Eohippus

Eohippus Temporal range: Ypresian, 55.8–47.8  Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Reconstructed skeleton, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., United States
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Perissodactyla
Family:	Equidae
Genus:	† Eohippus Marsh, 1876
Species:	†E. angustidens
Binomial name
†Eohippus angustidens (Cope, 1875)
Synonyms
Eohippus validus Hyracotherium angustidens H. a. angustidens H. a. etsagicum H. vasacciense H. v. vasacciense H. cusptidatum H. seekinsi H. loevii Orohippus angustidens Orohippus cuspidatus Orohippus vasacciensis Lophiotherium vasacciense

Eohippus is an extinct genus of small equid ungulates. ^[1] The only species is E. angustidens, which was long considered a species of Hyracotherium (now strictly defined as a member of the Palaeotheriidae rather than the Equidae). Its remains have been identified in North America and date to the Early Eocene (Ypresian stage). ^[2]

Discovery

Restoration by Charles Knight

In 1876, Othniel C. Marsh described a skeleton as Eohippus validus, from Greek : ἠώς (eōs, 'dawn') and ἵππος (hippos, 'horse'), meaning 'dawn horse'.^{[ citation needed ]} Its similarities with fossils described by Richard Owen were formally pointed out in a 1932 paper by Clive Forster Cooper. E. validus was moved to the genus Hyracotherium , which had priority as the name for the genus, with Eohippus becoming a junior synonym of that genus. Hyracotherium was recently found to be a paraphyletic group of species, and the genus now includes only H. leporinum. E. validus was found to be identical to an earlier-named species, Orohippus angustidens Cope, 1875, ^[3] and the resulting binomial is thus Eohippus angustidens.

Description

Eohippus stood at about 12 in (30 cm), or three hands tall, at the shoulder. ^[4] It has four toes on its front feet and three toes on the hind feet, each toe ending in a hoof. Its incisors, molars and premolars resemble modern Equus. However, a differentiating trait of Eohippus is its large canine teeth. ^{[4] [5]}

Stephen Jay Gould comments

In his 1991 essay, "The Case of the Creeping Fox Terrier Clone", ^[6] Stephen Jay Gould lamented the prevalence of a much-repeated phrase to indicate Eohippus size ("the size of a small Fox Terrier"), even though most readers would be quite unfamiliar with that breed of dog. He concluded that the phrase had its origin in a widely distributed pamphlet by Henry Fairfield Osborn, and proposed that Osborn, a keen fox hunter, could have made a natural association between his horses and the dogs that accompanied them. ^[6]

See also

• Evolution of the horse- more broad info on the topic
• Mesohippus
• Protohippus

References

1. MacFadden, Bruce J. (18 March 2005). "Fossil Horses--Evidence for Evolution" (PDF). Science . 307 (5716): 1728–1730. doi:10.1126/science.1105458. PMID   15774746. S2CID   19876380 . Retrieved 13 July 2024.
2. Froehlich, David J. (2002). "Quo vadis eohippus? The systematics and taxonomy of the early Eocene equids (Perissodactyla)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society . 134 (2): 141–256. doi: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00005.x .
3. Cope, E. D. (1875). Systematic Catalogue of Vertebrata of the Eocene of New Mexico, collected in 1874. p. 22. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
4. "Hyracotherium (Eohippus)". University of Guelph. Archived from the original on 2020-11-13.
5. "Eohippus | Size & Facts | Britannica". britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-09-27.
6. Gould, S. J. (1991). "Essay 10: The case of the creeping fox terrier clone". Bully for Brontosaurus: Reflections in Natural History . W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN   978-0-393-02961-1.