List of largest mammals

Last updated

The following is a list of largest mammals by family.

Contents

Tenrecs and allies (Afrosoricida)

Even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla)

The hippopotamus is the most massive of the even-toed ungulates. Hippo pod edit.jpg
The hippopotamus is the most massive of the even-toed ungulates.

Whales (Cetacea)

Carnivorans (Carnivora)

A beachmaster southern elephant seal Mirounga leonina male.JPG
A beachmaster southern elephant seal

Bats (Chiroptera)

The large flying fox is the largest bat by wingspan. Pteropus vampyrus headshot.jpeg
The large flying fox is the largest bat by wingspan.

Armadillos (Cingulata)

The giant armadillo ranks as the largest armadillo in the world. Giant armadillo.jpg
The giant armadillo ranks as the largest armadillo in the world.

Colugos (Dermoptera)

Hedgehogs and gymnures (Erinaceomorpha)

Hyraxes (Hyracoidea)

Rabbits, hares, and pikas (Lagomorpha)

The European hare is one of the largest living lagomorphs. Cottontail Hungary analog photo 1983 slide scan.jpg
The European hare is one of the largest living lagomorphs.

Elephant shrews (Macroscelidea)

Marsupials (Marsupialia)

The red kangaroo is the largest living marsupial. Kangur.rudy.drs.jpg
The red kangaroo is the largest living marsupial.

Monotremes (Monotremata)

The largest extant monotreme (egg-bearing mammal) is the western long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus bruijni) weighing up to 16.5 kg (36 lb) and measuring 1 m (3.3 ft) long. [89] The largest monotreme ever was the extinct echidna species Murrayglossus hacketti , known only from a few bones found in Western Australia. It was about 1 m long [90] and probably weighed about 30 kg (66 lb). [91]

Odd-toed ungulates (Perissodactyla)

The largest odd-toed ungulate is the white rhinoceros. Waterberg Nashorn2.jpg
The largest odd-toed ungulate is the white rhinoceros.

Pangolins (Pholidota)

Giant pangolin specimen Em - Smutsia gigantea - 1.jpg
Giant pangolin specimen

Anteaters and sloths (Pilosa)

The giant anteater is one of the largest neotropical mammals. Giant Anteater.jpg
The giant anteater is one of the largest neotropical mammals.

Primates (Primates)

The eastern lowland gorilla is the largest living primate. Flachlandgorilla.jpg
The eastern lowland gorilla is the largest living primate.

Elephants and allies (Proboscidea)

The African bush elephant, the largest living terrestrial animal. African Elephant in Kenya.jpg
The African bush elephant, the largest living terrestrial animal.

Rodents (Rodentia)

The capybara is the largest living rodent. Capybara Hattiesburg Zoo (70909b-42) 2560x1600.jpg
The capybara is the largest living rodent.

Treeshrews (Scandentia)

Dugongs and manatees (Sirenia)

A good-sized West Indian manatee, the largest living sirenian, can weigh well over a ton. Manatee with calf.PD - colour corrected.jpg
A good-sized West Indian manatee, the largest living sirenian, can weigh well over a ton.

Shrews and moles (Soricomorpha)

Aardvark (Tubulidentata)

Other mammals

Life reconstruction of Taeniolabis taoensis, the largest non-therian mammal Taeniolabis NT small.jpg
Life reconstruction of Taeniolabis taoensis, the largest non-therian mammal

See also

Notes

  1. There are issues, such as that the record of 388.7 kg (857 lb) for a wild Bengal tiger was not unanimously accepted as being reliable. [43] [44]

References

  1. Insectivores Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine . flashcardmachine.com
  2. Potamogale velox. giant otter shrew Archived 2011-05-28 at the Wayback Machine . Animal Diversity Web
  3. MacPhee, Ross (January 1994). "Morphology, adaptations, and relationships of Plesiorycteropus, and a diagnosis of a new order of eutherian Mammals". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (220): 148 via ResearchGate.
  4. McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science and technology. McGraw-Hill Book Company. 2002. ISBN   9780079136657. Archived from the original on 2018-12-10. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
  5. Feldhamer, George A.; Drickamer, Lee C.; Vessey, Stephen H.; Merritt, Joseph F.; Krajewski, Carey (January 2015). Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology. JHU Press. ISBN   9781421415888.
  6. ADW: Hippopotamus amphibius: Information Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine . Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu.
  7. Daniel Wallis. African giraffes endangered Archived 2009-01-12 at the Wayback Machine . Reuters (2007-12-22)
  8. WCS Lao Camera trap photo exhibition Archived 2013-05-11 at the Wayback Machine . Programs.wcs.org
  9. Smith, Andrew T. & Xie, Yan (eds.), A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press (2008), ISBN   978-0-691-09984-2
  10. Han Jianlin, M. Melletti, J. Burton, 2014, Wild yak (Bos mutus Przewalski, 1883), Ecology, Evolution and Behavior of Wild Cattle: Implications for Conservation, Chapter 1, p.203, Cambridge University Press
  11. 1 2 Gennady G. Boeskorov, Olga R. Potapova, Albert V. Protopopov, Valery V. Plotnikov, Larry D. Agenbroad, Konstantin S. Kirikov, Innokenty S. Pavlov, Marina V. Shchelchkova, Innocenty N. Belolyubskii, Mikhail D. Tomshin, Rafal Kowalczyk, Sergey P. Davydov, Stanislav D. Kolesov, Alexey N. Tikhonov, Johannes van der Plicht, 2016, The Yukagir Bison: The exterior morphology of a complete frozen mummy of the extinct steppe bison, Bison priscus from the early Holocene of northern Yakutia, Russia, pp.7, Quaternary International, Vol.406 (2016 June 25), Part B, pp.94-110
  12. Joel Berger; Carol Cunningham (June 1994). Bison: mating and conservation in small populations. Columbia University Press. p. 162. ISBN   978-0-231-08456-7.
  13. 1 2 Meagher, M. (1986). "Bison bison" (PDF). Mammalian Species (266): 1–8. doi:10.1093/mspecies/266.1. JSTOR   3504019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-12-29. Retrieved 2016-04-27.
  14. "The Animal Files". Archived from the original on 2016-04-21. Retrieved 2016-04-27.
  15. 1 2 Semenov U.A. of WWF-Russia, 2014, "The Wisents of Karachay-Cherkessia", Proceedings of the Sochi National Park (8), pp.23-24, ISBN   978-5-87317-984-8, KMK Scientific Press
  16. Bison Latifrons – Characteristics, Behavior and Habitat of Bison Latifrons, the Giant Bison Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine .Dinosaurs.about.com (2010-12-18)
  17. McWhirter, Norris & Ross, Guinness Book of Records, Redwood Press, Trowbridge, 1968.
  18. "Ecology". Czech University of Life Sciences. Giant eland conservation. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
  19. Prothero, Donald R.; Schoch, Robert M. (2002). "Hollow horns". Horns, tusks, and flippers : the evolution of hoofed mammals. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 91. ISBN   0-8018-7135-2.
  20. Lill, Dawid van (2004). Van Lill's South African miscellany. Zebra Press. p. 4. ISBN   1-86872-921-4.
  21. Carwardine, Mark (2008). "Artiodactyl". Animal Records. Sterling. p. 8. ISBN   978-1-4027-5623-8.
  22. Atlan, B. "Taurotragus derbianus". University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Animal Diversity Web. Archived from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
  23. Giant forest hog Archived 2013-07-23 at the Wayback Machine . Ultimateungulate.com
  24. Eurasian wild pig Archived 2013-10-23 at the Wayback Machine . Ultimateungulate.com
  25. Teeth: Kubanochoerus gigas lii (GUAN). tesorosnaturales.es
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Wood, Gerald The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats (1983) ISBN   978-0-85112-235-9
  27. David Petersen. Of Moose, Megaloceros and Miracles Archived 2012-07-31 at the Wayback Machine . Motherearthnews.com (1989-03-01)
  28. Ryan Yee. Bactrian Camel Archived 2012-03-31 at the Wayback Machine . Laurier.vsb.bc.ca
  29. Bactrian Camel Archived 2013-05-12 at the Wayback Machine . denverzoo.org
  30. EDGE :: Mammal Species Information Archived 2011-08-27 at the Wayback Machine . Edgeofexistence.org (2010-11-12)
  31. Giant Camel Disappeared Species Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine . Intechinc.com (2011-07-05)
  32. Figueirido, B.; Pérez-Claros, J. A.; Hunt, R. M.; Palmqvist, P. (2011). "Body Mass Estimation in Amphicyonid Carnivoran Mammals: A Multiple Regression Approach from the Skull and Skeleton" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 56 (2): 225. doi: 10.4202/app.2010.0005 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
  33. James Owen (2006-10-11). Extinct "Elephant Size" Camel Found in Syria Archived 2013-11-11 at the Wayback Machine . News.nationalgeographic.com
  34. "Largest mammal". Archived from the original on 2018-01-31. Retrieved 2018-02-24.
  35. "Balaenoptera musculus (Blue whale)". Animal Diversity Web . Archived from the original on 2018-01-30. Retrieved 2018-01-29.
  36. 1 2 Stewart, et al., National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. Knofp (2002), ISBN   978-0-375-41141-0
  37. Killer Whales: Physical Characteristics Archived 2010-02-13 at the Wayback Machine . Seaworld.org
  38. Dall'S Porpoise Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine . Harmlesslion.com
  39. "Largest beaked whale" . Retrieved 19 February 2025.
  40. Deméré, Thomas A.; Berta, Annalisa; McGowen, Michael R. (2005). "The taxonomic and evolutionary history of fossil and modern balaenopteroid mysticetes". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 12 (1/2): 99–143. doi:10.1007/s10914-005-6944-3. S2CID   90231.
  41. Motani, Ryosuke; Pyenson, Nicholas D. (2024-02-29). "Downsizing a heavyweight: factors and methods that revise weight estimates of the giant fossil whale Perucetus colossus". PeerJ. 12: e16978. doi: 10.7717/peerj.16978 . ISSN   2167-8359. PMC   10909350 . PMID   38436015.
  42. "The Largest Known Bear, Arctotherium angustidens, from the Early Pleistocene Pampean Region of Argentina: With a Discussion of Size and Diet Trends in Bears (PDF Download Avai..." Archived from the original on 2015-12-10. Retrieved 2015-12-10.
  43. Brakefield, Tom (1993). Big Cats: Kingdom of Might . Voyageur Press. p.  44. ISBN   978-0-89658-329-0 . Retrieved 2017-11-28.
  44. Ronald Tilson, Philip J. Nyhus (2010), "Tiger morphology", Tigers of the world, Academic Press, ISBN   9780815515708
  45. Biggest Liger Ever Recorded Archived 2013-10-30 at the Wayback Machine . Ligerworld.com
  46. Peigné, S.; de Bonis, L.; Likius, A.; Mackaye, H. T.; Vignaud, P.; Brunet, M. (2005). "A new machairodontine (Carnivora, Felidae) from the Late Miocene hominid locality of TM 266, Toros-Menalla, Chad". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 4 (3): 243–253. Bibcode:2005CRPal...4..243P. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2004.10.002..
  47. Sherani, Shaheer (2016). "A new specimen-dependent method of estimating felid body mass" (PDF). PeerJ Preprints: 16. doi: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2327v2 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
  48. Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P. (1998). Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears). Science Publishers, USA. ISBN   1-886106-81-9
  49. CSA – Wolves Archived 2013-05-11 at the Wayback Machine . Commonsenseforanimals.org
  50. Mark Young (2 March 1998). The Guinness book of world records, 1998. Bantam Books. p. 352. ISBN   978-0-553-57895-9. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
  51. Sorkin, B. (2008). "A biomechanical constraint on body mass in terrestrial mammalian predators". Lethaia. 41 (4): 333–347. Bibcode:2008Letha..41..333S. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2007.00091.x.
  52. The Wildlife Year.The Reader's Digest Association, (1991). ISBN   0-276-42012-8.
  53. OTTERS – Physical Characteristics Archived 2007-11-02 at the Wayback Machine . Seaworld.org
  54. What Is the Binturong? Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine . Wisegeek.com
  55. 1 2 3 Kingdon, Jonathan Kingdon Guide to African Mammals (1993) ISBN   978-0-85112-235-9
  56. Alan Turner, National Geographic Prehistoric Mammals National Geographic, 2004, ISBN   0792271343
  57. [ dead link ]
  58. Turner, A.; Antón, M. (1996). "The giant hyaena, Pachycrocuta brevirostris (Mammalia, Carnivora, Hyaenidae)". Geobios. 29 (4): 455. Bibcode:1996Geobi..29..455T. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(96)80005-2.
  59. 1 2 Nowak, R. M., editor (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Vol. 1. 6th edition. Pp. 264-271. ISBN   0-8018-5789-9
  60. Flannery, T. (1995). Mammals of New Guinea. Pp. 376-377. ISBN   0-7301-0411-7
  61. Flannery, T. (1995). Mammals of the South-West Pacific & Moluccan Islands. Pp. 245-303. ISBN   0-7301-0417-6
  62. ADW: Vampyrum spectrum: Information Archived 2010-02-14 at the Wayback Machine . Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu (2003-05-12)
  63. Archived 2016-10-23 at the Wayback Machine Diet, Echolocation Calls, and Phylogenetic Affinities of the Great Evening Bat(Ia io; Vespertilionidae): Another Carnivorous Bat
  64. Armadillos, Armadillo Pictures, Armadillo Facts Archived 2011-09-06 at the Wayback Machine . Animals.nationalgeographic.com
  65. GIANT ARMADILLO Priodontes maximus (Kerr, 1792) Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine . faunaparaguay.com
  66. Soibelzon, L. H.; Zamorano, M.; Scillato-Yané, G. J.; Piazza, D.; Rodriguez, S.; Soibelzon, E. &; Beilinson, E. (2012). "Un Glyptodontidae de gran tamaño en el Holoceno temprano de la Región Pampeana, Argentina" [A glyptodont of great size in the early Holocene of the Pampas, Argentina] (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Paleontología, Sociedade Brasileira de Paleontología, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (in Spanish). 15 (1): 105–112. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2020.
  67. Defler, Thomas (2019), Defler, Thomas (ed.), "The Xenarthrans: Armadillos, Glyptodonts, Anteaters, and Sloths" , History of Terrestrial Mammals in South America: How South American Mammalian Fauna Changed from the Mesozoic to Recent Times, Topics in Geobiology, vol. 42, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 117–138, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98449-0_6, ISBN   978-3-319-98449-0, S2CID   92413294 , retrieved 2022-06-28
  68. 1 2 Nowak, Ronald E., Walker's Mammals of the World. The Johns Hopkins Press (1999), ISBN   978-0-8018-5789-8
  69. Asher, R. J.; Novacek, M. J.; Geisler, J. H. (2003). "Relationships of Endemic African Mammals and Their Fossil Relatives Based on Morphological and Molecular Evidence". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 10: 131–194. doi:10.1023/A:1025504124129. S2CID   39296485.
  70. Brown Hare – List of Mammals, Facts about Animals, Carnivores, Seals, Sea Lion, Whales, Dolphins, Monkeys, Apes, Elephants, Allies, Hoofed, Rodents, Rabbits, Hares, Insectivores, Bats, Marsupials, Monotremes, Picture, Wallpapers. Purpleopurple.com
  71. Best, T. L. and Henry, T. H. Lepus othus. Mammalian Species (1994) 458:1–5
  72. Arctic Hares, Arctic Hare Pictures, Arctic Hare Facts Archived 2011-09-25 at the Wayback Machine . Animals.nationalgeographic.com
  73. Ochotona erythrotis – Chinese Red pika. Wildpro – The Electronic Encyclopaedia and Library for Wildlife. Archived 2019-05-25 at the Wayback Machine
  74. SVP – Blog Archived 2011-03-25 at the Wayback Machine . Vertpaleo.org
  75. Photo: Largest Elephant Shrew Discovered in Africa Archived 2013-11-11 at the Wayback Machine . News.nationalgeographic.com (2010-10-28)
  76. Grey-faced elephant-shrew videos, photos and facts – Rhynchocyon udzungwensis Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine . ARKive
  77. ADW: Didelphis virginiana: Information Archived 2011-02-05 at the Wayback Machine . Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu (1974-05-02). Retrieved on 2011-09-15.
  78. Nowak, R.M. (1991) Walker’s Mammals of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London.
  79. 1 2 Cronin, L. (2008) Cronin’s Key Guide Australian Mammals. Allen & Unwin, Sydney.
  80. Wildlife of Tropical North Queensland. Queensland Museum Publication. (2000), p. 335.
  81. Rogue kangaroo pepper-sprayed by Aussie police Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine . furrynewsnetwork.com (July 2011)
  82. "Procoptodon goliah". Australian Museum. Archived from the original on 2012-03-28. Retrieved 2012-03-22.
  83. Science & Nature – Wildfacts – Diprotodon Archived 2012-05-26 at archive.today . BBC (2008-07-25)
  84. Ice Age Marsupial Topped Three Tons, Scientists Say Archived 2013-11-11 at the Wayback Machine . News.nationalgeographic.com (2010-10-28)
  85. Jones, M. E.; Cockburn, A.; Hamede, R.; Hawkins, C.; Hesterman, H.; Lachish, S.; Mann, D.; McCallum, H.; Pemberton, D. (2008). "Life-history change in disease-ravaged Tasmanian devil populations". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (29): 10023–10027. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10510023J. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0711236105 . PMC   2481324 . PMID   18626026.
  86. Tasmanian Devil Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine . The Animal Files
  87. Wroe, S.; Myers, T. J.; Wells, R. T.; Gillespie, A. (1999). "Estimating the weight of the Pleistocene marsupial lion, Thylacoleo carnifex (Thylacoleonidae:Marsupialia): Implications for the ecomorphology of a marsupial super-predator and hypotheses of impoverishment of Australian marsupial carnivore faunas". Australian Journal of Zoology. 47 (5): 489. doi:10.1071/ZO99006.
  88. Elmer S. Riggs (1934). "A New Marsupial Saber-Tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and Its Relationships to Other South American Predacious Marsupials". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 24 (1): 1–32. doi:10.2307/3231954. JSTOR   3231954.
  89. Long Beaked Echidna Long Beaked Echidna Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine . rarestzoo.blogspot.com (2006-07-02)
  90. Augee, M. L.; Gooden, B.; Musser, A. (January 2006). Echidna: Extraordinary Egg-laying Mammal. Csiro Publishing. pp. 18–20. ISBN   978-0-643-09204-4. OCLC   65199910. Archived from the original on 2017-02-08. Retrieved 2016-10-04.
  91. "Zaglossus hacketti - extinct giant echidna". megafauna.com.au/view/home. Tourism Western Australia. Archived from the original on 2014-01-26. Retrieved 2014-04-28.
  92. African Rhinoceros Archived 2008-05-22 at the Wayback Machine . Safari Now
  93. Boitani, Luigi, Simon & Schuster's Guide to Mammals. Simon & Schuster/Touchstone Books (1984), ISBN   978-0-671-42805-1
  94. Elasmotherium caucasicum by ~sinammonite on deviantART Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine . Sinammonite.deviantart.com
  95. EDGE: Mammal Species Information Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine . Edgeofexistence.org (2006-12-15)
  96. Cool And Interesting Horse Facts . Angelfire.com
  97. Wilson & Burnie, Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife. DK ADULT (2001), ISBN   978-0-7894-7764-4
  98. 1 2 3 Larramendi, A. (2016). "Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61. doi: 10.4202/app.00136.2014 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-24.
  99. Fortelius, M.; Kappelman, J. (1993). "The largest land mammal ever imagined". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 108: 85–101. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb02560.x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  100. Anteater: Giant Anteaters Archived 2010-02-01 at the Wayback Machine . Lycos.com
  101. Höss, M.; Dilling, A.; Currant, A.; Pääbo, S. (1996). "Molecular phylogeny of the extinct ground sloth Mylodon darwinii". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93 (1): 181–185. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93..181H. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.1.181 . PMC   40202 . PMID   8552600.
  102. Southern two-toed Sloth – Choloepus didactylus: WAZA: World Association of Zoos and Aquariums Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine .
  103. Paleocraft Megatherium Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine . Paleocraft.com
  104. "Gorilla beringei graueri conservation status summary" (PDF). naturalsciences.be. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
  105. Ciochon, Russell L. "The ape that was". Archived from the original on May 25, 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
  106. Zhang, Y.; Harrison, T. (2017). "Gigantopithecus blacki: a giant ape from the Pleistocene of Asia revisited". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 162 (S63): 170. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.23150 . PMID   28105715.
  107. "Mandril (Mandrillus sphinx)". Archived from the original on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
  108. "Southern muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides)". Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
  109. "The Indri (the biggest lemur in the world, in Madagascar )". Archived from the original on 17 June 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
  110. William L. Jungers; Laurie R. Godfrey; Elwyn L. Simons & Prithijit S. Chatrath (1997-10-28). "Phalangeal curvature and positional behavior in extinct sloth lemurs (Primates, Palaeopropithecidae)". PNAS. 94 (22): 11998–12001. Bibcode:1997PNAS...9411998J. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.22.11998 . PMC   23681 . PMID   11038588.
  111. "ANGUS MACASKILL the Cape Breton Giant". 18 March 2009. Archived from the original on 2019-03-28. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
  112. "Angus MacAskill -". 6 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2018-12-09. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
  113. "Before Andre the Giant, There Was Angus MacAskill". 21 March 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-12-09. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
  114. Kurtén, Björn and Anderson, Elaine. 1980. Pleistocene Mammals of North America. Columbia University Press, New York, p. 274. ISBN   0-231-03733-3
  115. The Beaver – Life Tracks Archived 2013-07-28 at the Wayback Machine . Timberwolfinformation.org
  116. American Beaver – National Zoo. FONZ Archived 2012-09-19 at the Wayback Machine . Nationalzoo.si.edu
  117. Kitchener, Andrew (2001). Beavers. p. 144. ISBN   1-873580-55-X.
  118. Hoary Marmot: Natural History Notebooks Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine . Nature.ca
  119. Mammals of Washington Archived 2014-08-05 at the Wayback Machine . Collections.burkemuseum.org
  120. 1 2 Barthelmess, E.L. (2006). "Hystrix africaeaustralis". Mammalian Species. 788: Number 788: pp. 1–7. doi: 10.1644/788.1 .
  121. Burnie D and Wilson DE (Eds.), Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife. DK Adult (2005), ISBN   0789477645
  122. Wildcliff Nature Reserve Archived 2011-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
  123. Biknevicus, A. R.; McFarlane, D. A.; MacPhee, R. D. E. (1993). "Body size in Amblyrhiza inundata (Rodentia: Caviomorpha), an extinct megafaunal rodent from the Anguilla Bank, West Indies: Estimates and implications". American Museum Novitates (3079). New York: American Museum of Natural History: 1–25. hdl:2246/4976.
  124. John F. Eisenberg; Kent H. Redford (15 May 2000). Mammals of the Neotropics, Volume 3: Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil. University of Chicago Press. p. 456. ISBN   978-0-226-19542-1.
  125. Giant, 9-pound Gambian rats invading Florida Keys Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine . News.yahoo.com (2011-11-15)
  126. Rinderknecht, A.; Blanco, R. E. (2008). "The largest fossil rodent". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1637): 923–928. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1645. PMC   2599941 . PMID   18198140.
  127. Sanchez-Villagra, M. R.; Aguilera, O.; Horovitz, I. (2003). "The Anatomy of the World's Largest Extinct Rodent". Science. 301 (5640): 1708–1710. Bibcode:2003Sci...301.1708S. doi:10.1126/science.1089332. hdl:10088/2167. PMID   14500978. S2CID   33953898. Archived from the original on 2017-09-03. Retrieved 2017-11-02.
  128. Björn Kurtén (1968). Pleistocene Mammals of Europe. Transaction Publishers. pp. 202–. ISBN   978-1-4128-4514-4.
  129. Common Tree Shrew Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine . The Animal Files
  130. Manatee Archived 2012-01-18 at the Wayback Machine . seaworld.org
  131. ADW: Hydrodamalis gigas: Information Archived 2011-09-06 at the Wayback Machine . Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu
  132. ZootierlisteHomepage Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine . Zootierliste.de
  133. The Russian Desman Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine . Lang-8 (2010-02-26)
  134. EDGE :: Mammal Species Information Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine . Edgeofexistence.org (2006-05-18)
  135. ADW: Orycteropus afer: Information Archived 2011-02-02 at the Wayback Machine . Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu.
  136. Science – Beasts – Evidence – Programme 2 – Andrewsarchus Archived 2013-05-10 at the Wayback Machine . ABC
  137. Osborn, H. F. Andrewsarchus, giant mesonychid of Mongolia Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine . American Museum Novitates (1924) 146
  138. Uhen, Mark D.; Gingerich, Philip D. (1995). "Evolution of Coryphodon (Mammalia, Pantodonta) in the Late Paleocene and Early Eocene of Northwestern Wyoming" (PDF). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. 29 (10). Body Mass, pp. 263–5. OCLC   742731820 . Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  139. "MammalPaleontology : Message: Eobasileus - A Uintathere". Archived from the original on 17 December 2012.
  140. Farina, Richard A., Ada Czerwonogora, and MARIANA DI GIACOMO. "Splendid oddness: revisiting the curious trophic relationships of South American Pleistocene mammals and their abundance Archived 2017-09-06 at the Wayback Machine ." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 86.1 (2014): 311-331.
  141. Thomas E. Williamson, Stephen L. Brusatte, Ross Secord, Sarah Shelley, A new taeniolabidoid multituberculate (Mammalia) from the middle Puercan of the Nacimiento Formation, New Mexico, and a revision of taeniolabidoid systematics and phylogeny, 5 OCT 2015, doi: 10.1111/zoj.12336: "Taeniolabidoids underwent a modest taxonomic radiation during the early Palaeocene of North America and underwent a dramatic increase in body size, with Taeniolabis taoensis possibly exceeding 100 kg"