, as well as the whole of Tasmania. [4] Plants are common and widespread, predominantly found in wet, swampy areas and along river banks, sandy coastal heaths or within woodlands. [3] L. lanigerum is occasionally found growing in cool temperate rainforest in western Tasmania, however is a doubtful true rainforest species due to the need for disturbances such as fire to release seed. [23] The hardy nature and preferred habitat of this plant makes it useful in riparian restoration and stream bank stabilisation, as they thrive in swampy areas where many other species do not. [3]

In Tasmania, L. lanigerum is a key swamp forest species. Swamp forests form in flat, poorly drained sites and contain a closed tree canopy made from sclerophyllous species of the genera Leptospermum , Acacia and Melaleuca . [24] In Tasmania, L. lanigerum forms tall, dense stands, up to 18m in height. In other Australian states, individuals mainly exist as short, thick shrubs. [8]

Although this species is mainly present at low altitudes, some individuals also grow among sub-alpine vegetation and along the edge of montane grasslands. [25] L. lanigerum is an adaptable species able to adjust to varying aspects and soil types, and although prefers wet areas can grow successfully in drier soil. [3]

L.lanigerum trees growing in Tasmania. L. lanigerum trees.jpg
L.lanigerum trees growing in Tasmania.

Ecology

Fire

L. lanigerum has a very specific relationship with fire. Like many other species within the family Myrtaceae, the seeds of L. lanigerum are encased in woody capsules and often remain on the tree for a number of years after reaching maturity. To be released, capsules must be subjected to fire or some other disturbance. [26] In the days after fire, the ash enriched seed bed along with a little rain provides good conditions for seeds to germinate. The intensity of the fire is important, as too much heat can destroy the seeds as well as the capsules. [16]

Hairy, woody capsules of L. lanigerum. L. lanigerum capsules.jpg
Hairy, woody capsules of L. lanigerum.

Trees can also grow back after a fire, due to the lignotubers and epicormic buds protected by the thick bark. [27] In some cases, where trees are tightly packed, the fire destroys only the main branches leaving the underground portions and protected trunks of the plants to survive. As plants grow back after a fire, other species can take advantage of the light gaps created, leading to a thick mixture of tea-tree, cutting grass and species such as Bauera . [28]

Pollination

Leptospermum species are pollinated by insects, usually beetles. Each flower contains sweet nectar within the centre which acts as an attractant to beetles. These beetles then carry pollen on all parts of their body, mainly head and legs, to other flowers. [29] The nectar, along with the insects present, also attracts other animals such as birds, making Leptospermum species and other Myrtaceae genera popular garden plants. [30]

Seed dispersal

Seed dispersal of L. lanigerum is limited, with seeds usually falling to the ground after fire. Dispersal can also occur through wind or water, or transport by insects such as ants. Ants also act as pre-dispersal seed predators however, destroying the capsules whilst still attached to the plant and eating the seeds. L. lanigerum is one of the Leptospermum species most affected by ant predation. [31]

Other symbiotic relationships

Most Myrtaceae species (including the genus Leptospermum) are mycorrhizal, forming relationships with fungi to assist in increasing root surface area for greater uptake in nutrients. [30] The extent to which this relationship exists is unknown however, with little research available. [32]

Diseases

Leptospermum lanigerum is a potentially highly susceptible host species to the pathogen Phytophthora ramorum . This pathogen currently causes widespread damage to gardens, nurseries and natural habitats in America and Europe, and although is not currently present in Australia, has been identified as a potential problem that may have widespread effects throughout Australia in the future. [33]

A number of insects also act as pests and parasites. The Webbing Caterpillar causes damage to many young Leptospermum species, using webbing to matt the leaves together and deposit droppings inside. Scale insects can suck the sap from stems and leaves and secrete a substance that causes sooty mould to grow, blackening the foliage. [34]

Propagation and cultivation

Leptospermum lanigerum is an adaptable species that can tolerate most soils and aspects. Plants are often propagated from seedlings or cuttings and sold in nurseries for garden use. [35] This species is a popular garden plant, due to its attractive flowers and adaptability. Three main forms are known; a large, spreading or erect shrub to 3 m high and 3 m across, a compact columnar shrub to 3 m high by 1 m wide and a slender tree up to 18 m tall (only in Tasmania). [7]

The white, 5-petaled flowers of L. lanigerum. L. lanigerum flowers.jpg
The white, 5-petaled flowers of L. lanigerum.

History and uses

Leptospermum lanigerum was the first Leptospermum species to be brought into cultivation in March 1773. Captain Tobias Furneaux, of HMS Adventure, collected seed from Adventure Bay, Tasmania, as part of Captain James Cook's second visit to the South Seas. This seed was recorded as being in cultivation at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in 1774. [35]

Indigenous Australians had many uses for L. lanigerum, including the creation of kangaroo spears and double barbed spears from L. lanigerum wood. [36] Young shoots and stems of many Leptospermum species were also used medicinally to treat urinary disorders. [6]

Although not widely drunk today, it is recorded that many Leptospermum species were used as a tea substitute by European settlers. Captain Cook's crew also brewed tea as they believed it would help prevent diseases such as scurvy. [4]

Related Research Articles

<i>Melaleuca</i> Genus of plants in the Myrtle family

Melaleuca is a genus of nearly 300 species of plants in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae, commonly known as paperbarks, honey-myrtles, bottlebrushes or tea-trees. They range in size from small shrubs that rarely grow to more than 16 m (52 ft) high, to trees up to 35 m (115 ft). Their flowers generally occur in groups, forming a "head" or "spike" resembling a brush used for cleaning bottles, containing up to 80 individual flowers.

<i>Leptospermum scoparium</i> Species of flowering plant

Leptospermum scoparium, commonly called mānuka, mānuka myrtle, New Zealand teatree, broom tea-tree, or just tea tree, is a species of flowering plant in the myrtle family Myrtaceae, native to New Zealand and south-east Australia. Its nectar produces Mānuka honey.

<i>Leptospermum</i> Genus of shrubs

Leptospermum is a genus of shrubs and small trees in the myrtle family Myrtaceae commonly known as tea trees, although this name is sometimes also used for some species of Melaleuca. Most species are endemic to Australia, with the greatest diversity in the south of the continent, but some are native to other parts of the world, including New Zealand and Southeast Asia. Leptospermums all have five conspicuous petals and five groups of stamens which alternate with the petals. There is a single style in the centre of the flower and the fruit is a woody capsule.

<i>Beaufortia</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants

Beaufortia is a genus of woody shrubs and small trees in the family Myrtaceae and is endemic to Southwest Australia. The genus Beaufortia is closely related to Melaleuca, Calothamnus, Regelia and several others, differing mainly in the way the anthers are attached to the stalks of the stamens, and in the way they open to release their pollen. Beaufortia anthers are attached at one end and open by splitting at the other.

<i>Gaudium laevigatum</i> Species of plant

Gaudium laevigatum, commonly known as the coast tea tree, is a species of shrub or small tree that is endemic to south-eastern Australia, but has been widely introduced in other places where it is often considered to be a weed. It has thin, rough bark on the older stems, narrow egg-shaped leaves, relatively large white flowers and flat topped fruit that is shed shortly after reaching maturity.

<i>Gaudium trinervium</i> Species of shrub

Gaudium trinervium, commonly known as flaky-barked tea-tree, slender tea-tree or paperbark tree, is a species of shrub or small tree that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has papery bark that is shed in thin, flaking layers, narrow elliptic to broadly egg-shaped leaves with the narrower at the base, white flowers and silky-hairy fruit that falls from the plant when mature.

<i>Gaudium myrsinoides</i> Species of plant

Gaudium myrsinoides, commonly known as the heath tea-tree or silky tea-tree, is a species of shrub that is endemic to south-eastern continental Australia. It has smooth bark on the younger stems, narrow egg-shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base, white flowers and fruit that has the remains of the sepals attached but usually falls from the plant soon after the seeds are released.

<i>Petrophile pulchella</i> Species of shrub of the family Proteaceae found in eastern Australia

Petrophile pulchella, commonly known as conesticks, is a common shrub of the family Proteaceae and is found in eastern Australia. The leaves are divided with needle-shaped but soft pinnae, the flowers silky-hairy, cream-coloured and arranged in oval heads and the fruit are arranged in oval heads. Conesticks grows on shallow sandstone soils, often in open forest or heathlands near the coast. It is also occasionally seen on the adjacent ranges.

<i>Leptospermum rupestre</i> Species of shrub

Leptospermum rupestre, commonly known as alpine tea-tree or prostrate tea-tree, is a flowering shrub in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. It is endemic to Tasmania. In alpine areas it assumes a prostrate habit while in subalpine areas it appears as a large shrub.

<i>Leptospermopsis fastigiata</i> Species of plant

Leptospermopsis fastigiatum is a shrub that is endemic to the south-west of Australia. It has narrow egg-shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base and a small point on the tip, white flowers arranged singly or in pairs on short side shoots and small fruit that fall off when mature.

<i>Leptospermum inelegans</i> Species of shrub

Leptospermum inelegans is a species of straggly shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has only partly hairy young stems, egg-shaped to narrow elliptical leaves on a short petiole, relatively small white or pink flowers and fruit that fall from the plant when mature.

<i>Gaudium glaucescens</i> Species of shrub

Gaudium glaucescens, commonly known as the blue-green tea tree or smoky tea tree, is a species of shrub or small tree that is endemic to Tasmania. It has elliptical to egg-shaped leaves that are often greyish green, white flowers about 15 mm (0.59 in) in diameter arranged in consecutive leaf axils and fruit that remain on the plant for some time after maturity.

<i>Leptospermum macrocarpum</i> Australian species of plant

Leptospermum macrocarpum is a species of shrub that is endemic to the Blue Mountains in New South Wales. It has thin, hard, sometimes gnarled bark on the older stems, broadly elliptical leaves, relatively large white, pink or dark red flowers and large fruit.

<i>Gaudium multicaule</i> Australian species of plant

Gaudium multicaule, commonly known as the silver tea-tree, is a species of shrub that is endemic to south eastern Australia. It has linear, narrow elliptical or narrow egg-shaped leaves, white or pink flowers usually borne singly on short side shoots, and fruit the falls from the plant soon after the seeds are released.

<i>Gaudium deanei</i> Australian species of plant

Gaudium deanei, commonly known as Deane's tea-tree, is a species of rare, slender shrub that is endemic to the northern suburbs of Sydney. It has bark peeling in long strips from the older stems, hairy young stems, narrow elliptical to lance-shaped leaves, white flowers arranged singly on short side shoots and mostly glabrous fruit.

<i>Gaudium brevipes</i> Australian species of plant

Gaudium brevipes, commonly known as the slender tea-tree, is a species of shrub or small tree that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has fibrous bark on the main stems, smooth bark on young stems, narrow elliptical to narrow egg-shaped leaves, white flowers and hemispherical fruit that is shed when mature.

<i>Gaudium namadgiense</i> Australian species of plant

Gaudium namadgiense is a species of small shrub that is endemic to areas near the border between New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. It has silky-hairy, narrow lance-shaped to elliptical leaves, usually white flowers borne singly or in pairs on short side shoots, and fruit that falls from the plant shortly after the seeds are released.

<i>Gaudium neglectum</i> Species of shrub

Leptospermum neglectum is a shrub or small tree that is endemic to Queensland. It has elliptical leaves that are silky-hairy at first, white flowers on short shoots in leaf axils and fruit with the remnants of the sepals attached but that fall from the plant shortly after the seeds are released.

<i>Aggreflorum purpurascens</i> Species of shrub

Aggreflorum purpurascens, commonly known as the purple-stemmed turkey bush, is a shrub or small tree that is endemic to far north Queensland. It has bark that is purple when new, elliptical to broadly lance-shaped leaves, relatively small white flowers arranged in pairs, and small fruit that falls from the plants when the seeds are released.

<i>Gaudium semibaccatum</i> Species of shrub

Gaudium semibaccatum is a species of low, dense shrub that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has egg-shaped to narrow elliptical leaves with a blunt tip, white or pink flowers and hairy, flat-topped fruit that falls from the plant shortly after the seeds are released. It grows in poorly-drained soil in coastal heath.

References

  1. 1 2 "Leptospermum lanigerum". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
  2. ↑ "Leptospermum lanigerum". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Howells, Christine (2012). Tasmania's Natural Flora (2nd ed.). Hobart, Tasmania: Australian Plants Society Tasmania Inc. p. 263. ISBN   978-0-909830-66-3.
  4. 1 2 3 "Australian Native Plants Society". 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
  5. 1 2 Jordan, Greg (2011). "Key to Tasmanian Vascular Plants". University of Tasmania. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
  6. 1 2 Wrigley, John; Fagg, Murray (1993). Bottlebrushes Paperbarks and Tea Trees. Sydney, Australia: Angus & Robertson. p. 7. ISBN   0-207-16867-9.
  7. 1 2 3 Wrigley, John; Fagg, Murray (1983). Australian Native Plants (2nd ed.). Sydney, Australia: William Collins Publishers. p. 255. ISBN   0-00-216575-9.
  8. 1 2 Wrigley, John & Fagg, Murray 1993, p.198.
  9. 1 2 Wrigley, John & Fagg, Murray 1993, p.199.
  10. ↑ Wrigley, John & Fagg, Murray 1993, p.2.
  11. ↑ Brophy, J.J.; Goldsack, R.J.; Forster, P.I.; Bean, A.R.; Clarkson, J.R.; Lepschi, B.J (1998). "Leaf essential oils of the genus Leptospermum (Myrtaceae) in Eastern Australia. Part 1: Leptospermum brachyandrum and Leptospermum pallidum groups". Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 13: 19–25. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1026(199801/02)13:1<19::aid-ffj679>3.3.co;2-0.
  12. ↑ Brophy, J.J.; Goldsack, R.J.; Bean, A.R.; Forster, P.I.; Lepschi, B.J (1999). "Leaf essential oils of the genus Leptospermum (Myrtaceae) in Eastern Australia. Part 3: Leptospermum arachnoides and allies". Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 14 (2): 85–91. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1026(199903/04)14:2<85::aid-ffj803>3.0.co;2-m.
  13. ↑ Curtis, Winifred M.; Morris, Dennis I. (1975). The Student's Flora of Tasmania (2nd ed.). Tasmania: T.J. Hughes, Government Printer. p. 201.
  14. ↑ Andersen, A.N. (1990). "Andromonoecy in four Australian species of Leptospermum". Australian Journal of Botany. 38 (5): 511–515. doi:10.1071/bt9900511.
  15. ↑ Howells, Christine 2012, p. 261–269
  16. 1 2 Judd, T.S. (1993). "Seed survival in small myrtaceous capsules subjected to experimental heating". Oecologia. 93 (4): 576–581. doi:10.1007/bf00328968. PMID   28313828. S2CID   8946780.
  17. 1 2 Wrigley, John & Fagg, Murray 1993, p.16.
  18. ↑ "Philadelphus laniger". Australian Plant Name Index. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
  19. ↑ Aiton, William (1789). Hortus Kewensis. Pall Mall: George Nicol. pp. 156–157. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
  20. ↑ "Leptospermum lanigerum". Australian Plant Name Index. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
  21. ↑ Smith, James Edward (1797). "Botanical Characters of Some Plants of the Natural Order of Myrti". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 3: 263. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
  22. ↑ Wapstra, Mark; Wapstra, Annie; Wapstra, Hans (2010). Tasmanian Plant Names Unravelled. Burwood, Victoria: Fullers Bookshop. pp. 200–201. ISBN   978-0-9804720-2-8.
  23. ↑ Gibson, N.; Williams, K.; Marsden-Smedley, J.; Brown, M.J. (1987). "Regeneration characteristics of a swamp forest in North Western Tasmania". Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania. 121: 93–100.
  24. ↑ Reid, James B.; Hill, Robert S.; Brown, Michael J.; Hovenden, Mark J. (1999). Vegetation of Tasmania (Series: Flora of Australia Supplementary Series; no.8). Tasmania: Australian biological Resources Study, a Program of Environment Australia. p. 232. ISBN   0-642-56801-4.
  25. ↑ Reid, James B.; Hill, Robert S.; Brown, Michael J. & Hovenden, Mark J. 1999 p.288
  26. ↑ Judd, T.S.; Ashton, D.H. (1991). "Fruit clustering in the Myrtaceae: Seed survival in capsules subjected to experimental heating". Australian Journal of Botany. 39 (3): 241–245. doi:10.1071/bt9910241.
  27. ↑ Morrison, David A.; Renwick, John A. (2000). "Effects of variation in fire intensity on regeneration of co-occurring species of small trees in the Sydney region". Australian Journal of Botany. 48: 71–79. doi:10.1071/bt98054.
  28. ↑ Forest Resources (1984). Forest Trees of Tasmania. Long Reach, Tasmania: Forest Resources. p. 86.
  29. ↑ Hawkeswood, T.J. (1987). "Pollination of Leptospermum flavescens Sm. (Myrtaceae) by beetles (Coleoptera) in the Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia". Giornale Italiano di Entomologia. 3: 261–269.
  30. 1 2 Myerscough, Peter J. (1998). "Ecology of Myrtaceae with special reference to the Sydney region". Cunninghamia. 5: 787–807.
  31. ↑ Andersen, A.N. (1989). "Pre-dispersal seed losses to insects in species of Leptospermum (Myrtaceae)". Australian Journal of Ecology. 14: 13–18. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1989.tb01004.x.
  32. ↑ Reid, James B.; Hill, Robert S.; Brown, Michael J. & Hovenden, Mark J. 1999 p.134
  33. ↑ Ireland, K.B.; Hüberli, D.; Dell, B.; Smith, I.W.; Rizzo, D.M.; Hardy, G.E. (2011). "Potential susceptibility of Australian flora to a NA2 isolate of Phytophthora ramorum and pathogen sporulation potential". Forest Pathology. 42 (4): 305–320. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0329.2011.00755.x.
  34. ↑ "Teatrees- genus Leptospermum". Australian National Herbarium. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
  35. 1 2 Wrigley, John & Fagg, Murray 1993, p.18.
  36. ↑ "Victorian Flora". Snee, Helen. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
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