Cormohipparion | |
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C. occidentale skeleton | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Perissodactyla |
Family: | Equidae |
Subfamily: | Equinae |
Tribe: | † Hipparionini |
Genus: | † Cormohipparion Skinner & MacFadden, 1977 |
Type species | |
†Hipparion occidentale | |
Subgenera and species | |
†Cormohipparion
†Notiocradohipparion
|
Cormohipparion (Greek: "noble" (cormo), "pony" (hipparion) [1] is an extinct genus of horse belonging to the tribe Hipparionini that lived in North America and Eurasia during the late Miocene to Pliocene (Hemphillian to Blancan in the NALMA classification). [2] They grew up to 3 feet (0.91 meters) long. [3] [4]
The genus Cormohipparion was coined for the extinct hipparionin horse "Equus" occidentale, described by Joseph Leidy in 1856. [5] However it was soon argued that the partial material fell within the range of morphological variation seen in Hipparion , and that the members of Cormohipparion belonged instead within Hipparion. [6] [7] This rested on claims that pre-orbital morphology did not have any taxonomic significance, a claim that detailed study of quarry sections later showed to be false. [8] The genus was originally identified by a closed off preorbital fossa, but later examinations of the cheek teeth, specifically the lower cheek teeth, of Cormohipparion specimens found that they were indeed valid and distinct from Hipparion. [9] A reappraisal of many horse genera was thus conducted in 1984, [10] and the proposed synonymy was not acknowledged by later literature. [11] C. ingenuum holds the distinction for being the first prehistoric horse to be described in Florida, as well as being one of the most common species of extinct three-toed horses found to be in Florida, lasting until the early Pliocene. [12] [13] Cormohipparionemsliei has the distinction of being the last hipparion horse known from the fossil record. [14]
The genus is considered to represent an ancestor to Hippotherium . [15] Its fossils have been recovered from as far south as Mexico. [16] Fossils have been found in the Great Plains and Rio Grande regions of North America, Mexico, Florida, and Texas, which shows that they were herding animals. [17] [18] [19] [20] Fossils have been unearthed in California, [21] Louisiana, [22] [23] Nebraska, [24] [25] South Dakota, [26] Honduras, [27] Costa Rica, [28] and Panama. [29] Fossils have also been found in India and Turkey. [30] [31]
A species of Cormohipparion closely related to C. occidentale is thought to have crossed the Bering land Bridge over into Eurasia around 11.4-11 million years ago, becoming the ancestor to Old World hipparionines. [32]
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