Love Shack

Last updated

I had to go with our A&R person, bless her heart, and beg radio stations to play it — they thought it was too weird. We felt 'Love Shack' was probably the most accessible commercial thing we'd ever done, and finally they started playing it, and it made it all the way to No. 3 on the Billboard charts.

—Fred Schneider; Entertainment Weekly magazine, 2018 [14]

Commercial

"Love Shack" became the band's biggest hit song as well as their first million-copy seller. [15] It was the band's first song to reach the top 40 on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number three in November 1989, and spending a total of 27 weeks on the chart. [16] It also reached number five in Canada, [17] number two in the United Kingdom, [18] and number one in Australia (eight weeks), [1] Ireland (one week) [19] and New Zealand (four weeks), [20] as well as on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart (four weeks). [21]

Critical

Caren Myers from Melody Maker said, "This wins hands down on packaging of the week, as it comes in a fold-out, pop-up love shack that you can brighten your mantelpiece with. The shack is the sort of place that shimmies when people start grooving there. The B-52's are still pretty much making the same frivolous music they always have, but I'd take their joyful silliness over a whole warehouse full of self-conscious iconoplasts any day. Next Thursday would be fine." [22] David Giles from Music Week wrote, "The B-52's deserve a hit after their fine return to form last summer with the Cosmic Thing LP, but I'd be surprised if this is the track to do it." He added, "Like 'Party Out of Bounds', it tries to conjure up a wild, chaotic celebration, but unlike that particular track it is neither inventive nor melodic enough." [23] Pan-European magazine Music & Media named it "the best track from the disappointing Cosmic Thing. Good clean fun from some of the US' most productive eccentrics." [24] Ian McCann from NME felt it was a rip-off of the Miracles' "Going to a Go-Go". [25] People magazine noted the "wild abandon" of the song. [26]

In retrospective reviews, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic described it as "an irresistible dance number with delightfully silly lyrics and hooks as big as a whale that unbelievably gave the group a long-awaited Top Ten hit." [27] Matthew Hocter from Albumism cited "Love Shack" as an example of the band's "own unique brand of upbeat, lyrically positive and infectious dance grooves". [28] The Daily Vault's Denise Henderson commented, "The celebration of life in dance and music is demonstrated by the repetitive chorus 'Everybody's movin/everybody's groovin baby!' Well, when in doubt, dancing and drinking and having a little fun always worked for me!" [29]

Legacy

"Love Shack" was named one of the Recording Industry Association of America's 365 Songs of the Century in 2001. [30] In 2005, Rolling Stone named it the best single of 1989, [15] and in 2010 ranked it 246th on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. [31]

Music video

The accompanying music video for "Love Shack" was directed by American film, music video and television director Adam Bernstein and shot at the home and studio of ceramic artists Philip Maberry and Scott Walker in Highland, New York. [32] [33] Bernstein initially wanted to shoot the video in a New York studio but was convinced to relocate once he saw the house. [11]

The video features a cameo from a pre-fame RuPaul in his first mainstream appearance. [34] Pierson later recalled, "we invited all our friends and had a party. ... We started out really early in the morning and it turned into this rave. RuPaul got the dance line going, and it almost felt like we weren't being videotaped." [11] Guitarist Keith Strickland stated that the dance line scene was an homage to the television show Soul Train, and that RuPaul stepped in to direct the scene when Bernstein "didn't get the process". [11] Video artist Tom Rubnitz also appears in the video as the bartender. [35] The video won the award for Best Group Video at the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards. [36]

Track listings

The single release contained different tracks in different countries of release. Some countries, including the United States, had singles backed with "Channel Z", while other releases included live versions of "Planet Claire" and "Rock Lobster" as the B-side recorded at the Cleveland Music Hall (Cleveland, Ohio) on December 2, 1989. In January 1999, [37] the single was released again with a number of remixes, including one by DJ Tonka. Although the re-release did not chart in the United States, it did enter the UK Singles Chart. [38]

"Love Shack"

"Love Shack"
Loveshack.jpg
Cover art for US editions
Single by the B-52's
from the album Cosmic Thing
B-side "Channel Z"
ReleasedJune 20, 1989 (1989-06-20) [1]
Studio Dreamland (West Hurley, New York)
Genre
Length
  • 5:21 (album version)
  • 4:15 (single edit)
Label Reprise
Songwriter(s) The B-52's
Producer(s) Don Was
The B-52's singles chronology
"Channel Z"
(1989)		"Love Shack"
(1989)		"Roam"
(1989)
Audio sample

"Love Shack 99"

  1. "Love Shack 99" (radio mix) – 4:39
  2. "Love Shack" (DJ Tonka remix) – 6:28
  3. "Love Shack" (album version) – 5:21
  1. "Love Shack 99" (radio mix) – 4:39
  2. "Love Shack" (album version) – 5:21

Credits and personnel

Credits are lifted from the Cosmic Thing album booklet. The Uptown Horns consist of Chris Cioe, Paul Litteral, Arno Hecht, Bob Funk, and Carl Beatty. [53]

Studios

Personnel

Charts

Certifications

RegionCertification Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA) [69] 2× Platinum140,000^
United Kingdom (BPI) [74] Platinum600,000‡
United States (RIAA) [75] Gold500,000^

^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

Release history

RegionDateFormat(s)Label(s)Ref.
EuropeJune 20, 19897-inch vinyl Reprise [1]
United StatesAugust 18, 1989
  • 7-inch vinyl
  • 12-inch vinyl
  • CD
  • cassette
 [75]
JapanJanuary 25, 1990Mini-CD [76]
United KingdomFebruary 19, 1990
  • 7-inch vinyl
  • CD
 [77]
March 5, 19907-inch Love Shack Pack [78]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The B-52s</span> American rock band

The B-52s, originally presented as the B-52's, are an American new wave band formed in Athens, Georgia, in 1976. The original lineup consisted of Fred Schneider, Kate Pierson, Cindy Wilson, Ricky Wilson (guitar), and Keith Strickland. Ricky Wilson died of AIDS-related illness in 1985, and Strickland switched from drums to lead guitar. The band has also added various members for albums and live performances.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kate Pierson</span> American singer, lyricist, multi-instrumentalist

Catherine Elizabeth Pierson is an American singer, lyricist, and founding member of the B-52's. She plays guitar, bass and various keyboard instruments. In the early years, as well as being a vocalist, Pierson was the main keyboard player and performed on a keyboard bass during live shows and on many of the band's recordings, taking on a role usually filled by a bass guitar player, which differentiated the band from their contemporaries. This, along with Pierson's distinctive wide-ranging singing voice, remains a trademark of the B-52's' unique sound. Pierson has also collaborated with many other artists including the Ramones, Iggy Pop and R.E.M. Pierson possesses a mezzo-soprano vocal range.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fred Schneider</span> American musician

Frederick William Schneider III is an American singer and frontman of the rock band the B-52's, of which he is a founding member. Schneider is well known for his sprechgesang, which he developed from reciting poetry over guitars.

<i>Wild Planet</i> 1980 studio album by the B-52s

Wild Planet is the second studio album by American new wave band the B-52's, released in 1980 by Warner Bros. Records.

<i>Good Stuff</i> 1992 studio album by the B-52s

Good Stuff is the sixth studio album by American new wave band the B-52's, released in 1992 by Reprise Records. It was conceived after the band's manager urged them to quickly issue a follow-up to their highly successful album Cosmic Thing (1989) and was created without founding member Cindy Wilson, who was on a temporary hiatus. The album peaked at No. 16 on the Billboard 200 and its title track peaked at No. 28 on the Billboard Hot 100. Good Stuff was nominated for Best Alternative Music Album at the 35th Annual Grammy Awards.

<i>Cosmic Thing</i> 1989 studio album by the B-52s

Cosmic Thing is the fifth studio album by American new wave band the B-52's, released in 1989 by Reprise Records. It contains the singles "Love Shack", "Roam" and "Deadbeat Club", which reached the Top 10, 20 and 30 of the US Billboard Hot 100 charts, respectively. The music video for "Love Shack" won the award for Best Group Video at the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards. Six of the album's songs were produced by Nile Rodgers in New York City, and the remaining four by Don Was in upstate New York.

<i>Whammy!</i> 1983 studio album by the B-52s

Whammy! is the third studio album by American new wave band the B-52's, released on April 27, 1983, by Warner Bros. Records. It was recorded at Compass Point Studios in Nassau, Bahamas, in December 1982 and produced by Steven Stanley. The album spawned three singles: "Legal Tender", "Whammy Kiss", and "Song for a Future Generation".

<i>Bouncing Off the Satellites</i> 1986 studio album by the B-52s

Bouncing off the Satellites is the fourth studio album by American new wave band the B-52's, released on September 8, 1986, by Warner Bros. Records. It was recorded in July 1985 and was produced by Tony Mansfield. Founding member and guitarist Ricky Wilson died of AIDS after most of the work on the album was completed, but a year prior to its release. The B-52's had gone on hiatus by the time Bouncing Off the Satellites was released, and it took three years for the band to recover from Wilson's death and release their next studio album, Cosmic Thing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cindy Wilson</span> American singer-songwriter and musician

Cynthia Leigh Wilson is an American musician and one of the vocalists, songwriters and founding members of new wave rock band the B-52's. She is noted for her distinctive contralto voice and also plays percussion during live shows. She is the younger sister of the late guitarist Ricky Wilson (1953–1985), who was also a founding member of the band.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shiny Happy People</span> 1991 single by R.E.M.

"Shiny Happy People" is a song by the American rock band R.E.M., released as the second single from their seventh studio album, Out of Time (1991). It features guest vocals by Kate Pierson of the B-52's, who also appears in the music video.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rock Lobster</span> 1978 single by the B-52s

"Rock Lobster" is a song written by Fred Schneider and Ricky Wilson, two members of the B-52's. It was twice recorded and released as a single, first by DB Records as their debut release in April 1978, and again the following year for the band's self-titled debut album on Warner Bros. Records.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roam</span> 1989 single by the B-52s

"Roam" is a song by American new wave band the B-52's released as the fourth single from their fifth studio album, Cosmic Thing (1989). The vocals are sung by Kate Pierson and Cindy Wilson, making it the only vocal track on the album without any vocal involvement from Fred Schneider. It is also the only track from the album in which the B-52's worked with a co-writer, Robert Waldrop, who penned the lyrics. Released as a single in 1989, "Roam" peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 and entered the top 10 in Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deadbeat Club</span> 1990 single by the B-52s

"Deadbeat Club" is a song written and performed by American new wave band the B-52's. The song was released as the fifth and final single from their fifth studio album, Cosmic Thing (1989).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Good Stuff (The B-52's song)</span> 1992 single by the B-52s

"Good Stuff" is the title track from American new wave band the B-52's' sixth studio album album of the same name (1992).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Channel Z (song)</span> 1989 single by the B-52s

"Channel Z" is a song by American band the B-52's from their fifth studio album, Cosmic Thing (1989).

<i>Funplex</i> Album by The B-52s

Funplex is the seventh studio album by the B-52s, recorded during 2006 and 2007. The album was released on March 25, 2008 by Astralwerks Records. It was the first album of new material the group had released since Good Stuff in 1992, although the band did record two new songs for their 1998 compilation album Time Capsule: Songs for a Future Generation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Planet Claire</span> 1979 single by The B-52s

"Planet Claire" is a song by the B-52's, released as the second single from their self-titled debut album in July 1979. Based on Duane Eddy's version of Henry Mancini's Peter Gunn theme, the single reached number 43 on the Australian Kent Music Report chart and number 24 on the Billboard dance chart in the US.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Legal Tender (song)</span> 1983 single by the B-52s

"Legal Tender" is the first single released by American new wave band the B-52's from their third studio album Whammy! (1983).

This is the discography and videography of American rock band The B-52s.

"Meet the Flintstones", also worded as "(Meet) The Flintstones", is the theme song of the American 1960s animated television series The Flintstones. Composed in 1961 by Hoyt Curtin, Joseph Barbera and William Hanna, it is one of the most popular and best known of all theme songs, with its catchy lyrics "Flintstones, meet the Flintstones, they're the modern Stone Age family".

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "The B-52's – Love Shack". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
  2. ↑ Wilkerson Daily Corporation, ed. (1990). The Hollywood Reporter, Volume 315, N° 1 to 17.
  3. ↑ "B-52s". WOLX-FM. From groundbreaking songs like "Rock Lobster," ... to chart-topping hits like "Love Shack" ... the B-52s' unforgettable dance-rock tunes start a party every time their music begins.
  4. ↑ Molanphy, Chris (July 13, 2018). "The Deadbeat Club Edition, Part 2". Hit Parade | Music History and Music Trivia (Podcast). Slate . Retrieved August 3, 2023.
  5. 1 2 Harrington, Jim (2015). "The B-52's "Love Shack". In Dimery, Robert (ed.). 1001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die. New York: Universe. p. 621.
  6. ↑ Unterberger, Richie; Hicks, Samb; Dempsey, Jennifer (1989). Music USA: The Rough Guide. Rough Guides. ISBN   185828421X.
  7. 1 2 Grow, Kory (June 1, 2018). "Love Shacks, Rock Lobsters and Nude Parties: The B-52's in Their Own Words". Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 29, 2023.
  8. 1 2 3 Harris, Will (November 1, 2011). "Kate Pierson of The B-52s". The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  9. 1 2 "B-52's 'Love Shack' burns down". Today. Associated Press. December 16, 2004.
  10. 1 2 "B-52's 'Love Shack' Burns Down". CBS News . Associated Press. December 16, 2004. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hart, Ron (June 28, 2019). "The B-52's 'Cosmic Thing' at 30: How the Band Overcame Loss and Found Catharsis at the 'Love Shack'". Billboard . Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  12. 1 2 3 Pevos, Edward (June 5, 2018). "The B-52s talk Michigan, 'Love Shack' and the origin of 'Tin Roof, Rusted'". Booth Newspapers .
  13. ↑ Kate Pierson (January 23, 2020). The B-52's - Love Shack | The Story Behind The Song | Top 2000 a gogo (YouTube video) (Interview). Top 2000 a gogo. Event occurs at 5m 13s. Retrieved June 10, 2022. There's been a lot of speculation about what 'tin roof, rusted' means. It was a rumour that it meant you were pregnant. Nobody in the band was, like, how did that...? Or you were drunk, or... You know, people were like, what does that mean? Well, it's just literal. In Georgia, there's a lot of cabins, my house has that, had a rusted tin roof, 'cause it was a funky old shack. Fifteen dollars a month.
  14. ↑ Greenblatt, Leah (June 12, 2018). "The B-52s: The stories behind the hit songs". Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 29, 2023.
  15. 1 2 Mansour, David (2005). From Abba to Zoom: A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century. Andrews McMeel. 9780740751189..
  16. 1 2 "The B-52s 2 Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
  17. 1 2 "Top RPM Singles: Issue 6660." RPM . Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
  18. 1 2 "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
  19. 1 2 "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Love Shack". Irish Singles Chart.
  20. 1 2 "The B-52's – Love Shack". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
  21. 1 2 "The B-52s 2 Chart History (Alternative Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
  22. ↑ Myers, Caren (February 24, 1990). "Singles". Melody Maker . Retrieved February 24, 2023.
  23. ↑ Giles, David (February 24, 1990). "Singles" (PDF). Music Week . p. 25. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
  24. ↑ "Previews: Singles" (PDF). Music & Media . Vol. 6, no. 49. December 9, 1989. p. 12. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  25. ↑ McCann, Ian (February 24, 1990). "Singles". NME . Retrieved February 24, 2023.
  26. ↑ "Picks and Pans Review: Cosmic Thing". People . August 21, 1989. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  27. ↑ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "The B-52s – Cosmic Thing". AllMusic . Retrieved November 4, 2020.
  28. ↑ Hocter, Matthew (June 24, 2019). "The B-52s' 'Cosmic Thing' Turns 30: Anniversary Retrospective". Albumism. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  29. ↑ Henderson, Denise (February 25, 1998). "Cosmic Thing – The B-52's". The Daily Vault. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
  30. ↑ Allen, Jamie (March 8, 2001). "Songs of the Century". CNN .
  31. ↑ "Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. April 2010.
  32. ↑ Pond, Steve (July 30, 2014). "Emmy Nominated Director's Strange Trip: From Sir-Mix-a-Lot's 'Baby Got Back' to 'Fargo'". TheWrap .
  33. ↑ Steinberg, Claudia (May 1, 2003). "House Proud; Thrill Rides on the Color Wheel" . The New York Times .
  34. ↑ Parke, Lyndsey (March 30, 2017). "The B-52's' Fred Schneider on RuPaul's Pre-Fame 'Love Shack' Cameo: 'He Got the Line-Dance Going!'". Yahoo! Entertainment . Retrieved August 6, 2020.
  35. ↑ Speegle, Trey (April 10, 2019). "#Milestone: On Their 40th Anniversary, The B-52s Go on a 40+ City World Tour". World of Wonder . Retrieved January 30, 2023.
  36. ↑ Kuklenski, Valerie (September 7, 1990). "Sinead O'Connor dominates MTV video music awards". United Press International . Retrieved January 29, 2023.
  37. ↑ "New Releases: Singles". Music Week . January 16, 1999. p. 26.
  38. 1 2 "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
  39. ↑ The B-52's (1989). Love Shack (US & Australian 7-inch single vinyl disc). Reprise Records. 7-22817.
  40. ↑ The B-52's (1989). Love Shack (European 7-inch single vinyl disc). Reprise Records. 922 817-7.
  41. ↑ The B-52's (1989). Love Shack (US & Australian cassette single sleeve). Reprise Records. 4-22817.
  42. ↑ The B-52's (1990). Love Shack (Japanese mini-CD single liner notes). Reprise Records. WPDP-6212.
  43. ↑ The B-52's (1989). Love Shack (US 12-inch maxi-single vinyl disc). Reprise Records. 0-21318.
  44. ↑ The B-52's (1989). Love Shack (US maxi-CD single liner and disc notes). Reprise Records. 9 21318-2.
  45. ↑ The B-52's (1989). Love Shack (Australian 12-inch single vinyl disc). Reprise Records. 0.21410, 0-21410.
  46. ↑ The B-52's (1989). Love Shack (Australian maxi-cassette single sleeve). Reprise Records. 4-021410.
  47. ↑ The B-52's (1990). Love Shack (UK 7-inch single sleeve). Reprise Records. W 9917.
  48. ↑ The B-52's (1990). Love Shack (UK CD single liner notes). Reprise Records. W 9917 CD.
  49. ↑ The B-52's (1990). Love Shack (UK cassette single sleeve). Reprise Records. W9917C.
  50. ↑ The B-52's (1990). Love Shack (UK 12-inch single sleeve). Reprise Records. W9917T.
  51. ↑ The B-52's (1999). Love Shack 99 (UK CD single liner notes). Reprise Records. W0461CD, 9362 44575 2.
  52. ↑ The B-52's (1999). Love Shack 99 (UK cassette single sleeve). Reprise Records. W0461C.
  53. ↑ The B-52's (1989). Cosmic Thing (US CD album booklet). Reprise Records. W2 25854.
  54. ↑ "The B-52's – Love Shack" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
  55. ↑ "Love Shack – B-52'S". VRT (in Dutch). Top30-2.radio2.be. Archived from the original on February 22, 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2013. Hoogste notering in de top 30 : 9
  56. ↑ "Top RPM Dance/Urban: Issue 6683." RPM . Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
  57. ↑ "RPM 30 Retail Singles – December 16, 1989". RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 14, 2019.
  58. ↑ "Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 7, no. 13. March 31, 1990. p. IV. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
  59. ↑ "The B-52's – Love Shack" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
  60. ↑ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 51, 1989" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
  61. ↑ "The B-52's – Love Shack" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
  62. ↑ "The B-52s 2 Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
  63. ↑ "The B-52s 2 Chart History (Dance Singles Sales)". Billboard. Retrieved December 5, 2021.
  64. ↑ "U.S. Cash Box Charts" (PDF). popmusichistory. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
  65. ↑ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
  66. ↑ "The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – 1989". ARIA . Retrieved January 7, 2020– via Imgur.
  67. ↑ "Top 100 Singles of '89". RPM. Retrieved July 14, 2019– via Library and Archives Canada.
  68. ↑ "Billboard Top 100 – 1989". Billboard.
  69. 1 2 "1990 ARIA Singles Chart". ARIA. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
  70. ↑ "Eurochart Hot 100 of 1990" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 7, no. 51. December 22, 1990. p. 60. OCLC   29800226 . Retrieved January 15, 2020– via World Radio History.
  71. ↑ "End of Year Charts 1990". Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved July 14, 2019.
  72. ↑ "1990 Top 100 Singles". Music Week . London, England: Spotlight Publications. March 2, 1991. p. 41.
  73. ↑ "Billboard Top 100 – 1990". Billboard.
  74. ↑ "British single certifications – B-52's – Love Shack". British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  75. 1 2 "American single certifications – B-52's – Love Shack". Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved July 14, 2019.
  76. ↑ "ラブ・シャック | The B-52's" [Love Shack | The B-52's] (in Japanese). Oricon . Retrieved September 6, 2023.
  77. ↑ "New Singles". Music Week . February 17, 1990. p. 35.
  78. ↑ "New Singles". Music Week. March 3, 1990. p. 45.
  79. ↑ "Stephanie's dance to Love Shack Baby". April 29, 2011. Archived from the original on December 20, 2021. Retrieved October 28, 2015– via YouTube.
  80. ↑ "Glee "Heart."". IMDb. February 14, 2012. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
  81. ↑ Chaney, Jen (February 14, 2012). "'Glee' by the musical numbers: Amber Riley sings Whitney Houston". The Washington Post . Retrieved January 7, 2020.
  82. 1 2 Emery, Debbie (June 2, 2016). "Shaq Turns into a 'Maniac,' Aisha Tyler Plays 'Basketball' in 'Lip Sync Battle' Showdown". The Wrap. Los Angeles. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.