Neohipparion

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Neohipparion
Temporal range: Clarendonian-Hemphillian
~13.6–4.9  Ma
Neohipparion leptode LACM.jpg
Skeleton of N. leptode at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Perissodactyla
Family: Equidae
Subfamily: Equinae
Tribe:† Hipparionini
Genus:† Neohipparion
Gidley, 1903
Type species
Neohipparion affine
(Leidy, 1869)
Species
  • N. affine(Leidy, 1869)
  • N. eurystyle(Cope, 1893)
  • N. gidleyiMerriam, 1915
  • N. leptodeMerriam, 1915
  • N. trampasenseEdwards, 1982
Synonyms
  • HesperohippusDalquest, 1981
Restoration by Charles R. Knight Neohipparion by Knight.jpg
Restoration by Charles R. Knight
Mare and foal at Ashfall Fossil Beds Ashfall Fossil Beds - Mare, foal, and baby rhino.JPG
Mare and foal at Ashfall Fossil Beds

Neohipparion (Greek: "new" (neos), "pony" (hipparion) [1] ) is an extinct genus of equid, from the Neogene (Miocene to Pliocene) of North America and Central America. [2] [3] [4]

Contents

Distribution

Fossils of this horse have been found in Texas, [5] [6] Kansas, [7] [8] South Dakota, [9] Montana, [10] Nevada, [11] Alabama, [12] Florida, [6] [13] [14] Oregon, [15] and Mexico. [16] [17] [18]

Description

This prehistoric species of hipparionin equid grew to lengths of up to 4.5 to 5 ft (1.4 to 1.5 m) long. [6]

Palaeoecology

Reproduction

In Florida, Neohipparion lived in a savanna environment during the dry season but moved to a wet environment when it came time to mate. The average age of death for a newborn colt was 3.5 years, with a juvenile mortality rate of 64% during its first 2 years of existence. [19]

Diet

δ13C values of N. trampasense from the Love Bone Bed of Florida show it had a clear preference for foraging in open habitats. [14] δ13C values from N. eurystyle fossils found in Florida indicate that it fed almost exclusively on C4 grasses, [20] [21] while fossils of the same species from central Mexico indicate a more varied diet that consisted of both C3 and C4 plants. [16]

References

  1. ↑ "Glossary. American Museum of Natural History". Archived from the original on 20 November 2021.
  2. ↑ "Neohipparion eurystyle". Florida Museum. 2017-03-31. Retrieved 2021-06-23.
  3. ↑ "Neohipparion". Florida Museum. 16 February 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  4. ↑ MacFadden, Bruce J. (1985). "Patterns of Phylogeny and Rates of Evolution in Fossil Horses: Hipparions from the Miocene and Pliocene of North America" . Paleobiology . 11 (3): 245–257. doi:10.1017/S009483730001157X. ISSN   0094-8373. JSTOR   2400665 . Retrieved 18 September 2025– via Cambridge Core.
  5. ↑ Quinn, James Harrison (1952). "Recognition of Hipparions and other horses in the middle Miocene mammalian faunas of the Texas Gulf region". Bureau of Economic Geology– via University of Texas at Austin.
  6. 1 2 3 Hulbert, Richard C. (July 1987). "Late Neogene Neohipparion (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Florida and Texas" . Journal of Paleontology . 61 (4): 809–830. Bibcode:1987JPal...61..809H. doi:10.1017/s0022336000029152. ISSN   0022-3360. S2CID   130745896 . Retrieved 18 September 2025– via Cambridge Core.
  7. ↑ Darnell, Michelle (1 December 2000). "Systematics of the Fossil Equidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla), Minimum Quarry, Graham County, Kansas" . Master's Theses. doi:10.58809/HMSW1030.
  8. ↑ Darnell, Michelle K.; Thomasson, Joseph R. (2007). "First Equid Remains from the Late Miocene Prolithospermum johnstonii-Nassella pohlii Assemblage Zone Stratotype Locality, Ellis County, Kansas". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science . 110 (1/2): 10–15. ISSN   0022-8443.
  9. ↑ Macdonald, James Reid (1960). "An Early Pliocene Fauna from Mission, South Dakota". Journal of Paleontology . 34 (5): 961–982. ISSN   0022-3360. JSTOR   1301023 . Retrieved 18 September 2025– via GeoScienceWorld.
  10. ↑ Storer, John E. (1 August 1969). "An Upper Pliocene neohipparion from the Flaxville Gravels, northern Montana" . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences . 6 (4): 791–794. doi:10.1139/e69-076. ISSN   0008-4077 . Retrieved 18 September 2025– via Canadian Science Publishing.
  11. ↑ Macdonald, James Reid (1956). "A New Clarendonian Mammalian Fauna from the Truckee Formation of Western Nevada". Journal of Paleontology . 30 (1): 186–202. ISSN   0022-3360. JSTOR   1300391.
  12. ↑ Hulbert, Richard C.; Whitmore, Frank C. (1 June 2006). "Late Miocene mammals from the Mauvilla local fauna, Alabama" . Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History . 46 (1): 1–28. doi:10.58782/flmnh.xcpo4034. ISSN   0071-6154 . Retrieved 18 September 2025– via Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History.
  13. ↑ MacFadden, Bruce J. (1986). "Late Hemphillian Monodactyl Horses (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Bone Valley Formation of Central Florida" . Journal of Paleontology . 60 (2): 466–475. doi:10.1017/S0022336000021995. ISSN   0022-3360. JSTOR   1305172 . Retrieved 18 September 2025– via Cambridge Core.
  14. 1 2 Feranec, Robert S.; MacFadden, Bruce J. (Spring 2006). "Isotopic discrimination of resource partitioning among ungulates in C 3 -dominated communities from the Miocene of Florida and California". Paleobiology . 32 (2): 191–205. doi:10.1666/05006.1. ISSN   0094-8373 . Retrieved 18 September 2025– via Cambridge Core.
  15. ↑ Geology of the Rattlesnake quadrangle Bearpaw Mountains, Blaine County, Montana (Report). US Geological Survey. 1964. doi:10.3133/b1181b.
  16. 1 2 Pérez-Crespo, Víctor Adrián; Carranza-Castañeda, Oscar; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín; Morales-Puente, Pedro; Cienfuegos-Alvarado, Edith; Otero, Francisco J. (1 April 2017). "Diet and habitat of unique individuals of Dinohippus mexicanus and Neohipparion eurystyle (Equidae) from the late Hemphillian (Hh3) of Guanajuato and Jalisco, central Mexico: stable isotope studies". Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas . 34 (1): 38. doi: 10.22201/cgeo.20072902e.2017.1.470 . ISSN   2007-2902 . Retrieved 18 September 2025– via INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE GEOQUÍMICA.
  17. ↑ Stirton, R. A. (1955). "Two New Species of the Equid Genus Neohipparion from the Middle Pliocene, Chihuahua, Mexico". Journal of Paleontology . 29 (5): 886–902. ISSN   0022-3360. JSTOR   1300411 . Retrieved 18 September 2025– via JSTOR.
  18. ↑ Lindsay, Everett H. (1984). "Late Cenozoic Mammals from Northwestern Mexico". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 4 (2): 208–215. ISSN   0272-4634 . Retrieved 18 September 2025– via Taylor and Francis Online.
  19. ↑ Hulbert, Richard C. (1982). "Population Dynamics of the Three-Toed Horse Neohipparion from the Late Miocene of Florida" . Paleobiology . 8 (2): 159–167. doi:10.1017/s0094837300004504. ISSN   0094-8373 . Retrieved 18 September 2025– via Cambridge Core.
  20. ↑ Clementz, M. T. (2012). "New insight from old bones: Stable isotope analysis of fossil mammals". Journal of Mammalogy . 93 (2): 368–380. doi: 10.1644/11-MAMM-S-179.1 . Retrieved 18 September 2025– via Oxford Academic.
  21. ↑ MacFadden, Bruce J.; Solounias, Nikos; Cerling, Thure E. (5 February 1999). "Ancient Diets, Ecology, and Extinction of 5-Million-Year-Old Horses from Florida" . Science . 283 (5403): 824–827. doi:10.1126/science.283.5403.824. ISSN   0036-8075 . Retrieved 27 November 2024.
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