Lesser yellow-headed vulture

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Lesser yellow-headed vulture
Lesser yellow-headed vulture (Cathartes burrovianus).JPG
C. b. urubtinga
in the Pantanal, Brazil
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Cathartiformes
Family: Cathartidae
Genus: Cathartes
Species:
C. burrovianus
Binomial name
Cathartes burrovianus
Cassin, 1845
Cathartes burrovianus distribution.svg
Breeding range of C. burrovianus
C. b. burrovianus, Colombia Lesser yellow-headed vulture (Cathartes burrovianus burrovianus) Cundinamarca.jpg
C. b. burrovianus, Colombia

The lesser yellow-headed vulture (Cathartes burrovianus) also known as the savannah vulture, [2] is a species of bird in the New World vulture family Cathartidae. It was considered to be the same species as the greater yellow-headed vulture until they were split in 1964. [3] It is found in Mexico, Central America, and South America in seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, swamps, and heavily degraded former forest. It is a large bird, with a wingspan of 150–165 cm (59–65 in). The body plumage is black, and the head and neck, which are featherless, are pale orange with red or blue areas. It lacks a syrinx, so therefore its vocalizations are limited to grunts or low hisses.

Contents

The lesser yellow-headed vulture feeds on carrion and locates carcasses by sight and by smell, an ability which is rare in birds. It is dependent on larger vultures, such as the king vulture, to open the hides of larger animal carcasses as its bill is not strong enough to do this. Like other New World vultures, the lesser yellow-headed vulture utilizes thermals to stay aloft with minimal effort. It lays its eggs on flat surfaces, such as the floors of caves, or in the hollows of stumps. It feeds its young by regurgitation.

Taxonomy

The lesser yellow-headed vulture was first described in 1845 by John Cassin. [4] It is sometimes recognized as having two subspecies. The first, Cathartes burrovianus urubitinga, described by Austrian ornithologist August von Pelzeln in 1851, is the larger of the two and is found from Argentina north to Colombia, while the nominate subspecies, Cathartes burrovianus burrovianus, is smaller and found from northwestern South America through Central America to Mexico. [5] The lesser yellow-headed vulture's genus, Cathartes, means "purifier" and is from the Latinized form of the Greek kathartēs/καθαρτης. [6] The common name, vulture, is derived from the Latin word vulturus, which means "tearer" and is a reference to its feeding habits. [7]

The exact taxonomic placement of the lesser yellow-headed vulture and the remaining six species of New World vultures remains unclear. [8] Although both are similar in appearance and have similar ecological roles, the New World and Old World vultures evolved from different ancestors in different parts of the world. Just how different the two are is currently under debate, with some earlier authorities suggesting that the New World vultures are more closely related to storks. [9] More recent authorities maintain their overall position in the order Falconiformes along with the Old World vultures [10] or place them in their own order, Cathartiformes. [11] The South American Classification Committee has removed the New World vultures from Ciconiiformes and instead placed them in Incertae sedis , but notes that a move to Falconiformes or Cathartiformes is possible. [8] Like other New World vultures, the lesser yellow-headed vulture has a diploid chromosome number of 80. [12]

Description

Lesser yellow-headed vulture at the Natura Artis Magistra Cathartes burrovianus -Amsterdam Zoo -upper body-8a.jpg
Lesser yellow-headed vulture at the Natura Artis Magistra

This is the lightest and smallest of the extant New World vultures despite sometimes measuring at least as long and longer winged than black vultures. [13] The lesser yellow-headed vulture is 53–66 cm (21–26 in) in length, with a wingspan of 150–165 cm (59–65 in) and a tail length of 19–24 cm (7.5–9.4 in). Its weight ranges from 0.95 to 1.55 kg (2.1 to 3.4 lb). [14] Its plumage is black with a green sheen. The throat and the sides of the head are featherless. The head and neck are bare of feathers, and the skin is yellow, with a reddish forehead and nape and a gray-blue crown. The irises of its eyes are red, its legs are white, and its beak is flesh-colored. [15] The eye has a single incomplete row of eyelashes on the upper lid and two rows on the lower lid. [16] The tail is rounded and relatively short for a vulture; the tip of the closed wing extends beyond the tail. [17] Immature lesser yellow-headed vultures have browner plumage, a dusky head, and a white nape. [18]

The beak is thick, rounded, and hooked at the tip. [19] The front toes are long with small webs at their bases and are not adapted to grasping. The opening of the nostril is longitudinal, and the nostrils lack a septum. Like all New World vultures, the lesser yellow-headed vulture lacks a syrinx, and is therefore unable to make any sound other than a low hiss. [20]

It differs in appearance from the similar greater yellow-headed vulture in several ways. It is smaller and is less heavily built than the greater yellow-headed vulture and has a shorter, thinner tail. The plumage is browner than the greater yellow-headed vulture's dark, glossy black plumage. Its legs are lighter in color, and its head is more orange-tinged than the more yellow head of the greater yellow-headed vulture. Its flight is also less steady than that of the greater yellow-headed vulture. [14] The lesser yellow-headed vulture also prefers to live in savannas, as opposed to the preferred forest habitat of the greater yellow-headed vulture.

Besides the greater yellow-headed vulture, it is similar to the turkey vulture. [5]

Distribution and habitat

It is found in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, swamps, mangroves, and heavily degraded former forest. [1] It may wander over dry fields and clearings. [18] It is not generally found in high-altitude regions. [14]

This bird with its somehow crow-like aspect gave foot to the naming of the Quebrada de los Cuervos (Crows Ravine) in Uruguay, where they dwell together with the black vulture and the turkey vulture. [21]

Ecology and behavior

In the Pantanal, Brazil Lesser yellow-headed vulture (Cathartes burrovianus) in flight.JPG
In the Pantanal, Brazil

The lesser yellow-headed vulture flies solitarily, with wings held in a dihedral position. It glides at a low altitude over wetlands while locating food, and perches on fence posts or on other low perches. When flying, it travels alone and is rarely found in groups. [18] The flight of the lesser yellow-headed is an example of static soaring flight, which uses thermals to maintain altitude without the need to flap its wings. [19] This vulture rarely soars high in the air, preferring low altitudes. [22] This bird is believed to be somewhat migratory in response to the changes in water level where it lives. [22] The lesser yellow-headed vulture, like other New World vultures, has the unusual habit of urohidrosis, in which it urinates or defecates on its legs to cool them by evaporation. [23]

Breeding

Lesser yellow-headed vultures do not build nests, but rather lay eggs on the ground, cliff ledges, the floors of caves, or in the hollow of a tree. Eggs are cream colored and heavily blotched with brown and gray spots, particularly around the larger end. [18] Two eggs are generally laid. The chicks are altricial—they are blind, naked and relatively immobile upon hatching. The chicks do not grow their down feathers until later. The parents feed their young by regurgitating pre-digested food into their beak, where the chicks then drink it. [19] The young fledge after two to three months. [22]

Feeding

The lesser yellow-headed vulture is a scavenger and subsists almost entirely on carrion. [15] It will eat roadkill or the carcass of any animal, but is also known to hunt for food, especially small aquatic animals in marshes. [22] It is not usually attracted to larger carcasses and may swallow live invertebates and larvae, possibly also frogs, as much as smaller items of carrion. [24] Carrion records include smallish mammals, snakes and other reptiles and, especially, rotting fish. [24] It prefers fresh meat, but often cannot make the first cut into the carcass of a larger animal because its beak is not strong enough to tear into the tough hide. The lesser yellow-headed vulture will no longer feed on a piece of carrion once the meat is in a state of extreme decay, as it becomes contaminated with microbial toxins. [25] Like other vultures, it plays an important role in its ecosystem by disposing of carrion which would otherwise be a breeding ground for disease. [26]

The lesser yellow-headed vulture forages using its keen eyesight to locate carrion on the ground, but also uses its sense of smell, an ability which is uncommon in the avian world. It locates carrion by detecting the scent of ethyl mercaptan, a gas produced by the beginnings of decay in dead animals. The olfactory lobe of its brain responsible for processing smells is particularly large compared to other animals. [25] This characteristic of New World vultures has been used by humans: ethyl mercaptan is injected into pipelines, and engineers looking for leaks then follow the foraging vultures. [27]

King vultures, which lack the ability to smell carrion, follow the lesser yellow-headed vultures to carcasses, where the king vulture tears open the skin of the dead animal. This allows the smaller lesser yellow-headed vulture access to food, as it does not have a bill strong enough to tear the hide of larger animals. This is an example of mutual dependence between species. [28] It is generally displaced from carcasses by both turkey vultures and king vultures, due to their larger size. [26]

Conservation

The lesser yellow-headed vulture is a bird of Least Concern according to the IUCN, with an estimated global range of 7,800,000 km2 (3,000,000 sq mi) and a population of between 100,000 and 1,000,000 individuals. [29] Its population trend appears to be stable. [1]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vulture</span> Common name for a type of bird

A vulture is a bird of prey that scavenges on carrion. There are 23 extant species of vulture. Old World vultures include 16 living species native to Europe, Africa, and Asia; New World vultures are restricted to North and South America and consist of seven identified species, all belonging to the Cathartidae family. A particular characteristic of many vultures is a bald, unfeathered head. This bare skin is thought to keep the head clean when feeding, and also plays an important role in thermoregulation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New World vulture</span> Family of birds

Cathartidae, known commonly as New World vultures or condors, are a family of birds of prey consisting of seven extant species in five genera. It includes five extant vultures and two extant condors found in warm and temperate areas of the Americas. They are known as "New World" vultures to distinguish them from Old World vultures, with which the Cathartidae does not form a single clade despite the two being similar in appearance and behavior as a result of convergent evolution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian vulture</span> Species of vulture

The Indian vulture or long-billed vulture is a bird of prey native to the Indian subcontinent. It is an Old World vulture belonging to the family of Accipitridae. It is a medium-sized vulture with a small, semi-bald head with little feathers, long beak, and wide dark colored wings. It breeds mainly on small cliffs and hilly crags in central India and south India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turkey vulture</span> Most widespread New World vulture

The turkey vulture is the most widespread of the New World vultures. One of three species in the genus Cathartes of the family Cathartidae, the turkey vulture ranges from southern Canada to the southernmost tip of South America. It inhabits a variety of open and semi-open areas, including subtropical forests, shrublands, pastures, and deserts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black vulture</span> New World vulture

The black vulture, also known as the American black vulture, Mexican vulture, zopilote, urubu, or gallinazo, is a bird in the New World vulture family whose range extends from the southeastern United States to Perú, Central Chile and Uruguay in South America. Although a common and widespread species, it has a somewhat more restricted distribution than its compatriot, the turkey vulture, which breeds well into Canada and all the way south to Tierra del Fuego. It is the only extant member of the genus Coragyps, which is in the family Cathartidae. Despite the similar name and appearance, this species is not closely related to the Eurasian black vulture, an Old World vulture, of the family Accipitridae. For ease of locating animal corpses, black vultures tend to inhabit relatively open areas with scattered trees, such as chaparral, in addition to subtropical forested areas and parts of the Brazilian pantanal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andean condor</span> Species of bird

The Andean condor is a South American New World vulture and is the only member of the genus Vultur. It is found in the Andes mountains and adjacent Pacific coasts of western South America. With a maximum wingspan of 3.3 m and weight of 15 kg (33 lb), the Andean condor is one of the largest flying birds in the world, and is generally considered to be the largest bird of prey in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">King vulture</span> Large bird found in Central and South America

The king vulture is a large bird found in Central and South America. It is a member of the New World vulture family Cathartidae. This vulture lives predominantly in tropical lowland forests stretching from southern Mexico to northern Argentina. It is the only surviving member of the genus Sarcoramphus, although fossil members are known.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bateleur</span> Species of bird

The bateleur is a medium-sized eagle in the family Accipitridae. It is often considered a relative of the snake eagles and, like them, it is classified within the subfamily Circaetinae. It is the only member of the genus Terathopius and may be the origin of the "Zimbabwe Bird", the national emblem of Zimbabwe. Adult bateleurs are generally black in colour with a chestnut colour on the mantle as well as also on the rump and tail. Adults also have gray patches about the leading edges of the wings with bright red on their cere and their feet. Adults also show white greater coverts, contrasting with black remiges in males, gray patches on the underwing primaries and black wingtips. The juvenile bateleur is quite different, being largely drab brown with a bit of paler feather scaling. All bateleurs have extremely large heads for their size, rather small bills, large feet, relatively short legs, long, bow-like wings and uniquely short tails, which are much smaller still on adults compared to juvenile birds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-headed vulture</span> Species of bird

The white-headed vulture is an Old World vulture endemic to Africa. Populations have been declining steeply in recent years due to habitat degradation and poisoning of vultures at carcasses. An extinct relative was also present in the Indonesian island of Flores during the Late Pleistocene, indicating that the genus was more widespread in the past.

<i>Cathartes</i> Genus of birds

The genus Cathartes includes medium-sized to large carrion-feeding birds in the New World vulture (Cathartidae) family. The three extant species currently classified in this genus occur widely in the Americas. There is one extinct species known from the Quaternary of Cuba.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cathartiformes</span> Order of birds

The Cathartiformes order of scavenging birds includes the New World vultures and the now-extinct Teratornithidae. Unlike many Old World Vultures, this group of birds lack talons and musculature in their feet suitable to seize prey. In the past, they were considered to be a sister group to the storks of the order Ciconiiformes based on DNA–DNA hybridization and morphology. However, a 2021 analysis of mitochondrial genes suggested a stronger phylogenetic relationship between Cathartiformes and subfamilies of Accipitriformes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greater yellow-headed vulture</span> Species of bird

The greater yellow-headed vulture, also known as the forest vulture, is a species of bird in the New World vulture family Cathartidae. It was considered to be the same species as the lesser yellow-headed vulture until they were split in 1964. It is found in South America in tropical moist lowland forests. It is a fairly large bird, with a wingspan of 166–178 cm (65–70 in), a weight of 1.65 kilograms (3.6 lb) and a body length of 64–75 cm (25–30 in). The body plumage is black, and the head and neck, which are featherless, range in color from deep yellow to pale orange. It lacks a syrinx, and its vocalizations are therefore limited to grunts or low hisses.

References

  1. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2016). "Cathartes burrovianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T22697630A163511443. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22697630A163511443.en . Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. ↑ "Species account: Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture Cathartes burrovianus". Global Raptor Information Network. 2014-05-08. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-02-29.
  3. ↑ Wetmore, Alexander (1964). "A revision of the American vultures of the genus Cathartes". Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 146 (6): 15.
  4. ↑ Cassin, John. "[untitled]". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 2 (8): 212. Near Veracruz, Mexico.
  5. 1 2 Amadon, Dean (1977). "Notes on the Taxonomy of Vultures" (PDF). Condor. 79 (4): 413–416. doi:10.2307/1367720. JSTOR   1367720.
  6. ↑ Liddell, Henry George; Robert Scott (1980). Greek-English Lexicon, Abridged Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN   0-19-910207-4.
  7. ↑ Holloway, Joel Ellis (2003). Dictionary of Birds of the United States: Scientific and Common Names. Timber Press. p. 59. ISBN   0-88192-600-0.
  8. 1 2 Remsen, J. V. Jr.; C. D. Cadena; A. Jaramillo; M. Nores; J. F. Pacheco; M. B. Robbins; T. S. Schulenberg; F. G. Stiles; D. F. Stotz & K. J. Zimmer. 2007. A classification of the bird species of South America. Archived 2009-03-02 at the Wayback Machine South American Classification Committee. Retrieved on 2007-10-15
  9. ↑ Sibley, Charles G. and Burt L. Monroe. 1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of the Birds of the World . Yale University Press. ISBN   0-300-04969-2. Accessed 2007-04-11.
  10. ↑ Sibley, Charles G., and Jon E. Ahlquist. 1991. Phylogeny and Classification of Birds: A Study in Molecular Evolution . Yale University Press. ISBN   0-300-04085-7. Accessed 2007-04-11.
  11. ↑ Ericson, Per G. P.; Anderson, Cajsa L.; Britton, Tom; Elżanowski, Andrzej; Johansson, Ulf S.; Kallersjö, Mari; Ohlson, Jan I.; Parsons, Thomas J.; Zuccon, Dario; Mayr, Gerald (2006). "Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils" (PDF). Biology Letters . 2 (4): 543–7. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523. PMC   1834003 . PMID   17148284. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-14. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
  12. ↑ Tagliarini, Marcella Mergulhão; Pieczarka, Julio Cesar; Nagamachi, Cleusa Yoshiko; Rissino, Jorge; de Oliveira, Edivaldo Herculano C. (2009). "Chromosomal analysis in Cathartidae: distribution of heterochromatic blocks and rDNA, and phylogenetic considerations". Genetica. 135 (3): 299–304. doi:10.1007/s10709-008-9278-2. PMID   18504528. S2CID   22786201.
  13. ↑ Clark, W. S., & Schmitt, N. J. (2017). Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture. In Raptors of Mexico and Central America (pp. 94-96). Princeton University Press.
  14. 1 2 3 Ferguson-Lees, James; David A. Christie (2001). Raptors of the World. Houghton Mifflin Field Guides. pp. 309–310. ISBN   0-618-12762-3.
  15. 1 2 Channing, Keith. "Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture". The Hawk Conservancy. Retrieved 2007-10-25.
  16. ↑ Fisher, Harvey I. (February 1942). "The Pterylosis of the Andean Condor". Condor. 44 (1): 30–32. doi:10.2307/1364195. JSTOR   1364195.
  17. ↑ Blake, Emmett Reid (1977). Manual of Neotropical Birds. University of Chicago Press. p. 262. ISBN   0-226-05641-4.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Hilty, Stephen L. (1977). A Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press. p. 88. ISBN   0-691-08372-X.
  19. 1 2 3 Terres, J. K. (1980). The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds. New York, NY: Knopf. pp.  957. ISBN   0-394-46651-9.
  20. ↑ Feduccia, J. Alan (1999). The Origin and Evolution of Birds. Yale University Press. p. 300. ISBN   0-226-05641-4.
  21. ↑ Quebrada de los Cuervos Archived 2013-09-28 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
  22. 1 2 3 4 Howell, Steve N.G.; Webb, Sophie (1995). A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.  175. ISBN   0-19-854012-4.
  23. ↑ Sibley, Charles G.; Jon E. Ahlquist (1991). Phylogeny and Classification of Birds: A Study in Molecular Evolution. Yale University Press. ISBN   0-300-04085-7.
  24. 1 2 Ferguson-Lees, J. & Christie, D.A. & Franklin, K. & Mead, D. & Burton, P.. (2001). Raptors of the world. Helm Identification Guides.
  25. 1 2 Snyder, Noel F. R.; Helen Snyder (2006). Raptors of North America: Natural History and Conservation . Voyageur Press. p.  40. ISBN   0-7603-2582-0.
  26. 1 2 Gomez, LG; Houston, DC; Cotton, P; Tye, A (1994). "The role of greater yellow-headed vultures Cathartes melambrotus as scavengers in neotropical forest". Ibis. 136 (2): 193–196. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1994.tb01084.x.
  27. ↑ "Avian Olfaction". Cornell University . Retrieved 2007-10-25.
  28. ↑ Muller-Schwarze, Dietland (2006). Chemical Ecology of Vertebrates. Cambridge University Press. p. 350. ISBN   0-521-36377-2.
  29. ↑ BirdLife International (2007) Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture Cathartes burrovianus
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