Meonwara

Meonwara
5th century–7th century
Common languages	Northwest Germanic Old English (Englisc)
Religion	Paganism
Government	Thing (assembly)
History
• Established	5th century
• Disestablished	7th century
Preceded by Succeeded by Roman Britain Kingdom of Wessex

The Meonwara were one of the tribes of Anglo-Saxon Britain. Their territory was a folkland located in the valley of the River Meon in Hampshire that was subsumed by the Kingdom of Wessex in the late seventh century.

Etymology

In the 8th century the Venerable Bede referred to the Saxon and Jutish settlers that were living in the valley of the River Meon as Meonwara (Meon People) and described the area as Provincia Meanwarorum (Province of the Meonwara). The origin of the name Meon and its meaning is not known for sure, but possibly thought to be Celtic or Pre-Celtic for 'swift one'. ^{[1] [2] [3]}

Background

The Anglo-Saxon settlements of south east Britain c. 572 AD

During the period after the Roman occupation and before the Norman conquest, people of Germanic descent arrived in England. Bede recorded the event in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People. He said that:

" Those who came over were of the three most powerful nations of Germany—Saxons, Angles, and Jutes. From the Jutes are descended the people of Kent, and of the Isle of Wight, and those also in the province of the West Saxons who are to this day called Jutes, seated opposite to the Isle of Wight."

—  Bede 1910, 1.15

It is likely that the Jutes initially inhabited Kent (Cantaware) and from there they occupied the Isle of Wight ( Wihtwara ) and also possibly the area around Hastings in East Sussex (Haestingas). They also settled in what was to become Meonwara. As well as Bede's description, there is other evidence of Jutish occupation. Droxford, in the Meon valley, was the site of a large Jutish cemetery. Also one of the local manors had the medieval custom of gavelkind, similar to that in Kent. Further there is placename evidence, linking Kent and Southern Hampshire. ^{[4] [5]} In 686, Bede tells us, Jutish Hampshire extended to the western edge of the New Forest; however that seems to include another Jutish people, the Ytene, and it is not certain that these two territories formed a continuous coastal block. ^[6]

Account in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

Double round barrow on Old Winchester Hill, looking down into the Meon Valley

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records a series of landings by Anglo-Saxon settlers, during the years 449–514, in the area that became Meonwara. ^{[lower-alpha 1]} According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle the founders of Meonwara were a man named Port and his two sons Bieda and Maegla. Most academics regard this as legend rather than fact. ^{[8] [lower-alpha 2]} Also the listed names may not be of Germanic origin, and Maegla appears to be a Brythonic word meaning "chief" or "prince" (i.e. cognate with Old British maglos, Welsh mael and the Breton given name Maël). ^[10]

The West Saxons

Main article: Wessex

The origins of the Kingdom of Wessex are unclear. ^[11] The Chronicle has a foundation story, regarded by most as legend, that describes how Cerdic and his son Cynric landed in southern Hampshire in 495, and settled the area that became occupied by the West Saxons. Historians however are sceptical of this version. ^{[8] [lower-alpha 2]} Most academics believe that initially the West Saxon royal house ruled over the Gewisse and their power base was in the upper Thames Valley. ^[12] The missionary bishop Birinus established the episcopal see at Dorchester-on-Thames in the 630s. The history of the Gewisse is quite obscure before the arrival of Birinus, but there were probably several West Saxon groups in the upper Thames Valley and Wiltshire. ^[13]

The Mercians

Main article: Mercia

The West Saxons' neighbours to the north were the Mercians. In the 7th century Mercian power was in the ascendent, so the West Saxons could not expand northwards. This led them to concentrate on the lands beyond their southern borders. ^[14] Wulfhere of Mercia advanced into southern Hampshire and the Isle of Wight in about 681. Shortly afterwards he gave the Isle of Wight and Meonwara to Æthelwealh of Sussex, possibly as a present after Æthelwealh was baptised and married Eafe the daughter of Eanfrith, a ruler of the Christian Hwicce people. ^{[15] [16]} The alliance between the South Saxons and the Mercians and their control of southern England put the West Saxons under pressure. ^[17]

West Saxon takeover

After Wulfhere's death Mercian power eventually declined, and there followed a time of relative peace. However the united Gewisse, now known as the Kingdom of Wessex, became resurgent under their king Caedwalla. ^[18] Caedwalla, probably concerned at Mercian and South Saxon influence in Southern England, conquered the land of the South Saxons and took over the Jutish areas in Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, in the late 680s. Bede describes how brutally Caedwalla suppressed the South Saxons and slaughtered the people of the Isle of Wight and replaced them with people from "his own province". ^{[lower-alpha 3] [20] [21]} Although quite young, Caedwalla abdicated shortly after this campaign and in 689 went on pilgrimage to Rome to be baptised, but died ^{[lower-alpha 4]} about a week after his baptism. Bede says that he had received wounds during the fighting on the Isle of Wight, which may have led to his untimely death. ^{[23] [24]}

The subsequent establishment of the very large trading settlement of Hamwic suggests that control over the Solent was a further factor motivating the conquest of the Jutish areas. ^[25]

With the takeover of Jutish lands by the West Saxons in Hampshire, the church of SS Peter and Paul, Winchester, built by Cenwalh of Wessex in 648, became the new episcopal see in the 660s. ^[26]

Other settlers

The settlement of Exton, on the west bank of the Meon, is named after the East Saxons, indicating some sort of settlement or other form of influence from that people. The first surviving record of the name is from 940 ^{[lower-alpha 5]} as East Seaxnatune. ^{[lower-alpha 6] [lower-alpha 7]}

See also

• Haestingas

Notes

1. ASC Parker MS AD449, AD455, AD477, AD495, AD501, AD514 ^[7]
2. According to Jones ..the repetitious entries for invading ships in the Chronicle (three ships of Hengest and Horsa; three ships of Aella; five ships of Cerdic and Cynric; two ships of Port; three ships of Stuf and Wihtgar), drawn from preliterate traditions including bogus eponyms and duplications, might be considered a poetic convention. ^[9]
3. Some have described this act as "ethnic cleansing". The historian Robin Bush was cited in the BBC Radio 4 Making History Programme 11, (10 June 2008) as the principal advocate of this assertion. ^[19]
4. After his death, Caedwalla was the only English king to be buried in St Peters, Rome (if the Stuarts are excluded). ^[22]
5. A charter (s.463, b.758) from 940 that was a grant, by King Eadmund "to the thegn Æthelgeard, of land at East Seaxnatune". ^[27]
6. East Seaxnatune meaning farmstead of the East Saxons. ^[28]
7. It was also listed in the Domesday Book as Essentune. ^[29]

Citations

1. Ekwall 1991, p. 322.
2. Mills 1998, p. 239.
3. Kilpatrick 2014.
4. Turner 1978, p. 24.
5. Collingwood & Myers 1956, p. 364.
6. Yorke 1997, p. 132.
7. Giles 1914.
8. Esmonde Cleary 1990, p. 171.
9. Jones 1998, p. 71.
10. Sims-Williams 1983, p. 40 n177.
11. Yorke 1997, pp. 130–131.
12. Lapidge et al. 2001, pp. 203–209.
13. Kirby 2000, pp. 38–39.
14. Yorke 1997, pp. 136–137.
15. Bede 1910, 4.13.
16. Kirby 2000, p. 97.
17. Kirby 2000, p. 96.
18. Kirby 2000, pp. 97–99.
19. BBC 2008.
20. Bede 1910, 4.15.
21. Bede 1910, 4.16.
22. Barefoot 1993, p. 19.
23. Bede 1910, 4.16 & 5.7.
24. Yorke 1997, p. 137.
25. Yorke 1997, p. 140.
26. Lapidge et al. 2001, p. 480.
27. Birch 2012, pp. 484–485.
28. Mills 1998, p. 180.
29. Powell-Smith 1086.

References

• Barefoot, Brian (1993). The English Road to Rome. Upton-on-Severn: Images. ISBN   1-897817-08-8.
• BBC (2008). "Who were the Jutes". Making History Programme 11. (10 June 2008). BBC Radio 4. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
• Bede (1910). Ecclesiastical History of the English People  . Translated by Jane, L. C.; Sellar, A. M. – via Wikisource.
• Birch, Walter de Gray, ed. (2012). Cartularium Saxonicum. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1-108-04508-7.
• Collingwood, Robin George; Myers, John Nowell Linton (1956). Roman Britain and the English Settlements. Oxford Clarendon press. ISBN   0-8196-1160-3.
• Ekwall, Eilert (1991). The Concise Oxford Dictionaryof English Place-names (4 ed.). OUP. ISBN   0-19-869103-3.
• Esmonde Cleary, A. S. (1990). The Ending of Roman Britain. Savage, Maryland: Barnes and Noble. ISBN   0-389-20893-0.
• Giles, J. A., ed. (1914). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle  . London: G. Bell and Sons Ltd. – via Wikisource.
• Jones, Michael E. (1998). The End of Roman Britain. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN   978-0-8014-8530-5.
• Kilpatrick, Kelly A. (2014), Saxons in the Meon Valley: A Place-Name Survey (PDF), Saxons in the Meon Valley, archived from the original (PDF) on 31 May 2022
• Kirby, D. P. (2000). The Earliest English kings. Routledge. ISBN   0-415-24211-8.
• Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald, eds. (2001). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. London: Blackwell. ISBN   0-631-22492-0.
• Mills, A D (1998). Dictionary of English Place-Names (2 ed.). OUP. ISBN   0-19-280074-4.
• Powell-Smith, Anna, ed. (1086). "Open Domesday" . Retrieved 12 June 2020.
• Sims-Williams, Patrick (1983). "The Settlement of England in Bede and the "Chronicle". Anglo-Saxon England. 12: 1–41. doi:10.1017/S0263675100003331. JSTOR   44510771.
• Turner, Barbara Carpenter (1978). A History of Hampshire. Chichester: Phillimore. ISBN   0-85033-254-0.
• Yorke, Barbara (1997). Kings and Kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England. London: Routledge. ISBN   0-415-16639-X.

External links

• Saxons in the Meon Valley