The information provided is from the list of bird species accepted by the New Brunswick Bird Records Committee (NBBRC), which contains 441 species as of November 19, 2023.[8][9] Of these, 94 are accidentals and 55 are noted as rare as defined below. Eight species have been introduced to North America, one species has been extirpated, three are extinct, and another is possibly extinct. This list is presented in the taxonomic sequence of the Check-list of North and Middle American Birds, 7th edition through the 62nd Supplement, published by the American Ornithological Society (AOS).[10] Common and scientific names are also those of the Check-list, except that Canadian English spellings are used and the common names of families are from the Clements taxonomy because the AOS list does not include them.
The following tags are used to categorise some species:
(A) Accidental - a species that does not often occur in New Brunswick as a vagrant
(B) Breeding - a species that currently breeds or has bred in New Brunswick
(E) Extinct - a recent species that no longer exists
(Ex) Extirpated - a species that no longer occurs in New Brunswick, but populations still exist elsewhere
(R) Rare - "Very rare (not expected annually)" per the NBBRC
(I) Introduced - a species that has been introduced through human intervention, either directly or indirectly
Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, bills which are flattened to a greater or lesser extent, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water.[11]:13–17
Phasianidae consists of the pheasants and their allies. These are terrestrial species, variable in size but generally plump with broad relatively short wings.[11]:24–27 Many species are gamebirds or have been domesticated as a food source for humans.[13]
Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.[11]:30
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere. They have strong flight muscles, allowing them to take off almost vertically and fly for long distances.[11]:32 They typically feed on seeds and fruit plants, and produce "crop milk" to feed their young.[14]
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners, and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails, and strong legs.[11]:57–58
Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs, and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is cryptically coloured to resemble bark or leaves.[11]:40
The swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.[11]:48
Chimney swift (Martinet ramoneur), Chaetura pelagica (B)
Hummingbirds are small birds capable of hovering in mid-air due to the rapid flapping of their wings. They are the only birds that can fly backwards.[11]:52
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots, and gallinules. The most typical family members occupy dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps, or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.[11]:61–63
Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances".[11]:67–69
Sandhill crane (Grue du Canada), Antigone canadensis (R)
Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills.[11]:110
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels, and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short thick necks, and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.[11]:105
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers, and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Different lengths of legs and bills enable multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.[11]:116–117
Skuas and jaegers are medium to large seabirds with strongly hooked talons, hooked bills, and webbed feet. They are pelagic birds and feed on a variety of animals—such as fish, bird eggs, and lemmings—by hunting, scavenging, or kleptoparasitizing them.[18][19][20]
Alcids are superficially similar to penguins due to their black-and-white colours, their upright posture, and some of their habits, however they are only distantly related to the penguins and are able to fly. Auks live on the open sea, only deliberately coming ashore to nest.[11]:123–125 Many Atlantic puffins and razorbills nest on Machias Seal Island, which has disputed sovereignty between Canada (New Brunswick) and the United States (Maine).[21][22]
Laridae is a family of seabirds and includes gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. Terns are generally smaller than gulls with more pointed wings and bills, many also having forked tails which help with aerial manoeuvrability. Both species can be found inland near lakes and rivers, however gulls have adapted well to human presence and can often be found in urban centers.[11]:127–129
Tropicbirds are tropical seabirds with exceptionally long central tail feathers. They are slender and have a white plumage, with long wings that have black markings, as does the head.[24][25]
Loons are aquatic birds, the size of a large duck, to which they are unrelated. Their plumage is largely grey or black, and they have spear-shaped bills. Loons swim well and fly adequately, but are almost hopeless on land, because their legs are placed towards the rear of the body.[11]:73–74
Albatrosses are pelagic seabirds, and are amongst the largest of flying birds, with some of the longest wingspans of any extant birds. They are mostly found on the ocean surface, and primarily feed on squid and fish.[26][27]
Yellow-nosed albatross (Albatros à nez jaune de l'océan Atlantique), Thalassarche chlororhynchos (A)
Storm-petrels are the smallest seabirds, relatives of the petrels, feeding on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like. Until 2018, this family's three species were included with the other storm-petrels in family Hydrobatidae.[28]
Though the members of this family are similar in many respects to the southern storm-petrels, including their general appearance and habits, there are enough genetic differences to warrant their placement in a separate family.[29]
Procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterized by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.[30]
Storks are large, heavy, long-legged, long-necked wading birds with long stout bills and wide wingspans. They lack the powder down that other wading birds such as herons, spoonbills and ibises use to clean off fish slime.[31] Storks have underdeveloped syrinxes, and are either mostly or fully mute as a result.[32]
Wood stork (Tantale d'Amérique), Mycteria americana (A)
Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are either black or black-and-white in colour, with long wings and deeply forked tails. Males have coloured inflatable throat pouches used for attracting a female. Their large wingspan allows for them to be essentially aerial, being able to stay aloft for weeks. They lack waterproofing feathers, and cannot swim as a result. They often feed by stealing from other seabirds.[33][34]
Cormorants are medium-to-large aquatic birds, usually with mainly dark plumage and areas of coloured skin on the face. The bill is long, thin, and sharply hooked. Their feet are four-toed and webbed.[11]:102–103
Pelicans are very large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak.[11]:91 Like other birds in the order Pelecaniformes, they have four webbed toes.[11]:88
The family Ardeidae contains the herons, egrets, and bitterns. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more secretive. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises, and spoonbills.[11]:94–97
The family Threskiornithidae includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings. Their bodies tend to be elongated, the neck more so, with rather long legs. The bill is also long, downwardly curved in the case of the ibises, straight and distinctively flattened in the spoonbills.[11]:97–98
The New World vultures are not closely related to Old World vultures, but superficially resemble them because of convergent evolution. Like the Old World vultures, they are scavengers. However, unlike Old World vultures, which find carcasses by sight, New World vultures have a good sense of smell with which they locate carcasses.[11]:131–133
Pandionidae is a family of fish-eating birds of prey possessing a very large, powerful hooked beak for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight. The family is monotypic.[11]:135
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers, and Old World vultures. These birds have very large powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight.[11]:136–137
Typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak, and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.[11]:143–145
Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails, and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.[11]:164–165
Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey, notably the falcons and caracaras. They differ from hawks, eagles, and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.[11]:184–185
Tyrant flycatchers are passerine birds which occur throughout North and South America. They superficially resemble the Old World flycatchers, but are more robust and have stronger bills. They do not have the sophisticated vocal capabilities of the songbirds. Most, but not all, are rather plain. As the name implies, most are insectivorous.[11]:215–217
The vireos are a group of small to medium-sized passerine birds mostly restricted to the New World, though a few other members of the family are found in Asia. They are typically greenish in colour and resemble wood warblers apart from their heavier bills.[11]:255–256
Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A shrike's beak is hooked, like that of a typical bird of prey.[11]:270
Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects.[11]:355–356
Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds.[11]:339–340
The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings, and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.[11]:350–351
Bank swallow (Hirondelle de rivage), Riparia riparia (B)
Tree swallow (Hirondelle bicolore), Tachycineta bicolor (B)
Kinglets are a small family of birds which resemble the titmice. They are very small insectivorous birds. The adults have coloured crowns, giving rise to their name.[11]:366–367 They are found in many different types of forests, with a preference for coniferous forests.[36]
Waxwings are a group of passerine birds with soft silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers. In the Bohemian and cedar waxwings, these tips look like sealing wax and give the group its name. These are arboreal birds of northern forests. They live on insects in summer and berries in winter.[11]:368–370
Nuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails and powerful bills and feet.[11]:374–375
Treecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin pointed down-curved bills, which they use to extricate insects from bark. They have stiff tail feathers, like woodpeckers, which they use to support themselves on vertical trees.[11]:373–374
Brown creeper (Grimpereau brun), Certhia americana (B)
These dainty birds resemble Old World warblers in their structure and habits, moving restlessly through the foliage seeking insects. Gnatcatchers are mainly soft bluish grey in colour and have the typical insectivore's long sharp bill. Many species have distinctive black head patterns (especially males) and long, regularly cocked, black-and-white tails.[11]:377–378
Wrens are small and inconspicuous birds, except for their loud songs. They have short wings and thin down-turned bills. Several species often hold their tails upright. All are insectivorous.[11]:376–377
House wren (Troglodyte familier), Troglodytes aedon
Winter wren (Troglodyte des forêts), Troglodytes hiemalis (B)
Sedge wren (Troglodyte à bec court), Cistothorus platensis (R)
Marsh wren (Troglodyte des marais), Cistothorus palustris (B)
Carolina wren (Troglodyte de Caroline), Thryothorus ludovicianus
Bewick's wren (Troglodyte de Bewick), Thryomanes bewickii (A)
The mimids are a family of passerine birds which includes thrashers, mockingbirds, tremblers, and the New World catbirds. These birds are notable for their vocalization, especially their remarkable ability to mimic a wide variety of birds and other sounds heard outdoors. The species tend towards dull greys and browns in their appearance.[11]:380–381
Starlings and mynas are small to medium-sized Old World passerine birds with strong feet. Their flight is strong and direct and most are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country, and they eat insects and fruit. The plumage of several species is dark with a metallic sheen.[11]:381–383
The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly but not exclusively in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.[11]:391–393
The Old World flycatchers are a large family of small passerine birds. These are mainly small arboreal insectivores, many of which, as the name implies, take their prey on the wing.[11]:387
Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small plump brownish or greyish birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.[11]:300–301
House sparrow (Moineau domestique), Passer domesticus (B) (I)
Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender ground-feeding insectivores of open country.[11]:302–303
Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.[11]:305–306
Calcariidae are a group of passerine birds that are mostly endemic to North America. They are primarily found in open fields, where their plumage helps them blend into their surroundings.[37]
Until 2017, these species were considered part of the family Emberizidae.[38] Most of the species are known as sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many of these have distinctive head patterns.[11]:314–315
The yellow-breasted chat is the sole member of the family Icteriidae and is a bright, colourful songbird found in open shrubs throughout North and Central America. This species was historically placed in the wood-warblers (Parulidae) but nonetheless most authorities were unsure if it belonged there. It was placed in its own family in 2017.[39]
Icterids are a group of small to medium-sized, often colourful passerine birds restricted to the New World and include the grackles, New World blackbirds, and New World orioles. Most species have black as a predominant plumage colour, often enlivened by yellow, orange, or red.[11]:322
New World warblers are a group of small, often colourful, passerine birds restricted to the New World. Most are arboreal, but some are more terrestrial. Most members of this family are insectivores.[11]:319–320
The cardinals are a family of robust, seed-eating birds with strong bills. They are typically associated with open woodland. The sexes usually have distinct plumages.[11]:327–328
↑ "Checklist of New Brunswick Birds"(PDF). New Brunswick Bird Records Committee and Nature NB. April 2017. Archived(PDF) from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
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