Mexican general election, 2018

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Mexican general election, 2018
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←  2012 1 July 20182024 →
Turnout63.43% (Increase2.svg 0.35%)
 
Reunion con el Presidente Electo, Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador 8 (cropped).jpg
Ricardo Anaya (cropped).jpg
Candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador Ricardo Anaya
Party MORENA PAN
Alliance Juntos Haremos Historia Por México al Frente
Home state Tabasco Querétaro
Popular vote30,113,48312,610,120
Percentage53.19%22.28%
 
Mexican Foreign Minister Jose Antonio Meade (16295258100) (cropped).jpg
Reunion con el Gobernador Electo de Nuevo Leon, Jaime Rodriguez. (cropped).jpg
Candidate José Antonio Meade Jaime Rodríguez Calderón
Party PRI Independent
Alliance Todos por México None
Home state Mexico City Nuevo León
Popular vote9,289,8532,961,732
Percentage16.41%5.23%
Mexico general election 2018.svg
States won by López Obrador in red, Anaya in blue.
President before election

Enrique Peña Nieto
PRI

Elected President

Andrés Manuel López Obrador
MORENA

Mexico
Seal of the Government of Mexico.svg
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Mexico
Foreign relations

General elections were held in Mexico on 1 July 2018. [1] Voters elected a new President of Mexico to serve a term of five years and ten months (reduced by two months from the constitutional mandate due to a change in the inauguration date as of 2014), [2] 128 members of the Senate for a period of six years and 500 members of the Chamber of Deputies for a period of three years. It was one of the largest election days in Mexican history, with most of the nation's states holding state and local elections on the same day, including nine governorships, with over 3,400 positions subject to elections at all levels of government. [3] It was the most violent campaign Mexico has experienced in recent history, with 130 political figures killed since September 2017. [3]

Mexico Country in the southern portion of North America

Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometres (770,000 sq mi), the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world. With an estimated population of over 120 million people, the country is the eleventh most populous state and the most populous Spanish-speaking state in the world, while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil. Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and Mexico City, a special federal entity that is also the capital city and its most populous city. Other metropolises in the state include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana and León.

President of Mexico Head of state of the country of Mexico

The President of Mexico, officially known as the President of the United Mexican States, is the head of state and government of Mexico. Under the Constitution, the president is also the Supreme Commander of the Mexican armed forces. The current President is Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who took office on December 1, 2018.

Senate of the Republic (Mexico) upper house of the parliament of Mexico

The Senate of the Republic, constitutionally Chamber of Senators of the Honorable Congress of the Union, is the upper house of Mexico's bicameral Congress.

Contents

The incumbent president Enrique Peña Nieto was not constitutionally eligible for a second term. Incumbent members of the legislature are term-limited, thus all members of Congress will be newly elected. As a consequence of the political reform of 2014, the members of the legislature elected in this election will be the first allowed to run for reelection in subsequent elections. The National Electoral Institute (INE) officially declared the new process underway on 8 September 2017.

Enrique Peña Nieto 57th President of Mexico

Enrique Peña Nieto, commonly referred to by his initials EPN, is a Mexican politician who served as the 57th President of Mexico from 2012 to 2018. A member of the PRI, he previously served as Governor of the State of Mexico from 2005 to 2011, local deputy from 2003 to 2004, and Secretary of Administration from 2000 to 2002.

Sexenio is the popular term for the term limit on the President of Mexico. The president is limited to a single six-year term, and no one who holds the office even on a caretaker basis is permitted to run for or hold the office again. It is one of the country's most important political institutions because it is one of the few significant limitations on executive power in Mexico, which is strong at local, state, and national levels. The sexenio is seen as a reaction to the failed experiment of re-election in Mexico during part of the Porfiriato era (1876–1911). In addition to restricting the presidency, state governors also face this restriction; no one elected as a governor may ever hold the post again, even on an interim basis.

The presidential election was won by Andrés Manuel López Obrador of the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), running as the candidate of the Juntos Haremos Historia alliance. [4] This is the first time a candidate won an outright majority (according to official vote counts) since 1988, [5] and the first time that a candidate not from the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) or its predecessors has done so since the Mexican Revolution. This election also marked both the worst electoral defeat suffered by the PRI and the worst electoral defeat for a sitting Mexican government since universal suffrage was adopted in the country in 1917. [lower-alpha 1]

Andrés Manuel López Obrador President of Mexico

Andrés Manuel López Obrador, commonly referred to by his initials AMLO, is a Mexican politician serving since 2018 as the 58th President of Mexico.

National Regeneration Movement Mexican political party

The National Regeneration Movement, also known by its acronym MORENA, is a Cardenist and social-democratic political party in Mexico. Established as a non-profit organization in 2011 and formally registered as a political party in 2014, it was led by three-time presidential candidate and current President of Mexico, Andrés Manuel López Obrador until 12 December 2017, when he registered himself as a candidate for the party's nomination, and was succeeded by Yeidckol Polevnsky Gurwitz.

Juntos Haremos Historia 2018 Mexican general electoral coalition

Juntos Haremos Historia is a Mexican political coalition encompassing the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), Labor Party (PT), and Social Encounter Party (PES), the latter of which was consequently absorbed into the National Regeneration Movement, to compete in the 2018 general election. Its current leader, as well as their presidential candidate, is Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who won the election.

Electoral system

The country's president is elected by plurality in a single round of voting. [6]

A plurality vote or relative majority describes the circumstance when a candidate or proposition polls more votes than any other, but does not receive a majority. For example, if 100 votes were cast, including 45 for Candidate A, 30 for Candidate B and 25 for Candidate C, then Candidate A received a plurality of votes but not a majority. In some votes, the winning candidate or proposition may have only a plurality, depending on the rules of the organization holding the vote.

The 500 members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected to three-year terms by two methods; 300 are elected in single-member constituencies by first-past-the-post voting, with the remaining 200 elected from five regional constituencies by proportional representation, with seats allocated using the simple quotient and largest remainder method. No party is allowed to hold more than 300 seats. [7] Members may hold office for up to four consecutive terms. [8]

First-past-the-post voting voting system in which voters select one candidate, and the candidate who receives more votes than any other candidate wins

A first-past-the-post electoral system is one in which voters indicate on a ballot the candidate of their choice, and the candidate who receives the most votes wins. This is sometimes described as winner takes all. First-past-the-post voting is a plurality voting method. FPTP is a common, but not universal, feature of electoral systems with single-member electoral divisions, and is practiced in close to one third of countries. Notable examples include Canada, India, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as most of their current or former colonies and protectorates.

Proportional representation (PR) characterizes electoral systems in which divisions in an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. If n% of the electorate support a particular political party, then roughly n% of seats will be won by that party. The essence of such systems is that all votes contribute to the result - not just a plurality, or a bare majority. The most prevalent forms of proportional representation all require the use of multiple-member voting districts, as it is not possible to fill a single seat in a proportional manner. In fact, the implementations of PR that achieve the highest levels of proportionality tend to include districts with large numbers of seats.

The largest remainder method is one way of allocating seats proportionally for representative assemblies with party list voting systems. It contrasts with various divisor methods.

The 128 members of the Senate are elected to six-year terms, concurrent with the president, and also elected by two methods, with 96 elected in 32 three-member constituencies based on the states and 32 elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation. In the three-member constituencies, two winning candidates shall be allocated to the party receiving the highest number of votes and one seat to the party receiving the second-highest number of votes. [9] Members may hold office for up to two terms. [8]

Presidential candidates

Por México al Frente

(English: "For Mexico to the Front")

The center-right National Action Party and the center-left Party of the Democratic Revolution and Citizens' Movement – which both nominated Andrés Manuel López Obrador in the elections of 2006 and 2012 – formed an alliance for the election, in an effort to defeat both the ruling party, the PRI, and the front-runner Andrés Manuel López Obrador of the National Regeneration Movement. [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [13]

On 5 September, the electoral alliance was officially registered with the INE as Frente Ciudadano por México (Citizen Front for Mexico). [14] On 8 December the coalition changed its name to Por México al Frente (Mexico to the Front). The next day, Ricardo Anaya Cortés, president of the PAN, resigned from his position and expressed his intent to be the alliance's candidate. [15] [16]

The former first lady Margarita Zavala submitted her resignation from the PAN on 6 October, after being a member for 33 years, and registered as an independent candidate six days later. [17] She sought the presidency through an independent bid, but withdrew on 16 May 2018.

Nominee

Todos por México

(English: "Everyone for Mexico")

The coalition is composed of the Institutional Revolutionary Party, the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico, and the PANAL. On 9 August 2017, the PRI revised its requirements for presidential candidates, eliminating the requirement that candidates must have 10 years of party membership, and allowing non-party members to lead the party. [18]

This move benefited finance secretary José Antonio Meade Kuribreña, who is not a member of the PRI, [19] as well as education secretary Aurelio Nuño Mayer, whose length of membership was questioned. [18] Meade was considered the favorite, because while the PRI was dogged by scandal and controversy, Meade was personally unaffected. [20]

On 27 November, Meade resigned from cabinet and announced his intention to be the PRI's candidate in the upcoming election. [21] He quickly received the support of President Peña Nieto and PRI-linked institutions such as the CTM union. [22] With no challengers, Meade became the presumptive nominee. [23] On 18 February 2018, the PRI held its convention of delegates, where Meade was formally selected as the party's presidential candidate. [24] Meade is the PRI's first presidential candidate in its almost 90-year history not to be a member of the party. [25] [26]

Due to the circumstances of Meade's candidacy, critics compared his selection to the PRI's historical practice of dedazo ("tap of the finger"), where presidents hand-picked their successor. [27] [28]

The coalition was initially named Meade Ciudadano por México (English: Citizen Meade for Mexico), until the INE deemed it unconstitutional to include a candidate's name within the coalition's name, on the grounds that the presidential candidate would receive advertising from every piece of campaign advertising of the coalition used for local candidates. The coalition subsequently changed its name to Todos por México (Everyone for Mexico). [29]

Nominee

Juntos Haremos Historia

(English: "Together We Will Make History")

The coalition is composed of the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), the Labor Party, and the Social Encounter Party. [30] [31]

On 12 December Andrés Manuel López Obrador registered as the presumptive nominee for MORENA and submitted his resignation as party president. This is López Obrador's third presidential bid; the previous two attempts were with the PRD. After the 2012 presidential election, López Obrador left the PRD to found MORENA. This is MORENA's first presidential election. Joining MORENA in the Juntos Haremos Historia coalition is the left-wing Labor Party and the right-wing Social Encounter Party. [32]

Nominee

Independents

Logo for Rodriguez's campaign BRONCO.svg
Logo for Rodríguez's campaign

For the first time in Mexico's modern democratic history, candidates were allowed to run for the presidency as independents. [33] Several people announced their intention to contest the election as an independent candidate.

Margarita Zavala, a lawyer, former deputy and wife of former president Felipe Calderón, had originally intended to run as the PAN nominee; however, on 6 October, she left the party and launched an independent bid. Explaining her decision, she said that the formation of Por México al Frente meant there would be no internal PAN selection, denying her a chance to be a candidate. [34] Jaime Rodríguez Calderón, the independent governor of Nuevo León, also announced his candidacy, [35] as did Senator Armando Ríos Piter. [36]

The National Indigenous Congress announced on 28 May 2017 the election of María de Jesús Patricio Martínez as their spokeswoman and indigenous representative for the 2018 general election, aiming to obtain an independent candidacy. [37] Only Zavala gathered enough signatures to appear on the ballot; [38] however, on 10 April the Electoral Court accepted an appeal from Rodríguez and ordered the National Electoral Institute to register him as candidate. [39]

On 16 May Zavala announced she was withdrawing her candidacy. [40]

Opinion polls

Historical trend of voting intentions for the candidates for the Mexican presidency in 2018. Tendencia historica de la intencion de voto.png
Historical trend of voting intentions for the candidates for the Mexican presidency in 2018.

Campaigns

Timeline

January

As in the 2006 and 2012 federal elections, the 2018 campaign featured numerous accusations and attack advertisements directed at the leftist frontrunner candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who contested the elections with the support of his party MORENA. A Red Scare-like campaign was used by the PRI and PAN candidates to convince voters that a López Obrador victory would turn Mexico into "another Venezuela". [41] [42]

In a speech, PRI president Enrique Ochoa Reza  [ es ] said that "if the people from MORENA like Venezuela so much, they should just go and live there". [43] The PRI was believed to have hired Venezuelan right-wing political strategist JJ Rendón to work in their campaign, as he stated in January that he would do "everything within the law to prevent López Obrador from becoming President"; Rendón had previously worked for the PRI during Peña Nieto's 2012 presidential campaign. [44]

In January, former president Felipe Calderón shared a video on via social media, in which a Venezuelan citizen living in Mexico warned voters not to vote for López Obrador, as he would put Mexico in the "path to ruin" like Chavismo had done in her country. It later surfaced that the woman, whose name is Carmen Martilez, is an actress who previously had uploaded a video in which she asked for street vendors to be "exterminated". [45]

That same month, the PRI began to claim that López Obrador's campaign was supported by "Venezuelan and Russian interests". López Obrador dismissed the accusations and later joked about them, calling himself "Andrés Manuelovich". [46] [47]

Later in January, citizens across the country received phone calls originating in the city of Puebla, in which a recorded message warned them not to vote for López Obrador because he supposedly agreed to sell Mexico's oil to "the Russians". The MORENA representative in Puebla asked for an investigation into the phone calls. [48] [49] In March, telephone company Axtel traced the number that made the calls, revealing it was a number that the government of Puebla (whose governor is from the PAN) controlled. Puebla's government denied the accusations. [50] Also in January, López Obrador uploaded a video via social media asking president Peña Nieto and PRI president Ochoa Reza to "calm down", and advised them to take some "López Obradordipine". [51]

A jingle entitled Movimiento Naranja, which was recorded for the political party Movimiento Ciudadano (which is part of the Por México al Frente coalition, along with the PAN and the PRD) and performed by an indigenous child called Yuawi, became viral and Yuawi turned into a celebrity overnight. [52] [53] Drawing on its success, the pre-candidate for the Frente, Ricardo Anaya recorded a video in which he performed the song with Yuawi. [54]

PRI candidate José Antonio Meade was accused of plagiarism when it was noted that one of his ads, in which he criticized a "populist" speech on TV, was identical to an ad that was used by Justin Trudeau when he became leader of the Liberal Party of Canada in 2013. [55]

February

Later in February, the PRI's Enrique Ochoa Reza tweeted that PRI politicians who defected to MORENA as Prietos que no aprietan (Dark-skinned people who can't get a hold) while trying to make a pun on the word PRI-etos (because morena is a synonym for prieto). The expression was criticized, and Ochoa Reza quickly deleted the tweet as it was interpreted to be racist. [56]

Aristegui Noticias published that Ochoa Reza apologized, and also criticized the insensitive expression, additionally commenting that the part que ya no aprietan (who cannot hold) could also be interpreted as misogynistic due to being a double entendre referring to women in relation to the number of sexual relations they have had in their lifetime. Ochoa Reza's tweet apologized to dark-skinned people but not to women. [57] Later Sinembargo.mx revealed that José Antonio Meade justified Enrique Ochoa's usage of the expression, by saying: uno se excede y es natural (English: one gets-ahead-of-themselves and it is natural) and saying that his quick apology talked positively about him. [58]

March

In March, the Attorney General of the Republic (PGR) started an official investigation into money-laundering allegations against Ricardo Anaya. During the investigation, Santiago Nieto, the ex-chief of FEPADE (the prosecutor's office that focuses on electoral violations) was controversially removed from his job in October 2017, coincidentally right after starting an investigation regarding illicit campaign money from the 2012 presidential campaign that allegedly was received by Peña Nieto and by the future president of Pemex, Emilio Lozoya, from the Brazilian conglomerate Odebrecht. The ex-chief of FEPADE said that the accusations against Anaya were minor in comparison to Odebretch and Peña Nieto scandal, adding also the same opinion about the money lost by Secretariat of Social Development, to corrupt governors from the PRI such as Javier Duarte, all while José Antonio Meade was the man in charge of the Secretariat of Social Development. The scandal is known as La Estafa Maestra (The Master Robbery), and about 435 million pesos were lost. [59] The same week the PRI legislators were criticized for voting for stopping the investigation of Odebretch against the wishes of Mexican people and organizations campaigning against corruption such as Mexicanos contra la corrupción (Mexicans against corruption). [60] The investigation about Odebretch against the Pemex leader at the time, Lozoya, was legally stopped after a judge controversially ordered it days after. [61]

Santiago Nieto said that the PGR was being used by Peña Nieto's government to tamper with elections and benefit Meade by removing Anaya from the race, complaining that it was a politically motivated use of law-enforcement agencies, which had made more efforts to investigate Anaya in a month than towards investigating Peña Nieto's Odebretch money and Meade's lost Secretariat of Social Development funds over the last six years. Santiago Nieto said the PGR and FEPADE were only attacking the rivals of the PRI, and the investigating organizations were not being neutral. [62]

In an interview with The Wall Street Journal , Santiago Nieto would later reveal that Peña Nieto's government tried to bribe him to keep him silent, which he refused saying, "Sorry, but I can't receive any money from Peña Nieto." He received menacing phone messages stating: "Death follows you" and "Words of advice: stay out of Trouble", and as a consequence, he feared for the safety of his, and his family's lives. [63] Additionally as of 2018, it should be noted, that many of the politicians of the PRI political party who supported Peña Nieto during his presidential campaign would be later declared criminals by the Mexican government (some already elected, while others were campaigning concurrently with Peña Nieto, and would be elected), [64] [65] [66] near the end of Peña Nieto's time as president.

A total of 22 state ex-governors, all members from the PRI, were accused of misuse of public funds and misdirection of money (with some money speculated to have been directed to the PRI); only five were sent to jail, with PGR receiving criticism for not investigating further. [67] Among the most prominent criminals were: Tomás Yarrington from Tamaulipas (along his predecessor Eugenio Hernández Flores), Javier Duarte from Veracruz, [68] César Duarte Jáquez from Chihuahua [69] (no family relation between the two Duartes), and Roberto Borge from Quintana Roo, along their unknown multiple allies who enabled their corruption. Although Peña Nieto was not found to be their ally, by being part of the same political party, there were severely negative consequences to Peña Nieto's image as president, as well as of the PRI. [70] Also, while not a member of the PRI at the time, Meade's image also received damage, because much of the money was lost while he was in charge of the Secretariat of Social Development, the government ministry that supervises the resources received by each state. [71]

Despite the overwhelming evidence against César Duarte, in March 2018 the PGR found him innocent of any crime. The successor governor Javier Corral from the PAN, who previously fought against the Televisa law, gave a similar opinion to Santiago Nieto, saying the PGR was being used to protect the allies of Peña Nieto and the PRI, and attack their rivals. [72] López Obrador said that failure to take action against Duarte was one of the main reasons why Mexicans had lost their faith in the PRI, saying the few ex-governors that were declared criminals were only to a pretense of concern. [73]

April and May

After, Meade decided to change his strategy; and due to his poor reception, Ochoa Reza left his position as president of the PRI on 2 May. [74]

On 16 May, Margarita Zavala suspended her presidential campaign. [75]

Santiago Nieto decided to join AMLO's campaign, with both promising to continue the investigation into the alleged scandal involving Peña Nieto, the PRI and Odebretch. [76] Meanwhile, César Duarte disappeared before being incarcerated, and was subsequently declared a fugitive from justice by the PGR. [77]

More than 130 political figures were killed from when the campaign began in September 2017 until July 2018. [3]

Promises and proposals

López Obrador promised to end many of the benefits received by ex-presidents, particularly the lifelong pension they receive. [78] He added that he would redirect the money saved to be used to help senior citizens. [79] Zavala said she would also attempt to end the practice, though she had not decided how to use the money saved, while Meade and Anaya said they would keep the practice going. [80]

Anaya promised to implement a basic income for Mexican citizens, [81] Anaya said Nobel prize-winning economist Milton Friedman supported the idea. While well received, El Economista criticized how Anaya announced it, and called the idea populist. [82]

Meade proposed to create an office that would track the unique needs of each individual citizen, in what he would call Registro Único de Necesidades de Cada Persona (Unique Register of the Necessities of Each Person). Citizens on social media mocked the idea as absurd and impossible to develop, comparing it to writing letters to Santa Claus or just plainly asking for miracles. [83] [84] Meade has supported Peña Nieto's energy reforms, saying that "everyone wins with the gasolinazo", and announcing that if he won he intended to continue it. [85] López Obrador promised to end the gasolinazos by building two new fuel refineries, which would allow more petroleum to be processed into gasoline domestically, thus lowering the price by not outsourcing the refining to other countries. [86]

Anaya promised to investigate and do everything to make sure President Peña Nieto is sent to jail for his aforementioned multiple presidential scandals, with López Obrador agreeing and suggesting to up the ante by also investigating every living former president. [87]

On 26 January, López Obrador accused the International Monetary Fund of being an accomplice to corruption in Mexican politics and claimed that its policies are in part responsible for poverty, unemployment, and violence in the country. López Obrador promised that if he won the presidency, Mexico will follow "its own agenda". [88]

López Obrador called for a change in security strategy and offered the controversial proposal of giving amnesty for drug dealers as a way to combat the drug cartels. [89]

During a debate in April, Rodríguez Calderón said "We have to cut off the hands of those who rob (in public service). It's that simple." He later explained that it was intended to be applied to both criminals and government functionaries involved in acts of corruption citing the application of this measure in Saudi Arabia as an example to reduce corruption and violence. Rodríguez Calderón was trending ahead of the other candidates on Twitter during the debate. [90]

Rodríguez Calderón later proposed to bring back the death penalty (currently constitutionally abolished in Mexico and enforced for the last time in 1961) for drug traffickers, hijackers, infanticides and serial killers. [91]

Controversies

Ballot access requirements

The candidate put forward by the National Indigenous Congress and the Zapatista Army of National Liberation, María de Jesús Patricio Martínez (Marichuy), alleged that the process for collecting signatures to attain ballot access unfairly benefits the rich. Marichuy said, "the INE made a list of telephone makes and models so that you must have at a minimum an Android 5.0 operating system or higher and so many hours to begin with the download of the applications in the devices, we find that the list is not true; we find brands that are not included in the list and of those that are included they don’t all work. The download is tedious and can take hours." The INE declared each signature registration would take 4.3 minutes, but each actual signature registration has taken up to 16 hours, or more. 'With these "classist, racist and excluding measures," Marichuy said, you realize "that this electoral system is not made for those peoples below that govern ourselves and that the laws and institutions of the State are made for those above, for the capitalists and their corrupt political class, resulting in a big simulation." Ultimately she was not able to obtain ballot access. [92]

PRI payments to Cambridge Analytica

After the Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal, in April 2018, Forbes published information from the British news program Channel 4 News that had mentioned the existence of proof revealing ties between the PRI and Cambridge Analytica, suggesting a modus operandi similar to the one in the United States. The info said they worked together at least until January. [93] [94] [95] An investigation was requested. [96] The New York Times obtained the 57 page proposal of Cambridge Analytica's proposed collaboration strategy to benefit the PRI by hurting MORENA's candidate Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador; the political party rejected the offer but still paid Cambridge Analytica to not help the other candidates. [97]

Allegations of foreign intervention

In April 2017, the US Secretary of Homeland Security, John F. Kelly, stated that the election of a left-wing president in Mexico "would not be good for America or Mexico". The statement was widely believed to be a reference to López Obrador, the leftist, frontrunner candidate, and created controversy in Mexico, as it seemed to be an attempt to influence the election against him. [98] [99] [100]

In December 2017, US National Security Advisor H. R. McMaster claimed that Russia had launched a campaign to "influence Mexico’s 2018 presidential election and stir up division", without defining the methods of the supposed meddling, or indicating which would be the candidate favored by the Kremlin. The Russian government has denied the claims. [101] PRI president Enrique Ochoa Reza claimed that "Russian and Venezuelan interests" are supporting López Obrador's campaign. [102]

López Obrador responded that Ochoa's declarations are part of a smear campaign against him, [44] and later posted a video via social media, where he joked about the claims and called himself "Andres Manuelovich". [46] [47]

Guatemalan right-wing commentator Gloria Álvarez embarked on a tour through Mexico, calling López Obrador a "dangerous populist" and urging citizens not to vote for him. She was invited to a PAN legislators assembly on 31 January, where she criticized the alliance with the PRD, which she called "a party just like MORENA". [103] [104]

US Senators Bob Menendez and Marco Rubio asked US Secretary of State Rex Tillerson to "fight Russian meddling" in the Mexican elections. [105] On 2 February during a summit in Mexico, Tillerson stated that Mexico should "beware the Russian interference". [106] Dr. Tony Payan, director of the Mexico Center at Rice University noted that there was no evidence of actual Russian tampering in the Mexican electoral process, and considered the accusations "absurd" given that the Trump administration "will not admit Russia interfered in the US election". [107]

Possibility of election tampering

Bloomberg warned about the possibility of the PRI committing electoral fraud, with Tony Payan, director of the Mexico Center at Rice University’s Baker Institute in Houston, United States, suggesting that both vote buyout and computer hackings were possible and citing irregularities in the 1988 electoral process. Bloomberg's article also suggested Meade could be receiving unfair help from the over-budget amounts of money spent on publicity by incumbent president Enrique Peña Nieto. [108]

Additionally, Meade spent more money on pre-campaign efforts than López Obrador and Anaya together, while failing to report where his funds came from; in contrast, López Obrador has attended the most events while spending the least money and successfully reported better than his rivals where he obtained the resources to pay for those events. [109]

Prior PRI election tampering controversies in 2017

During 2017, the PRI had faced allegations of electoral fraud concerning the election of Peña Nieto's cousin Alfredo del Mazo Maza as Governor of the state of Mexico. Despite the official vote results given by the INE (Electoral National Institute) giving the win to del Mazo, the election was marred by irregularities including reports of vote-buying, [110] spending beyond legal campaign finance limits, [111] and electoral counts that gave del Mazo extra votes that awarded the election to him. [112] In November 2017, left-wing magazine Proceso published an article accusing the PRI of breaking at least 16 state laws during the elections, which were denounced 619 times. They said that all of them were broken in order to favor del Mazo during the election. [113]

Results

President

López Obrador won the election on 1 July 2018 with over 50% of the popular vote. In terms of states won, López Obrador won in a landslide, carrying 31 out of 32 of the country's states, [5] the most states won by a candidate since Ernesto Zedillo won every state in the 1994 election.

Around 30 minutes after polls closed in the country's north-west, José Antonio Meade, speaking at a news conference from PRI headquarters, conceded defeat and wished López Obrador "every success". [114] [115]

Ricardo Anaya also conceded defeat within an hour of the polls closing, [116] [117] and independent candidate Jaime Rodríguez Calderón recognized López Obrador's victory shortly afterward. [118]

The results of the INE's official quick count were announced around midnight Mexico City time. It reported a turnout of around 63%, with the following approximate results for the candidates: López Obrador, 53%; Anaya, 22%; Meade, 16%; and Rodríguez Calderón, 5%. This is the first time since the (controversial) 1988 election that a presidential candidate was elected with an absolute majority (50%+1) of the votes cast. [119]

CandidatePartyAllianceVotes%
Andrés Manuel López Obrador National Regeneration Movement Juntos Haremos Historia 30,113,48353.19
Ricardo Anaya National Action Party Por México al Frente 12,610,12022.28
José Antonio Meade Institutional Revolutionary Party Todos por México 9,289,85316.41
Jaime Rodríguez Calderón Independent None2,961,7325.23
Margarita Zavala [lower-alpha 2] Independent None32,7430.06
Write-in votes31,9820.06
Invalid/blank votes1,571,1142.78
Total56,611,027100
Registered voters/turnout89,994,03963.43
Source: INE
Popular Vote
López Obrador
 
53.19%
Anaya
 
22.28%
Meade
 
16.41%
Rodríguez Calderón
 
5.23%
Zavala
 
0.06%
Other
 
0.06%
Invalid/blank
 
2.78%

By state

State Anaya
PAN (Mexico).svg PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg MC Party (Mexico).svg 		Meade
PRI Party (Mexico).svg PVE logo (Mexico).svg PNA Party (Mexico).svg 		López Obrador
Morena logo (Mexico).svg PT Party (Mexico).svg PES logo (Mexico).svg 		Zavala [lower-alpha 2]
Margarita Zavala independiente.png
Rodríguez
BRONCO.svg
Write-ins Invalid/blank votes
Aguascalientes 178,988103,639222,52854740,29939114,714
Baja California 275,503124,225918,93947989,8231,25228,201
Baja California Sur 56,79428,202193,84240416,7662356,645
Campeche 54,41796,584275,26220911,19414611,735
Coahuila 307,590358,279609,36273071,05143724,367
Colima 56,42862,004197,31634615,7532009,062
Chiapas 198,117562,8631,485,6991,69739,607580137,087
Chihuahua 425,919240,725643,6521,604132,2421,71748,846
Mexico City 1,292,623652,0733,118,4783,054223,2614,793111,586
Durango 187,947141,291340,82963646,00921516,788
Guanajuato 940,133381,692707,2221,655223,2141,85969,232
Guerrero 217,838285,7991,018,16327724,53136266,168
Hidalgo 188,028257,548850,86347359,63045437,916
Jalisco 1,179,300509,1571,461,3483,152246,9242,95496,988
México 1,549,8241,548,6624,373,2673,092383,6844,653176,978
Michoacán 443,805335,854991,1541,176122,4691,09785,400
Morelos 142,55399,506638,68968060,08351026,169
Nayarit 79,81866,447315,81628010,38218311,750
Nuevo León 703,866315,379748,1042,000360,0501,93147,432
Oaxaca 221,686342,1081,260,56293139,02054864,602
Puebla 618,397490,7371,754,5961,562113,4611,509102,525
Querétaro 347,664150,927424,1621,34772,90585527,501
Quintana Roo 116,03176,758488,43436129,44142416,207
San Luis Potosí 334,763260,211527,54671782,95667751,722
Sinaloa 163,956234,416834,00147529,17347031,809
Sonora 167,273181,059651,80685863,80050526,366
Tabasco 91,342107,538961,7103789,74927929,849
Tamaulipas 475,201228,386786,2101,143110,24653133,933
Tlaxcala 66,72974,744433,12721325,94127612,392
Veracruz 1,050,599471,3132,059,2091,224132,7371,30798,061
Yucatán 320,144324,055455,21638439,11133325,509
Zacatecas 156,844177,672366,37165936,22029923,574
Mexicans living abroad26,3444,61363,86301,8682691,513
Total12,610,1209,289,85330,113,48332,7432,961,73231,9821,571,114

Senate

PartyConstituencyProportionalTotal
seats		+/–
Votes%SeatsVotes%Seats
National Regeneration Movement 661,0681.18221,261,57737.501355New
National Action Party 600,4231.0719,971,80417.59623–15
Institutional Revolutionary Party 3,855,9846.8609,013,65815.90613–44
Party of the Democratic Revolution 96,3930.1702,984,8615.2728–15
Citizens' Movement 570,7741.0122,654,4524.6827+6
Ecologist Green Party 1,198,0112.1302,528,1754.4627+3
Labor Party 51,2600.0902,164,4423.8216+2
Social Encounter Party 28,8780.0501,320,5592.3308New
New Alliance Party 593,5071.0601,307,0152.31010
MORENA–PT–PES [a] 23,754,42242.2453–––––
PAN–PRD–MC [b] 14,222,04625.2925–––––
PRI–PVEM–PNA [c] 7,145,86912.7113–––––
Independents1,109,1491.97–1,109,1491.97–00
Write-ins30,5680.05–31,8200.06–––
Invalid/blank votes2,319,4894.12–2,344,3574.14–––
Total56,237,8411009656,691,869100321280
Registered voters/turnout89,994,03962.49–89,994,03963.52–––
Source: INE

a Of the 53 seats won by the MORENA-PT–PES alliance, 40 were taken by MORENA, 8 by the PES, and 5 by the PT

b Of the 25 seats won by the PAN–PRD–MC alliance, 16 were taken by the PAN, 6 by the PRD, and 3 by the MC

c Of the 13 seats won by the PRI–PVEM–PNA alliance, 7 were taken by the PRI, 5 by the PVEM, and 1 by the PNA

Popular Vote
MORENA
 
37.50%
PAN
 
17.97%
PRI
 
15.90%
PRD
 
5.27%
MC
 
4.68%
PVEM
 
4.46%
PT
 
3.82%
PES
 
2.33%
PNA
 
2.31%
Independents
 
1.96%
Write-ins
 
0.06%
Invalid/blank
 
4.14%
Seats
MORENA
 
42.97%
PAN
 
18.75%
PRI
 
10.16%
PRD
 
6.25%
PES
 
6.25%
MC
 
5.47%
PT
 
5.47%
PVEM
 
4.69%
PNA
 
0.78%
Independents
 
0.00%
Mexican Senate Party Composition Mexican Senate 2018.svg
Mexican Senate Party Composition
Mexican Senate by electoral alliances. Juntos Haremos Historia 69 seats, Por Mexico al Frente 38 seats, Todos por Mexico 21 seats Mexcian Senate by Electoral Alliance 2018.svg
Mexican Senate by electoral alliances. Juntos Haremos Historia 69 seats, Por México al Frente 38 seats, Todos por México 21 seats

By state

State PAN (Mexico).svg PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg MC Party (Mexico).svg Morena logo (Mexico).svg PT Party (Mexico).svg PES logo (Mexico).svg PRI Party (Mexico).svg PVE logo (Mexico).svg PNA Party (Mexico).svg PAN (Mexico).svg PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg MC Party (Mexico).svg PRI Party (Mexico).svg PVE logo (Mexico).svg PNA Party (Mexico).svg Morena logo (Mexico).svg PT Party (Mexico).svg PES logo (Mexico).svg
Independiente (Mexico).png
Independents		 Write-ins Invalid/blank votes
Aguascalientes 198,362159,219144,21618,39514,20539620,504
Baja California 337,706824,241148,22144,49529,5011,31742,556
Baja California Sur 83,818144,96924,07610,9697,94014,74020310,170
Campeche 88,654204,663134,64813415,672
Chiapas 237,7321,158,463707,64898,4591,394194,827
Chihuahua 449,436540,334326,67556,60243,7881,26773,224
Coahuila 391,871493,462442,44842934,067
Colima 77,594147,04297,98219212,247
Mexico City 1,556,9672,766,612521,619245,03092,0334,520204,974
Durango 222,385283,487156,44826,51614,55929025,609
Guanajuato 1,015,901592,822322,681190,37271,5431,709111,975
Guerrero 357,786764,328367,61820,80170985,359
Hidalgo 200,958375,202661,06851,26028,87851968,665
Jalisco 1,150,974839,036423,452119,96163,468761,8121,665121,962
México 1,981,6713,842,2121,944,6974,186246,048
Michoacán 572,436743,271339,778136,90746,4941,274127,166
Morelos 489,871193,59589,19579,68144,41580258,202
Nayarit 105,395267,75768,23111,05010,25218817,340
Nuevo León 471,746511,22816,712526,359331,31583,59658,823105,4221,10466,965
Oaxaca 302,6311,088,347438,07754887,440
Puebla 776,7581,440,489467,783133,59682,0771,356157,416
Querétaro 389,334354,517147,06241,06721,24976748,819
Quintana Roo 147,478427,700112,85974227,269
San Luis Potosí 428,815379,627354,92798182,140
Sinaloa 243,630604,603306,99593,89445537,118
Sonora 236,439510,041301,19238336,423
Tabasco 149,677809,074140,18441,56912,09538041,790
Tamaulipas 605,418610,306294,24337,88625,48058548,518
Tlaxcala 107,944357,345106,25714,02146124,715
Veracruz 1,261,2881,820,499576,8571,084126,420
Yucatán 383,054305,564428,05627732,527
Zacatecas 157,934313,175254,81125131,632
Total14,222,04623,754,4227,145,869600,42396,393570,7743,855,9841,198,011593,507661,06851,26028,8781,109,14930,5682,319,489

Chamber of Deputies

PartyDistrictProportionalTotal
seats		+/–
Votes%SeatsVotes%Seats
National Regeneration Movement 709,8401.27820,972,57337.2584189+154
National Action Party 697,5951.25510,096,58817.934183–25
Institutional Revolutionary Party 4,351,8247.7819,310,52316.543845–158
Party of the Democratic Revolution 124,8080.2202,967,9695.271221–35
Ecologist Green Party 1,429,8022.5502,695,4054.791116–31
Citizens' Movement 268,8760.4802,485,1984.411027+1
Labor Party 67,4290.1202,211,7533.93461+55
New Alliance Party 705,4321.2601,391,3762.4702–8
Social Encounter Party 54,9060.1001,353,9412.40056+48
MORENA–PT–PES [a] 23,513,13242.01210–––––
PAN–PRD–MC [b] 14,381,87225.7063–––––
PRI–PVEM–PNA [c] 6,862,37212.2613–––––
Independents539,3470.960539,3470.9600–1
Write-ins32,6250.06–32,9590.06–––
Invalid/blank votes2,227,5733.98–2,242,6153.98–––
Total55,967,43310030056,300,2471002005000
Registered voters/turnout89,994,03962.20–89,994,03963.21–––
Source: INE

a Of the 210 seats won by the MORENA-PT–PES alliance, 97 were taken by MORENA, 57 by the PT, and 56 by the PES

b Of the 63 seats won by the PAN–PRD–MC alliance, 37 were taken by the PAN, 17 by the MC, and 9 by the PRD

c Of the 13 seats won by the PRI–PVEM–PNA alliance, 6 were taken by the PRI, 5 by the PVEM, and 2 by the PNA

Popular Vote
MORENA
 
37.25%
PAN
 
17.93%
PRI
 
16.54%
PRD
 
5.27%
PVEM
 
4.79%
MC
 
4.41%
PT
 
3.93%
PNA
 
2.47%
PES
 
2.40%
Independents
 
0.96%
Write-ins
 
0.06%
Invalid/blank
 
3.98%
Seats
MORENA
 
37.8%
PAN
 
16.6%
PT
 
12.2%
PES
 
11.2%
PRI
 
9.0%
MC
 
5.4%
PRD
 
4.2%
PVEM
 
3.2%
PNA
 
0.4%
Independents
 
0.0%
Chamber of Deputies party composition Mexican Chamber of Deputies 2018 elections.svg
Chamber of Deputies party composition
Electoral alliances in the Chamber of Deputies. Juntos Haremos Historia 306 seats, Por Mexico al Frente 131 seats, Todos por Mexico 63 seats Mexican GE 2018 Alliances.svg
Electoral alliances in the Chamber of Deputies. Juntos Haremos Historia 306 seats, Por México al Frente 131 seats, Todos por México 63 seats

Governorships

Mexico City

Election for Head of Government of Mexico City
CandidatePartyAllianceVotes%
Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo National Regeneration Movement Juntos Haremos Historia 2,537,45447.05
Alejandra Barrales Party of the Democratic Revolution Por México al Frente 1,673,01531.02
Mikel Arriola Peñalosa  [ es ] Institutional Revolutionary Party None691,77215.30
Mariana Boy Tamborrell Ecologist Green Party of Mexico None206,9423.83
Lorena Osornio Independent None64,5911.19
Marco Rascón Humanist Party None51,6760.95
Purificación Carpinteyro New Alliance Party None36,1050.66
Write-ins5,7270.11
Nulls/blanks125,6052.33
Total5,392,887100
Registered voters/turnout7,628,25670.70
Source:IECM

Chiapas

Election for Governor of Chiapas
CandidatePartyAllianceVotes%
Rutilio Escandón Cadenas National Regeneration Movement Juntos Haremos Historia 922,31039.26
Fernando Castellanos Ecologist Green Party of Mexico La Fuerza de Chiapas529,50822.54
Roberto Albores Gleason Institutional Revolutionary Party Todos por Chiapas474,12220.18
José Antonio Aguilar Bodegas National Action Party Por Chiapas al Frente220,6759.39
Jesús Alejo Orantes Ruiz Independent None62,6112.66
Write-ins3,3090.14
Nulls/blanks136,9925.83
Total2,349,527100
Registered voters/turnout3,549,29166.20
Source:IEPC-Chiapas

Guanajuato

Election for Governor of Guanajuato
CandidatePartyAllianceVotes%
Diego Sinhué Rodríguez Vallejo National Action Party Por Guanajuato al Frente1,043,04949.94
Ricardo Sheffield Padilla National Regeneration Movement Juntos Haremos Historia 553,63924.19
Gerardo Sánchez García Institutional Revolutionary Party None293,82412.84
Felipe Camarena Ecologist Green Party of Mexico None157,7676.89
María Bertha Solórzano New Alliance Party None66,1222.89
Write-ins1,6730.08
Nulls/blanks72,1833.30
Total2,188,257100
Registered voters/turnout4,359,53150.19
Source:IEEG

Jalisco

Election for Governor of Jalisco
CandidatePartyAllianceVotes%
Enrique Alfaro Ramírez Citizens' Movement None1,354,01439.05
Carlos Lomelí Bolaños National Regeneration Movement Juntos Haremos Historia 857,01124.71
Miguel Castro Reynoso  [ es ] Institutional Revolutionary Party None575,74416.60
Miguel Ángel Martínez Espinosa National Action Party None369,47010.65
Salvador Cosío Gaona Ecologist Green Party of Mexico None96,7622.79
Martha Rosa Araiza Soltero New Alliance Party None68,5971.98
Carlos Orozco Santillán Party of the Democratic Revolution None35,1071.01
Write-ins2,6910.08
Nulls/blanks108,3683.13
Total3,467,764100
Registered voters/turnout5,904,21158.73
Source: IEPC-Jalisco

Morelos

Election for Governor of Morelos
CandidatePartyAllianceVotes%
Cuauhtémoc Blanco Social Encounter Party Juntos Haremos Historia 501,74352.59
Víctor Caballero National Action Party Por Morelos al Frente134,05414.05
Rodrigo Gayosso Party of the Democratic Revolution Juntos por Morelos111,19811.66
Jorge Meade Institutional Revolutionary Party None57,9436.07
Fidel Demédicis Hidalgo Independent None45,2804.75
Nadia Luz Lara Ecologist Green Party of Mexico None35,0473.67
Alejandro Vera Jiménez New Alliance Party None21,9772.30
Mario Rojas Alba Humanist Party None13,8711.45
Write-ins8710.09
Nulls/blanks32,0363.36
Total954,020100%
Registered voters/turnout1,442,85766.12
Source:IMPEPAC

Puebla

Election for Governor of Puebla
CandidatePartyAllianceVotes%
Martha Erika Alonso Hidalgo National Action Party Por Puebla al Frente1,153,04338.14
Miguel Barbosa Huerta National Regeneration Movement Juntos Haremos Historia 1,031,04334.10
Enrique Doger Institutional Revolutionary Party None555,04118.36
Michel Chaín Ecologist Green Party of Mexico None153,4565.08
Write-ins1,9470.06
Nulls/blanks129,0234.27
Total3,023,553100
Registered voters/turnout4,500,58067.18
Source:IEE-Puebla

Tabasco

Election for Governor of Tabasco
CandidatePartyAllianceVotes%
Adán Augusto López Hernández National Regeneration Movement Juntos Haremos Historia 601,98761.45
Gerardo Gaudiano Rovirosa Party of the Democratic Revolution Por Tabasco al Frente189,56419.35
Georgina Trujillo Zentella Institutional Revolutionary Party None115,16411.75
Nulls/blanks42,1344.30
Jesús Alí de la Torre Independent None19,4341.98
Manuel Paz Ojeda New Alliance Party None10,3711.05
Write-ins8430.08
Total979,497100
Registered voters/turnout1,687,61870.06%
Source:IEPC-Tabasco

Veracruz

Election for Governor of Veracruz
CandidatePartyAllianceVotes%
Cuitláhuac García Jiménez National Regeneration Movement Juntos Haremos Historia 1,667,23944.03
Miguel Ángel Yunes Márquez National Action Party Por Veracruz al Frente1,453,93838.39
José Yunes Zorrilla Institutional Revolutionary Party Por un Veracruz Mejor528,66313.96
Miriam González Sheridan New Alliance Party None36,4040.96
Write-ins7840.02
Nulls/blanks99,8932.64
Total3,786,921100
Registered voters/turnout5,775,91865.56
Source: OPLE-Veracruz

Yucatán

Election for Governor of Yucatán
CandidatePartyAllianceVotes%
Mauricio Vila Dosal National Action Party Por Yucatán al Frente447,75339.60
Mauricio Sahuí Rivero Institutional Revolutionary Party Todos por Yucatán407,80236.09
Joaquín Díaz Mena National Regeneration Movement Juntos Haremos Historia 231,33020.46
Jorge Zavala Castro Party of the Democratic Revolution None21,9681.94
Write-ins2510.02
Nulls/blanks21,3031.88
Total1,130,407100%
Registered voters/turnout1,544,06273.21
Source: IEPAC

Notes

    1. ↑ Universal male suffrage was adopted in 1917, while women acquired the right to vote in Federal elections in 1953.
    2. 1 2 Dropped out of the race, but votes towards her were counted

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    References

    1. ↑ Electoral Calendar Senate of the Republic (in Spanish)
    2. ↑ Redacción (23 April 2018). "Más allá del debate: corrupción y violencia sin control marcan agenda en la elección mexicana". Sin Embargo. Retrieved 1 July 2018. Seis candidatos a la carrera para ocupar Los Pinos a partir del próximo primero de diciembre por un período de cinco años y 10 meses. (A partir de la Reforma Electora de 2014, el Presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos tomará posesión el 1 de octubre de cada año empezando en 2024 por un período de seis años.)
    3. 1 2 3 Benjamin Sveen (2 July 2018). "Mexico's new president Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador is the result of political upheaval". ABC News (Australia).
    4. ↑ "Mexico election: López Obrador vows profound change after win". BBC News. 2 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
    5. 1 2 Murray, Christine; Oré, Diego. "Mexican Lopez Obrador wins historic election landslide for left". Reuters. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
    6. ↑ Election Guide - Mexico IFES
    7. ↑ Electoral system IPU
    8. 1 2 David Agren (31 January 2014). "Mexico ends decades-long ban on re-election". USA Today. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
    9. ↑ Electoral system Mexican Legislative Election Process IPU
    10. ↑ "PAN, PRD y MC avalan Frente pero sin definir sus alcances" . Retrieved 5 September 2017.
    11. ↑ "Se confirma el Frente Opositor: PAN, MC y PRD irán en alianza para 2018". DiarioCambio.com.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 September 2017.
    12. ↑ "El PAN, el PRD y Movimiento Ciudadano constituirán un frente común para 2018". Expansión (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 September 2017.
    13. 1 2 "Registran Frente Amplio ante el INE". El Universal (in Spanish). 5 September 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
    14. 1 2 "Formalizan PAN, PRD y MC Frente ante INE". www.reforma.com. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
    15. ↑ "Anaya renunció al PAN, va por candidatura del Frente" (in Spanish). Político MX. 9 September 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
    16. ↑ "'Todos por México' será el nombre de coalición de Meade". Excelsior (in Spanish). 15 January 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
    17. ↑ "Zavala renuncia al PAN, buscará candidatura independiente" (in Spanish). Político MX. 6 October 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
    18. 1 2 Stargardter, Gabriel (10 August 2017). "Mexico ruling party's reform strengthens president ahead of 2018 vote" . Retrieved 7 June 2018.
    19. ↑ Webber, Jude (2 May 2018). "Mexico's embattled PRI replaces leader ahead of July election". Financial Times .
    20. ↑ Villegas, Paulina (27 November 2017). "Mexico's Finance Minister Says He'll Run for President". New York Times.
    21. ↑ Stevenson, Mark (27 November 2017). "Mexico Treasury Secretary announces presidential bid". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
    22. ↑ Agren, David (27 November 2017). "Mexico is a democracy, but the ghosts of one-party rule live on".
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