Epicyon

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Epicyon
Temporal range: Early Miocene–Late Miocene
Epicyon haydeni LACM.jpg
Mounted E. haydeni skeleton
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Canidae
Subfamily:† Borophaginae
Tribe:† Borophagini
Subtribe:† Borophagina
Genus:† Epicyon
Leidy, 1858
Type species
†Epicyon haydeni
Leidy, 1858
Species [1]
  • †E. aelurodontoides
  • †E. haydeni
  • †E. saevus

Epicyon ("more than a dog") is a large, extinct, canid genus of the subfamily Borophaginae ("bone-crushing dogs"), native to North America. Epicyon existed for about 15 million years from the Hemingfordian age of the Early Miocene, to the Hemphillian of the Late Miocene. [2] Epicyon haydeni is the largest known canid of all time, with the type species reaching 2.4 m (7.9 ft) in length, 90 cm (35 in) in shoulder height and approximately 100–125 kg (220–276 lb) in body mass. [3] [4] [5] The largest known humerus specimen belonged to an individual weighing up to 170 kg (370 lb). [6]

Contents

Description

Epicyon had a massive head and powerful jaws that were well adapted for bone-crushing, with enlarged fourth premolars like some hyenas, giving its skull a lion-like shape rather than having a skull similar in shape to that of a wolf; the adaptation would have allowed Epicyon to scavenge as well as hunt, giving it access to the nutritious marrow other contemporary carnivores couldn't access. [4]

Epicyon was one of the last of the borophagines, and shared its North American habitat with several other canids, including:

Species

Fossil specimens range from Florida to California and have been found in Nebraska, Montana, Kansas, Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Oklahoma, Idaho, Oregon, Arizona within the United States, as well as in Alberta, Canada. [7] [8]

Epicyon haydeni, the type species, existed from 20.6-5.3 million years ago. It is synonymous with Aelurodon aphobus, Osteoborus ricardoensis, Osteoborus validus, and Tephrocyon mortifer, and was named by Joseph Leidy as a subgenus. It was recombined as Aelurodon haydeni by Scott and Osborn in 1890. Further study by Matthew in 1899, Matthew and Gidley in 1904, VanderHoof and Gregory in 1940, McGrew in 1944, Bennett in 1979, (1979) and Becker (1980). It again was recombined as Epicyon haydeni by Baskin in 1980, Voorhies in 1990, (1990), Baskin (1998), Wang et al. in 1999. Known as the largest species of all canids, it is estimated to have had a body length of 2.4 m (7.9 ft), a shoulder height of 90 cm (35 in) and a body mass of approximately 100–125 kg (220–276 lb), [3] [4] [5] with the largest known specimen weighing up to 170 kg (370 lb). [6]

The molars of Epicoyn haydeni were grindstone-like teeth that allow for a canid diet that includes both meat and plant and insects. The proportional size of an animal's molars is a great measure of the nutritional diversity of its diet. [9] Based on fossilized feces and its robust teeth and jaw muscles it is believed to have consumed large amounts of bone and share a similar digestive tract to modern day hyenas due to their ability to break down bones. [9] [10] They are also believed to be social hunters since Epicyon hayden is very prevalent in the fossil record as one of the most common meat-eaters in North America during the late Miocene Epoch period. [11] [7] The deadly bite of a Epicyon haydeni was delivered by the canine teeth, which are placed near the front of the upper and lower jaws, the shortening of the jaws can be an effective method for getting the canines closer to the mandibular condyle, thereby increasing the biting force. [9]

Epicyon haydeni's small clavicle, flexible back, and digitigrade posture are all postcranial features shared with other canids and are likely adaptations designed to increase the animal's stride length. It seems from examinations of the limb proportions and toughness of the skeleton that Epicyon haydeni was less cursorial[ clarification needed ] than hyaenas or modern wolves but more cursorial than other borophagine species like Aelurodon. [12] [13] Unlike hyenas, Epicyon haydeni must have used their rearmost lower premolar (p4) and upper carnassial (P4) to crack large bones (ibid.). Smaller bones and bone fragments were likely crushed with the carnassials and postcarnassial molars just as in extant canids. [11] Due to its bigger size and heavier, less gracile skeleton, Epicyon haydeni was less cursorial and unable to run as long a distance as Epicyon saevus. Instead it relied on bursts of speed and social hunting strategies. [12]

Mandible of Epicyon saevus Epicyon saevus mandible.jpg
Mandible of Epicyon saevus

Epicyon saevus existed from 16.3-4.9 million years ago. It is synonymous with Aelurodon inflatus and was named by Joseph Leidy in 1858 or 1859. In the late 1880s-early 1900s, Scott, Matthew, Cope and Matthew, Troxell recombined the animal as Aelurodon saevus. It was recombined as Epicyon saevus by Baskin in 1980, Munthe in 1989, Voorhies in 1990, and Wang et al. 1999. Its estimated shoulder height is up to 56 cm (22 in) and body mass is up to 66.5 kg (147 lb). [4] [5]

Epicyon aelurodontoides existed from 10.3-4.9 million years ago. It was named by X. Wang and others in 1999. It was found south of the Young Brothers Ranch, Kansas. [1]

Taxonomy

Epicyon was first named by Joseph Leidy in 1858 as a subgenus of Canis . It was also mentioned as belonging to the Aelurodontina by Matthew and Stirton in 1930. Later studies indicates that it was not a species of Canis, but a borophagine.

Paleoecology

In North America, in places such as Coffee Ranch in Texas, Epicyon shared territory with the bear Agriotherium and the feliform Barbourofelis , machairodont feline Amphimachairodus coloradensis , and fellow canid Borophagus . All of these animals were potential competitors that would have occasionally conflicted with Epicyon for food and territory. Prey for Epicyon included herbivores such as the camel Aepycamelus , the pronghorn Cosoryx , horses such as Neohipparion and Nannippus , the peccary Prosthennops, and the rhinoceroses such as Teleoceras , all of which could provide a suitable meal through hunting or scavenging. [14] [15]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canidae</span> Family of mammals

Canidae is a biological family of dog-like carnivorans, colloquially referred to as dogs, and constitutes a clade. A member of this family is also called a canid. The family includes three subfamilies: the Caninae, and the extinct Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae. The Caninae are known as canines, and include domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes, foxes, jackals and other species.

<i>Borophagus</i> Extinct genus of carnivores

Borophagus is an extinct genus of the subfamily Borophaginae, a group of canids endemic to North America from the Middle Miocene epoch through the Early Pleistocene epoch 12—1.8 Mya.

<i>Aelurodon</i> Extinct genus of carnivores

Aelurodon is an extinct canid genus of the subfamily Borophaginae which lived from the Barstovian land mammal age of the middle Miocene to the late Miocene epoch. Aelurodon existed for approximately 10.7 million years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Borophaginae</span> Extinct subfamily of carnivores

The extinct Borophaginae form one of three subfamilies found within the canid family. The other two canid subfamilies are the extinct Hesperocyoninae and extant Caninae. Borophaginae, called "bone-crushing dogs", were endemic to North America during the Oligocene to Pliocene and lived roughly 34—2.5 million years ago, existing for about 33.5 million years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hesperocyoninae</span> Extinct subfamily of carnivores

The extinct Hesperocyoninae are one of three subfamilies found within the canid family. The other two canid subfamilies are the extinct Borophaginae and extant Caninae.

<i>Archaeocyon</i> Extinct genus of carnivores

Archaeocyon is an extinct genus of the Borophaginae subfamily of canids native to North America. It lived during the Oligocene epoch 32-24 Ma., existing for approximately 8 million years. Species of Archaeocyon are among the earliest known borophagines, although a species of Otarocyon has a slightly earlier first appearance. Fossils have been found across the northern Great Plains and along the west coast of North America.

<i>Tomarctus</i> Extinct genus of carnivores

Tomarctus is a canid genus of the extinct subfamily Borophaginae which inhabited most of North America during the late Early Miocene to the Early Barstovian age of the Middle Miocene. Tomarctus existed for approximately 6.83 million years.

<i>Cynarctus</i> Extinct genus of carnivores

Cynarctus is an extinct genus of the Borophaginae subfamily of canids native to North America. The genus was first founded by W. D. Matthew in 1901, based from a pair of lower jaws, Cynarctus saxitilis, found in the Pawnee Creek Beds of Colorado. It lived during the Middle to Late Miocene 16.0—10.3 mya, existing for approximately 5.7 million years. Fossils have been uncovered in Colorado, California, Maryland, western Nebraska, and Texas. It was likely an omnivore, and lacked the bone-cracking adaptations found in some later borophagines. Newer findings have proved the genus to be described as a large dog-like raccoon, a result from combining characteristics from Canidae with Procyonidae.

Euoplocyon is an extinct genus of the Borophaginae subfamily of canids native to North America. It lived during the Early to Middle Miocene, 20.6—13.6 Mya, existing for about 7 million years. A member of the Borophagini tribe, it was an intermediate-sized canid, with specialisations towards a heavily meat-based diet.

<i>Paratomarctus</i> Genus of mammals

Paratomarctus is an extinct monospecific genus of the Borophaginae subfamily of canids native to North America. It lived from the Middle to Late Miocene, 16.3 – 5.3 mya, existing for approximately 11 million years. It was about the size of a coyote, and was probably a generalised predator, without the specialised adaptations of most later borophagines.

Protomarctus is an extinct monospecific genus of the Borophaginae subfamily of canids native to North America. They lived during the Middle Miocene 16.0—13.6 Mya, existing for approximately 2.4 million years. It was an intermediate-size canid, and more predaceous than earlier borophagines.

Borophagina is a subtribe of the Borophaginae, a group of extinct canids. They inhabited much of North America from the Early Miocene to the Zanclean stage of the Pliocene, 20.6—3.6 Mya, and existed for approximately 17 million years.

Borophagus parvus is an extinct species of the genus Borophagus, of the subfamily Borophaginae, a group of canids endemic to North America from the late Hemphillian of the Miocene epoch through the Pliocene epoch 10.3—4.9 Ma, existing for approximately 5.4 million years.

Borophagus dudleyi is an extinct species of the genus Borophagus of the subfamily Borophaginae, a group of canids endemic to North America from the late Hemphillian of the Miocene epoch through the Pliocene epoch. Borophagus dudleyi existed for approximately 5.4 million years.

<i>Borophagus hilli</i> Extinct species of carnivore

Borophagus hilli is an extinct species of the genus Borophagus of the subfamily Borophaginae, a group of canids endemic to North America from the Late Miocene until the Pliocene.

<i>Borophagus diversidens</i> Extinct species of carnivore

Borophagus diversidens is an extinct species of the genus Borophagus of the subfamily Borophaginae, a group of canids endemic to North America from the late Miocene epoch through the Pliocene epoch 4.9—1.8 Ma.

<i>Borophagus littoralis</i> Extinct species of carnivore

Borophagus littoralis is an extinct species of the genus Borophagus of the subfamily Borophaginae, a group of canids endemic to North America from the early Miocene epoch through the Pliocene epoch. Borophagus littoralis existed for approximately 18.4 million years.

Borophagus orc is an extinct species of the genus Borophagus of the subfamily Borophaginae, a group of canids endemic to North America from the 10.3 Mya to 4.9 Mya. Borophagus orc existed for approximately 5.4 million years.

Borophagus pugnator is an extinct species of the genus Borophagus of the subfamily Borophaginae, a group of canids endemic to North America from the early Miocene epoch through the late Miocene epoch 23.3—5.3 Ma. Borophagus pugnator existed for approximately 18 million years.

<i>Borophagus secundus</i> Extinct species of carnivore

Borophagus secundus is an extinct species of the genus Borophagus of the subfamily Borophaginae, a group of canids endemic to North America from the Early Miocene epoch through the Late Miocene epoch. Borophagus secundus existed for approximately 17.7 million years.

References

  1. 1 2 Wang, Xiaoming; Richard Tedford; Beryl Taylor (1999-11-17). "Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 243. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-03-20. Retrieved 2007-07-08.
  2. ↑ PaleoBiology Database: Epicyon
  3. 1 2 Díaz-Sibaja, R. (2010). "Titanes Vol. 1 Mamíferos." Fósil Revista de Paleontología. ISSN   0717-9235
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard H. (2008). Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives & Evolutionary History.
  5. 1 2 3 Andersson, Ki (2005). "Were there pack-hunting canids in the Tertiary, and how can we know?". Paleobiology. 41 (4): 333–347. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031<0056:WTPCIT>2.0.CO;2. S2CID   85306826.
  6. 1 2 Sorkin, Boris (2008). "A biomechanical constraint on body mass in terrestrial mammalian predators". Lethaia. 41 (4): 333–347. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2007.00091.x.
  7. 1 2 L., Tomida, Yukimitsu. Flynn, Lawrence J. Jacobs, Louis (1998). Advances in vertebrate paleontology and geochronology. National Science Museum. OCLC   895734461.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ Owen, Richard (1877). Researches on the fossil remains of the extinct mammals of Australia with a notice of the extinct marsupials of England. J. Erzleben. OCLC   742583372.
  9. 1 2 3 Wang, Xiaoming (2008-12-31). Dogs. doi:10.7312/wang13528. ISBN   9780231135290.
  10. ↑ Wang, Xiaoming (2018-05-22). First bone-cracking dog coprolites provide new insight into bone consumption in Borophagus and their unique ecological niche. eScholarship, University of California. OCLC   1287361530.
  11. 1 2 VAN VALKENBURGH, BLAIRE; SACCO, TYSON; WANG, XIAOMING (November 2003). <0147:c>2.0.co;2 "Chapter 7". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 279: 147–162. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2003)279<0147:c>2.0.co;2. ISSN   0003-0090. S2CID   87787334.
  12. 1 2 Munthe, Kathleen (1989). The skeleton of the Borophaginae (Carnivora, Canidae) : morphology and function. University of California Press. ISBN   0-520-09724-6. OCLC   18988571.
  13. ↑ Munthe, Kathleen (1998), Janis, Christine M; Scott, Kathleen M; Jacobs, Louis L (eds.), "Canidae", Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, vol. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 124–143, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511529924.009, ISBN   9780511529924 , retrieved 2022-11-10
  14. ↑ Antón, Mauricio (2013). Sabertooth. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. p. 39. ISBN   9780253010421.
  15. ↑ Turner, Alan (1997). The Big Cats and their fossil relatives . New York: Columbia University Press. p.  201. ISBN   978-0-231-10228-5.

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