Mexican general election, 2012

Last updated
Mexican general election, 2012
Flag of Mexico.svg
←  2006 July 1, 2012 2018  →
Turnout63.08% (presidential)
  Enrique Pena Nieto.jpg El Voto de AMLO (7479513832) (cropped).jpg JVM en03-Detalle (cropped).jpg
Nominee Enrique Peña Nieto Andrés Manuel López Obrador Josefina Vázquez Mota
Party PRI PRD PAN
AllianceCommitment to MexicoProgressive Movement
Home state State of Mexico Tabasco Mexico City
Popular vote19,226,28415,896,99912,786,647
Percentage38.2%31.6%25.4%
Elecciones Mexico Resultados 2012.svg
States won by Peña Nieto in green, López Obrador in yellow, Vázquez Mota in blue.
President before election

Felipe Calderón
PAN

Elected President

Enrique Peña Nieto
PRI

Mexico
Seal of the Government of Mexico.svg
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Mexico
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Citizen voting in the ballot box for president in Mexico City Elecciones federales en Mexico de 2012 01.jpg
Citizen voting in the ballot box for president in Mexico City
Ballots for voting in Mexico City. July 1, 2012. Elecciones federales en Mexico de 2012 04.JPG
Ballots for voting in Mexico City. July 1, 2012.

General elections were held in Mexico on Sunday, July 1, 2012.

Mexico Country in the southern portion of North America

Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometres (770,000 sq mi), the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world. With an estimated population of over 120 million people, the country is the eleventh most populous state and the most populous Spanish-speaking state in the world, while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil. Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and Mexico City, a special federal entity that is also the capital city and its most populous city. Other metropolises in the state include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana and León.

Contents

Voters went to the polls to elect, on the federal level:

President of Mexico Head of state of the country of Mexico

The President of Mexico, officially known as the President of the United Mexican States, is the head of state and government of Mexico. Under the Constitution, the president is also the Supreme Commander of the Mexican armed forces. The current President is Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who took office on December 1, 2018.

Felipe Calderón 56th President of Mexico

Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa, is a Mexican politician who served as President of Mexico from 1 December 2006 to 30 November 2012. He was a member of the National Action Party for thirty years before quitting the party in November 2018.

Plurality voting is an electoral system in which each voter is allowed to vote for only one candidate, and the candidate who polls the most among their counterparts is elected. In a system based on single-member districts, it may be called first-past-the-post (FPTP), single-choice voting, simple plurality or relative/simple majority. In a system based on multi-member districts, it may be referred to as winner-takes-all or bloc voting. The system is often used to elect members of a legislative assembly or executive officers. It is the most common form of the system, and is used in most elections in the United States, the lower house in India, elections to the House of Commons and English local elections in the United Kingdom and Canada.

Several local ballots were held on the same day, notably:

Electoral reform

In December 2009, president Felipe Calderón sent a bill to Congress aimed at reducing the number of legislators in both chambers and another mechanism for the presidential election which have not yet been passed. If approved, the following reforms will be implemented:

Presidential candidates

The following are individuals who have either formally announced that they are running for president in 2012, or have formed an exploratory committee for a possible presidential run in 2012.

In the election politics of the United States, an exploratory committee is an organization established to help determine whether a potential candidate should run for an elected office. They are most often cited in reference to United States Presidential hopefuls prior to campaign announcements and the primaries. Forming an exploratory committee for president almost always precedes an official candidacy, though some candidates, such as Evan Bayh in 2008, have declined to formally run.

National Action Party (PAN) Nomination

Nominee:

Other pre-candidates:

Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) Nomination

Nominee:

Candidates

Other pre-candidates

Never publicly announced intentions to run but was considered a likely contender.

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) Nomination

Nominee:

Former candidates

New Alliance Party (PNA) Nomination

Nominee:

Opinion polls

DatePolling company Vázquez Mota
(PAN)		 Peña Nieto
(PRI-PVEM)		 López Obrador
(PRD-MC-PT)		 Quadri
(PANAL)		Remarks
November 2011 Reforma [26] 25.0%49.0%26.0%–Unnominated PAN and PANAL candidates.
November 2011Covarrubias y Asociados [27] 12.6%56.3%31%–Unnominated PAN and PANAL candidates.
February 2012Grupo Impacto Inteligente 360º [28] 34.4%47.4%18.2%–Unnominated PAN and PANAL candidates.
February 2012Consulta Mitofsky [29] 29.5%48.5%21.0%1.0%
February 2012Buendía & Laredo [30] 32.0%48.0%20.0%0.0%
February 2012Covarrubias y Asociados [31] 27.2%42.3%30.2%0.3%
February 2012Ipsos/Bimsa [32] 30%45%25%0.0%
March 2012Uno TV/María de las Heras [33] 27.4%44.0%27.4%1.2%
March 2012Grupo Impacto Inteligente 360º [34] 32.6%44.9%22.5%–PANAL's vote share not shown
March 2012Reforma [33] 32.0%45.0%22.0%1.0%
April 2012Uno TV/María de las Heras [35] 30.6%38.9%29.2%1.3%Carried out between March 24 and March 27
April 2012 OEM-Parametría [33] 25%51%23%1.0%
April 2012 BGC-Excélsior [33] 29%50%20%1.0%Carried out between April 9 and April12
April 2012GEA/ISA- Milenio [33] 27.9%48.5%22.7%0.9%
April 2012 El Universal /Buendía & Laredo [33] 22.9%54.3%21.4%1.4%
April 2012Consulta Mitofsky [33] 26.9%50.1%22.3%0.7%
April 2012Covarrubias y Asociados [36] 22.0%42.0%24.0%1.0%Published on April 23
April 2012BGC-Excelsior [37] 28.0%47.0%23.0%2.0%Carried out between April 19 and April 25
April 2012OEM-Parametría [38] 26.0%49.0%24.0%1.0%Published on April 30
May 2012GEA/ISA-Milenio [39] 26.1%51.2%21.1%1.6%Published on May 1
May 2012Consulta Mitofsky [40] 28.0%48.0%23.0%1.0%Published on May 1
May 2012El Sol de México/Parametría [41] 26.0%49.0%24.0%1%One week before the candidates' debate
May 2012El Universal/Buendía & Laredo [42] 22.9%54.3%21.4%1.4%Before the candidates' debate
May 2012GEA/ISA-Milenio [43] 27.6%49.1%21.9%1.4%Before the candidates' debate
May 2012El Universal [44] 22.0%36.3%23.4%9.5%After the candidates' debate
May 2012Uno TV/María de la Heras [45] 17.98%16.85%31.46%17.98%After the candidates' debate
May 2012El Universal/Buendía & Laredo [46] 23.1%49.6%24.8%2.1%
May 2012Covarrubias y Asociados [47] 26.0%40.0%30.0%4%
May 2012Uno TV/María de las Heras [48] 26.0%39.0%31.0%4.0%
June 2012Reforma [49] 23%38%34%5%Gross preference draw between EPN and AMLO
June 2012Mitofsky [50] 20.8%35.8%24.0%1.6%
June 2012Berumen y asociados [51] 20.7%30.9%31.8%Not shownGross preference
June 2012BGC-Excelsior [52] 28%42%28%2%
June 2012Berumen y asociados [53] 18%33.4%27.3%1.5%Gross preference
The share of the undefined vote has been excluded from these polls

Allegations of media bias and Yo Soy 132 student protests

Mass protests have taken place in Mexico City against alleged bias towards PRI and Peña Nieto in the print and television media, particularly Televisa. [54]

The movement Yo Soy 132 ("I am 132") formed in response to this perceived bias, with initial focus on Peña Nieto as the flagship of "corruption, tyranny and authoritarianism". [55] On May 11, 2012, Peña Nieto visited Universidad Iberoamericana and was received with scorn. [56] Both printed and televised media reported this as a minor mishap, called the students intolerant, and claimed that they had been paid by leftist organizations. In response, 131 students identified themselves on a YouTube video by their university IDs and stated that their actions were independent. This caused a ripple effect as many tweeted "I'm the 132nd student" in solidarity. Mass protests organized by public and private university students then took place across the country. The movement successfully demanded that, unlike the first debate, the second presidential debate be broadcast on national television, and has proposed a third debate to cover a broader scope of issues. [57] [58]

Claims of hacking

In a 31 March 2016 article published by Bloomberg Business Week , a Colombian hacker named Andrés Sepúlveda claimed to have been paid US$600,000 by the PRI for hacking files (including phone calls, e-mails, and strategies) pertaining to the respective political campaigns of Peña Nieto's rivals, and also to manipulate social media to create fake news against his opponents with 30,000 fake Twitter accounts, creating fake trending topics and the perception of public enthusiasm toward Peña Nieto's campaign. On election day, Sepúlveda claimed to have been watching a live feed from Bogota, Colombia and destroyed evidence right after Peña Nieto was declared winner. He said he was helped by a team of six hackers, which he led. The hacker is serving a 10-year prison sentence in Colombia for hacking crime, in favor of the election campaign of Óscar Iván Zuluaga. [59]

Results

President

CandidatePartyVotes%
Enrique Peña Nieto Institutional Revolutionary Party 19,158,59238.20
Andrés Manuel López Obrador Party of the Democratic Revolution 15,848,82731.60
Josefina Vázquez Mota National Action Party 12,732,63025.39
Gabriel Quadri de la Torre New Alliance Party 1,146,0852.28
Non-registered candidates20,6250.04
Invalid/blank votes1,236,8572.46
Total50,143,616100
Registered voters/turnout79,492,28663.08
Source: IFE
Popular Vote
Peña Nieto
 
38.20%
López Obrador
 
31.60%
Vázquez Mota
 
25.39%
Quadri de la Torre
 
2.28%
Other
 
0.04%
Invalid/blank
 
2.46%

Results by state

Based on the official results of the Federal Electoral Institute

State Peña Nieto López Obrador Vázquez Mota Quadri Write-in None
Aguascalientes 190,774102,626152,54333,70539213,426
Baja California 463,350389,922339,50834,89349222,232
Baja California Sur 104,75063,17775,0664,940975,138
Campeche 149,210102,368107,8819,7078610,036
Chiapas 933,502634,086325,06647,94338189,725
Chihuahua 618,638301,529328,04848,21974834,189
Coahuila 464,775233,218428,99827,83338221,612
Colima 123,67668,009101,0834,8551096,159
Distrito Federal 1,258,1692,568,944844,11087,3323,94090,434
Durango 320,361141,612194,05215,40718213,094
Guanajuato 929,495297,980944,15862,92080668,699
Guerrero 530,071660,554153,62720,16322145,016
Hidalgo 517,005411,980215,10150,19731229,842
Jalisco 1,362,790769,7711,098,25293,5061,50082,891
México 2,966,1102,339,7251,250,707160,4623,379145,111
Michoacán 710,302517,114337,51234,4271,04646,697
Morelos 295,734363,280157,02719,03629920,255
Nayarit 221,408145,64082,9708,90711610,808
Nuevo León 666,990441,450800,09962,15961338,503
Oaxaca 555,650695,683290,06518,33044043,371
Puebla 854,382859,110640,97756,04078269,727
Querétaro 330,726192,444288,34320,28533323,671
Quintana Roo 179,009226,054111,30310,36224810,822
San Luis Potosí 428,797263,762346,57632,28258745,755
Sinaloa 551,140278,805295,58522,58454031,361
Sonora 430,139265,999342,16816,12572228,412
Tabasco 343,383646,98165,0185,76614826,606
Tamaulipas 491,021280,834597,38731,46538328,973
Tlaxcala 184,247210,17798,45015,9339011,925
Veracruz 1,201,3241,035,7901,203,15750,74087785,188
Yucatán 440,011177,696394,19718,13118820,986
Zacatecas 338,653161,907122,41621,43118616,853
Total19,155,59215,848,22712,731,4501,146,08520,6251,236,857

Chamber of Deputies

2012 Mexican Chamber of Deputies Election.svg
PartyProportional representationConstituencyTotal
seats		+/–
Votes%SeatsVotes%Seats
Institutional Revolutionary Party 15,513,47831.874915,166,53131.10163212−30
National Action Party 12,620,82725.926212,550,87927.2452114−28
Party of the Democratic Revolution 8,996,08918.4844207,678–60104+41
Ecologist Green Party of Mexico 2,963,7186.0815706,6951.531429+7
Labor Party 2,219,2284.551077233–515+1
New Alliance Party (Mexico) 1,986,5384.08101,977,1854.29010+2
Citizens' Movement 1,943,8553.991058096–616+10
Party of the Democratic Revolution–Citizens' Movement–Labor Party –––13,088,35528.41–
Institutional Revolutionary Party–Ecologist Green Party of Mexico –––12,533,77127.20–
Non-registered candidates51,4730.1051,0760.110
Invalid/blank votes2,378,731––2,351,092––––
Total48,673,93710020048,768,5911003005000
Registered voters/turnout77,547,51162.76–77,547,51162.44–––
Source: PREP
Popular Vote
PRI
 
31.87%
PAN
 
25.92%
PRD
 
18.48%
PVE
 
6.08%
PT
 
4.55%
PNA
 
4.08%
MC
 
3.99%
Other
 
0.10%
Invalid/blank
 
4.93%
House seats
PRI
 
42.40%
PAN
 
22.80%
PRD
 
20.80%
PVE
 
5.80%
MC
 
3.20%
PT
 
3.00%
PNA
 
2.00%

Senate

2012 Mexican Senate Election.svg
PartyProportional representationConstituencyTotal
seats		+/–
Votes%SeatsVotes%Seats
Institutional Revolutionary Party 15,679,72933.11117,119,85437.34657Increase2.svg19
National Action Party 13,245,08827.9912,783,06827.82938Decrease2.svg14
Party of the Democratic Revolution 9,353,87919.7613,288,98328.91723Decrease2.svg13
Ecologist Green Party of Mexico 2,881,9236.12867,0561.924Increase2.svg4
Labor Party 2,339,9234.92––24Increase2.svg4
Citizens' Movement 2,025,0454.31–––1Increase2.svg1
New Alliance Party 1,855,4033.911,796,8163.901Steady2.svg 0
Non-registered candidates32,5670.1051,9360.10
Invalid/blank votes2,897,668––2,701,179––––
Total50,310,3281003248,608,892100961280
Registered voters/turnout77,651,01964.8–77,651,01962.3–––
Source: Adam Carr

The Labor Party senators elected in constituencies ran on joint tickets with the Party of the Democratic Revolution, whilst the winning Ecologist Green Party of Mexico senators were on a joint list with the Institutional Revolutionary Party. [60]

Recount

Following the elections, López Obrador demanded a full recount, claiming there had been widespread irregularities. [61] The Federal Electoral Institute subsequently announced that there would be a partial recount, with presidential ballots from 78,012 of the 143,132 polling stations to be recounted, whilst ballots for the Congressional elections would be re-examined at two-thirds of polling stations. [61] On July 6 after a partial recount of approximately 50% of the votes, the Federal Electoral Institute declared they had found anomalies but that Nieto still had majority and was confirmed as the winner with 38.2% of the popular vote. [62] which officially has until 6 September to announce a winner. [61]

Request to Invalidate Election

On July 12, López Obrador presented his formal complaint to invalidate the election to the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary on grounds of violation of constitutional article 41 which states that the elections must be free and authentic and with equal benefits for all competing parties. [63] Alleging that the Mexican media had treated them with inequality in relation to Peña Nieto and presenting the numerous evidence of paraphernalia used to buy votes for the PRI as well as pre-marked ballots and notarized witness statements of people who sold their votes to the PRI. [64] The complaint also pointed towards the PRI's campaign going over budget an alleged 1000% over the established allowed budget by the Federal Electoral Institute which is of 336 million Mexican pesos. [65] On July 18 López Obrador accused Peña Nieto of using illicit funds and money laundering to finance his campaign. [66] After presenting new audio evidence regarding the PRI's use of Monex cards, López Obrador commented that it would be better if the Electoral Tribunal invalidated the election and move in an interim President than to violate the constitution and acting in an "anti-democratic" way. He said that if the Electoral Tribunal does not invalidate the election, Mexico will be governed by a "gang of evildoers". [67] On 30 August 2012, the TEPJF, Mexico's highest election-law court rejected the allegations of fraud after they concluded that there was "insufficient evidence of wrongdoing." [68]

Post-electoral protests and claims of fraud

After the preliminary results of the Federal Electoral Institute announced Enrique Peña Nieto as virtual President-elect, several student protests led by the youth movement Yo Soy 132 and independent citizen movements, have broken out throughout the country claiming the forced imposition of a President and electoral fraud, [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] as evidence of an alleged fraud has surfaced and pointed towards the PRI buying votes by providing voting citizens with store credit cards of Mexican supermarket chain Soriana. [75] [76] Mexico's Federal Electoral Institute (IFE) confirmed in January 2013 that Peña Nieto's party spent $5.2 million in electronic cards throughout the whole campaign. Opposition parties complained that this represented a form of illicit funding, but the IFE claimed the contrary. The PRI party claimed that the electronic cards were intended for party personnel, but this method rose suspicions because some of the money was transacted through "several shadowy companies instead of being disbursed directly from party coffers." [77] This also increased the suspicions that the PRI had received illegal donations from corporations (given that this move is prohibited under law). The IFE stated on 24 January 2013 and ruled by 5–4 votes that the fundings were not violating the law, but opposition parties and critics believe that the IFE did not thoroughly investigate the origins of the money. [77]

Further alleged evidence arose as pictures of ballots already marked in favor of the PRI, with the logo of the party printed over the marking, have been shared widely over online social networks, [78] and there have also been numerous videos and photos of that show the irregularities between local ballot boxes and the official result of those ballot boxes. [79] More allegations appeared as videos showing protection of local police patrols protecting supposed "Mapaches". Following a request from Andrés Manuel López Obrador, the Federal Electoral Institute agreed to recount more than half of the ballots cast in the presidential election. It later reconfirmed the original result. [80] The result was endorsed by Barack Obama, the president of the United States, and by the Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez, who backed López Obrador in a similar dispute in 2006. [80]

On July 7, a national protest in opposition of Enrique Peña Nieto was organized through online social networks, and demonstrations occurred in several cities. The protest in Mexico City was billed as a "mega-march", but the number of demonstrators equalled only around half the number which attended anti-PRI demonstrations held prior to the election. [80] Statements from the Yo Soy 132 student movement formally uninvolved themselves from the protest cautioning against violent results; alleging that it may have been organized by a similarly named movement linked to the PRI. [81] Despite the statement the protests effectively took place in 37 cities in Mexico, Canada, The United States, and Europe [82] with no incidents of violence or known involvement of the PRI. Though in Xalapa, Veracruz a man identified as Juan Pablo Frianzoni, presumed member of the youth PRI group "Juventud Dinamica"; threw chairs at the protesters and then pointed a handgun at them from his balcony. Frianzoni was then apprehended by Police officers who were standing by the protest. [83] Televisa did not broadcast the National protests, and instead presented a live broadcast of Eugenio Derbez and Alessandra Rosaldo's wedding which was interrupted due to "technical difficulties" when loud protest chants became audible outside of the event. [84] Derbez however stated that he was in support of the protests, and though he regrets them happening on the day of his wedding; he said he will cherish the memory. [85]

As of July 15 [86] protests and further acts of civil resistance against Peña Nieto and Televisa continue around the country. [87] On July 27 protesters set up a 24-hour blockade around the main Televisa studios in Chapultepec, Mexico City. [88] On August 30 several protesters gathered outside the offices of the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary as the Magistrates declared that the claims made by the left-wing coalition were "unfounded" and were therefore rejected. [89]

On December 1, 2012, as Peña Nieto was being sworn in as President, protesters rioted outside of the national palace and clashed with Federal Police forces while vandalizing hotel structures and setting fires around Mexico City. More than 90 protesters were arrested and several were injured. Mexico City Mayor Marcelo Ebrard blamed anarchist groups for causing the violent outcomes. [90]

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Jaime Heliodoro Rodríguez Calderón, sometimes referred to by his nickname "El Bronco," is a Mexican politician. He is the Governor of the northern state of Nuevo León. He is the first independent candidate to have won a governorship in Mexico. He served as mayor of García, Nuevo León (2009–2012) as a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), and was best known for his hard-line stance against organized crime. Rodríguez won the 2015 race for Governor as an independent candidate on June 7, 2015, winning half the votes of the election compared to his traditional party competitors, who split the remainder of the votes. He served as governor from 4 October 2015 until 31 December 2017, when he formally became candidate in the 2018 presidential race. He lost, only attaining 5% of the popular vote and resumed his term as governor.

Opinion polling is being carried out prior to the Mexican general election, 2018.

Presidency of Andrés Manuel López Obrador

The presidency of Andrés Manuel López Obrador began on 1 December 2018, when he became the 58th President of Mexico. Andrés Manuel López Obrador overcame Ricardo Anaya, José Antonio Meade, and Jaime Rodriguez Calderon in a landslide election on 1 July 2018. His election was the first since 1988 that a president-elect's political party has also won the outright majority in both the Senate and Chamber of Deputies. He is the oldest man to become President of Mexico at inauguration at age of 65.

References

  1. ↑ "Mexico state votes signal tough 2012 election race". Reuters. July 5, 2010.
  2. ↑ http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=140
  3. ↑ (September 6, 2011) "Mexican Congresswoman Enters Presidential Contest, Latin American Herald Tribune. Retrieved September 27, 2011
  4. ↑ "Se despide Vázquez Mota de San Lázaro", El Universal. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
  5. ↑ (May 26, 2011) "Mexico's Cordero takes aim at presidency", Reuters. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
  6. ↑ (September 9, 2011) "Mexican Finance Minister Quits to Seek Presidency", Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
  7. ↑ (July 12, 2011) "Santiago Creel madruga: arranca carrera a Los Pinos, Excélsior. Retrieved September 6, 2011
  8. ↑ Simonnet, Carole (July 12, 2011) "Aaarrancan... Pide Santiago Creel licencia", Reforma. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
  9. ↑ (July 21, 2011) "Lozano se baja de la carrera presidencial" [ permanent dead link ], Milenio. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
  10. ↑ (July 21, 2011) "Descarta Lozano ser gallo panista", Reforma. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
  11. ↑ (August 29, 2011) "Lujambio declina su aspiración presidencial por el PAN", Excelsior. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
  12. ↑ (August 29, 2011) "Declina Lujambio aspiración a ser candidato del PAN para 2012" Archived 2011-08-31 at the Wayback Machine ., Milenio. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
  13. ↑ (September 22, 2011) "Emilio González deja su búsqueda por la candidatura presidencial de Acción Nacional", Excelsior. Retrieved September 22, 2011
  14. ↑ (September 22, 2011) "Declina Emilio aspiración a 2012"
  15. ↑ (February 5, 2012) "Alcanza Vázquez Mota 55 por ciento de los votos: Espina" Archived 2012-02-07 at the Wayback Machine ., PAN.org. Retrieved February 6, 2012.
  16. ↑ (August 19, 2011) "Acepta AMLO encuesta para definir candidatura presidencial", Excélsior. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
  17. ↑ (July 25, 2011) "Prepara AMLO su arranque presidencial", Reforma. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
  18. ↑ (November 15, 2011) "Mexico – A Familiar Candidate", The New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
  19. ↑ (November 15, 2011) "Lopez Obrador gets presidential nod from Mexico's left". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 22, 2011.
  20. ↑ (August 31, 2011) "Formaliza corriente del PRD candidatura de Cárdenas para 2012", Excelsior. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
  21. ↑ (September 6, 2011) "Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas declina contender en 2012", Excelsior. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
  22. ↑ (September 20, 2011) "Mexico's Enrique Pena Nieto confirms election ambitions", BBC News. Retrieved September 27, 2011
  23. ↑ (September 21, 2010) "Mexico's 2012 Presidential Favorite Announces Candidacy", Fox News Latino. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
  24. ↑ (November 22, 2011) "Mexico senator won’t seek PRI’s presidential nomination, clearing way for Pena Nieto". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 22, 2011
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  26. ↑ "Competencia general a Noviembre de 2011" (in Spanish). Retrieved April 29, 2012.
  27. ↑ Everdy M. Luis. "Peña encabeza la encuesta encargada por López Obrador" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on November 27, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
  28. ↑ "Tendencia electoral rumbo al final de la veda electoral" (PDF). Retrieved April 29, 2012.[ dead link ]
  29. ↑ "Así van... Elección presidencial 2012 en México: Febrero 2012" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-24. Retrieved Abr 29, 2012.Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  30. ↑ "Panorama electoral: Encuesta nacional / Febrero 2012" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved April 29, 2012.
  31. ↑ "Peña Nieto, líder; AMLO y Josefina empatados en segundo lugar: Covarrubias". SDPnoticias.com. February 20, 2012. Archived from the original on February 22, 2012. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
  32. ↑ "Remonta Obrador 5 puntos; Peña sigue arriba y Josefina en segundo" (in Spanish). Diario TV. March 9, 2012. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Encuestas Públicas: Rumbo al 1 de julio" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved April 29, 2012.[ permanent dead link ]
  34. ↑ "Tendencia electoral rumbo al final de la veda electoral" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved April 29, 2012.[ dead link ]
  35. ↑ "Encuesta Uno TV / María de las Heras 7/7" (in Spanish). Uno TV. April 2012. Archived from the original on May 4, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
  36. ↑ "Elecciones 2012 – Presidencial – Covarrubias y Asociados (23-04-2012)" (in Spanish). Opina México. April 24, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
  37. ↑ "A dos meses de la elección, Peña Nieto sigue encabezando preferencias". Excélsior (in Spanish). May 1, 2012. Archived from the original on May 7, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
  38. ↑ "Encuesta de Parametría" (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana (OEM). April 30, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
  39. ↑ "A dos meses de la elección, Peña Nieto sigue encabezando preferencias". Milenio (in Spanish). Grupo Multimedios. May 1, 2012. Archived from the original on June 30, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
  40. ↑ "Preferencias ciudadanas No. 20 – May 01, 2012" (PDF) (in Spanish). Consulta Mitofsky. May 1, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 22, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
  41. ↑ "Encuesta Parametría-El Sol de México. Debate presidencial" (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Retrieved May 9, 2012.
  42. ↑ "Josefina recupera terreno; Peña mantiene ventaja". El Universal (in Spanish). El Universal Compañia Periodística Nacional S.A. de C.V. May 6, 2012. Archived from the original on May 10, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
  43. ↑ "Encuesta de seguimiento diario MILENIO GEA/ISA". Milenio (in Spanish). Grupo Multimedios. May 6, 2012. Archived from the original on June 9, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
  44. ↑ "Peña sigue adelante; AMLO sería segundo" (in Spanish). Red Política. May 7, 2012. Archived from the original on May 11, 2012. Retrieved May 9, 2012.
  45. ↑ "De las Heras presenta datos tras panel de debate" (in Spanish). UNO noticias. May 7, 2012. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
  46. ↑ (May 14, 2012)"Rebasa AMLO a Vázquez Mota; Peña conserva ventaja" (in Spanish).Retrieved May 22, 2012
  47. ↑ (May 20, 2012)title=Se cierra la elección. Peña Nieto líder. AMLO se acerca. JVM se estanca" Archived 2012-05-24 at the Wayback Machine .(in Spanish). Retrieved May 20, 2012
  48. ↑ (May 22, 2012)"Amlo a 8 puntos de Peña. Encuesta María de las Heras"(in Spanish). Retrieved May 22, 2012
  49. ↑ (May 31, 2012) "EPN y AMLO empatados; JVM se desploma: Reforma" Archived 2012-06-02 at the Wayback Machine . (in Spanish). Retrieved June 1, 2012.
  50. ↑ "ELECCIÓN 2012 EN MÉXICO... PREFERENCIAS CIUDADANAS (05/Jun/2012)" (in Spanish). Consulta Mitofsky. May 1, 2012. Archived from the original on June 4, 2012. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
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  52. ↑ http://www.infoeleccionesmexico.com/noticia-resultados-encuesta-bgc-excelsior-junio-185.html
  53. ↑ "Berumen detalla encuesta: AMLO 6 puntos abajo de Peña Nieto (22/June/2012)" (in Spanish). adnpolitico. June 22, 2012. Archived from the original on June 24, 2012. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
  54. ↑ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2012/05/201252492924104136.html
  55. ↑ http://www.razon.com.mx/spip.php?article124227
  56. ↑ http://www.sexenio.com.mx/articulo.php?id=15175
  57. ↑ http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/850042.html
  58. ↑ http://www.elinfluyente.com/tv-azteca-tambien-cede-el-debate-ira-por-canal-13/%5Bpermanent+dead+link%5D
  59. ↑ "How to Hack an Election" – via www.bloomberg.com.
  60. ↑ United Mexican States, Legislative Elections of 1 July 2012 Adam Carr
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  89. ↑ http://www.razon.com.mx/spip.php?article136863
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Further reading

Official candidate websites

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