New Zealand DL class locomotive

Last updated

New Zealand DL class
DL 9020 on MP4.jpg
DL9020 on a freight train near Papakura, Auckland.
Type and origin
Power typeDiesel-electric
Builder CRRC Dalian
Order number73
ModelCKD-9B
Build datefirst 20: 2009–2011
second 20: 2011–2013
third 8: 2014
fourth 15: 2018
fifth 10: 2023
Specifications
Configuration:
​
 •  UIC Co-Co
Gauge 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm)
Length18.5 metres (60 ft 8 in) over drawgear
18.12 metres (59 ft 5 in) over body
Axle load 18 tonnes (18 long tons; 20 short tons)
Loco weight108 tonnes (106 long tons; 119 short tons)
Prime mover MTU 20V 4000R43‡
Alternator Yongji Electric Machine Factory JF205 Series
Traction motors Yongji Electric Machine Factory ZD126C
Loco brake Wabtec 26L Pneumatic Air Brake
Performance figures
Power output2,700 kilowatts (3,600 hp)‡
Career
Class DL
Number in class73
DeliveredNovember 2010 (1st batch - 6 units) [1]
June 2011 (1st batch - 14 units) [2]
June 2013 (2nd batch - 10 units)
August 2013 (2nd batch - 10 units)
April 2015 (3rd batch - 8 units)
October 2018 (4th batch - 15 units)
April 2023 (5th batch - 10 units)
First runNovember 2010
Current owner KiwiRail
DispositionIn service: 58
Withdrawn: 15
Sources: ‡, [3] †, [4] others [5]
DL9135 hauling train 222 at Ohakune, 20 October 2023 1E3A2109.jpg
DL9135 hauling train 222 at Ohakune, 20 October 2023

The New Zealand DL class of diesel-electric locomotives was manufactured for KiwiRail by CRRC Dalian with engines from MTU. They are the most powerful diesel-electric locomotives in service in New Zealand. [5]

Contents

In 2009, an order for 20 locomotives was placed (delivered 2010-2011), and a further 20 were ordered in 2011 (for 2012 delivery but postponed to 2013 due to reliability issues). [6] [7] A third batch of eight was ordered in September 2013 (delivered 2015). [8] A fourth order for an additional 15 was placed by KiwiRail in 2016, to replace the EF class electric locomotives on the North Island Main Trunk, but the decision to scrap the electrification was later reversed. A fifth batch of 10 locomotives was ordered in 2020. [9]

The DLs were the first newly built diesel-electric mainline locomotives on New Zealand's rail network since the DF class was introduced in 1979. The order marked one of the first steps of considerable investment in KiwiRail, [10] and the first order for a Chinese-built locomotive from a western country. [11]

Background

The acquisition of new locomotives was first proposed by Tranz Rail in 2002, who proposed to buy the General Motors EMD FT42CU and known as the DK class. [12] This locomotive, in essence, would have been a single-cabbed version of the EMD Class 66 locomotive, with the second cab replaced by dynamic brake equipment. Tranz Rail's finances meant it never managed to place an order before Toll NZ purchased Tranz Rail in 2003. [13] The DK class proposal was shelved, with Toll instead working on a different locomotive concept known as the DL class. Toll's DL class was based on building a brand new double-cab clone of the DX class locomotives, using common components from the DX class such as the same bogies, traction motors, and General Electric 7FDL-12 engine. Still, all built new on a newly manufactured frame, and to be built in Toll Rail's own workshops. The DX class was seen as the best and most reliable locomotive in the fleet, and Hutt Workshops already had expertise in the heavy overhaul and rebuild of the DX class locomotives. This DL proposal was also known in its final form as the "Arakaha" locomotive proposal, with the intention for the locomotives to be built at Hillside Workshops. [14]

When Toll assumed responsibility for the rail operation, the New Zealand Railways Corporation again took over the maintenance of the railway network under the trading name ONTRACK. After several years of negotiations, the two parties could not come to an agreement on the amount that Toll should pay for access to the rail network (track access fees), and Toll did not purchase any new locomotives while this issue remained unsolved. In July 2008, the fifth Labour Government purchased Toll Rail from Toll, renamed it KiwiRail, and merged it with ONTRACK, creating one company that controls both operations and rail infrastructure. Soon after the new company was officially launched, the State-Owned Enterprises Minister Trevor Mallard announced that the government was investigating the possibility of assembling new locomotives at Hutt Workshops, then operated by United Group Rail, from imported parts and based on the Arakaha concept. [15]

The need for new locomotives by now was pressing, and the Arakaha proposal was dropped as not being able to produce the required locomotives quickly enough. The newly formed KiwiRail board turned its attention to buying new locomotives from established manufacturers, picking up the DK class concept but with components in common with the DX class where practicable and retaining a double-cab. Dalian Locomotive and Rolling Stock (CNR Group) emerged as the preferred supplier, with the new locomotive based on the manufacturer's CKD9 model. Following the election of the fifth National government in November 2008, the investment programme initiated by the previous government was suspended pending a review. In March 2009, the government announced that it had authorised KiwiRail to invest $115m in new rolling stock: $75m for 20 locomotives, and $40m for new carriages for Tranz Scenic. [10] While still known as the DK class during the planning stages and upon the order being placed, [16] the DL class name was later chosen to reflect the town where they were built - Dalian in northeast China. [17]

Criticism

The idea of building the locomotives in New Zealand as advocated by the Labour government was promoted as a way of creating jobs at a time when the economy was entering a recession and unemployment was rising. Critics of the idea pointed out that New Zealand did not possess the necessary skilled labour in sufficient quantity for such a construction program to proceed in a timely manner, and had not done so for several decades since New Zealand Government Railways ceased building its own locomotives - all mainline locomotives since the introduction of diesel traction in the 1950s have been imported. The alternative of importing locomotives from China was billed as the quickest way to obtain the necessary new motive power, [18] a backlog of orders on United States and Australian manufacturers meant that it would take "many years" before the locomotives entered service. [18] A review also found that locally built locomotives would be some 70% more expensive than purchasing from CNR. [19]

Critics questioned the reliability of the locomotives, [5] citing Dalian-built locomotives in Malaysia encountering a number of initial technical problems (see KTM Class 29), [20] although it was claimed that these problems were a product of a lack of maintenance. [18]

On delivery, the Rail & Maritime Transport Union raised concerns over cab visibility and the locomotive's weight; KiwiRail subsequently confirmed that the locomotive weighed 105t, and that the cab meets United States standards and is the same as used in a number of other countries. They also pointed out that the design reflected the need for the cab to be as strong as possible. [21] [22] The union was involved with the design of the cab, and Union representatives were sent to China to check up on the building process and sign off on the locomotive before they were shipped to New Zealand. [23]

Design

The DL class are visually similar to the electric EF class locomotives used on the North Island Main Trunk line, being of similar dimensions and both twin-cab designs. The twin-cab design also provides operational flexibility as locomotives no longer need to be turned or operated in multiple when working terminating lines. They are the second class of twin-cab diesel locomotives to operate on the New Zealand network, the first being the 1950s-era DF class.

The locomotives use a 2.7MW German-built MTU Friedrichshafen 20V 4000R43 engine, expected to have 5–10% increased fuel efficiency over other locomotives, [4] Wabtec braking equipment, and ZD126C traction motors. The cab layout incorporates design elements from British Rail Class 60 with a near-central pedestal controller. [24] They also have the same Co-Co wheel arrangement as the DF and DX classes, as opposed to the Bo-Bo-Bo layout of the EFs.

Service

Introduction and tests

The first six arrived at Mount Maunganui on 20 November 2010, [1] and were moved to Te Rapa, Hamilton three days later for commissioning and driver training. [25] A ceremony to mark commissioning was held at Te Rapa on 10 December, attended by many KiwiRail staff, including CEO Jim Quinn. Guests included Prime Minister John Key and Minister of Transport Steven Joyce. CNR officials were also present, with the chairman of CNR Cui Diangao explaining to the media that this was the first time Chinese locomotives had been exported to a developed country. [26]

The first six were used for driver training and rail system compliance testing, [4] and the NZ Transport Agency gave the locomotives certification for New Zealand in May 2011. [2]

The remaining 14 of the first batch had been manufactured by April 2011, [27] and were shipped by the Tasman Trader, arriving in Auckland in June 2011. [2] They were then towed to Te Rapa by two of the earlier arrivals.

Second batch

A further 20 units were ordered in June 2011. [4] and first rolled off the production line on 13 March 2013, [28] incorporating changes based on experience with the first batch. CNR Dalian says they are achieving significantly higher levels of reliability than specified in the contract. [28] Ten locomotives of the second batch arrived on 19 June 2013, and a further 10 on 8 August 2013.

Third batch

A third batch of eight locomotives was ordered in September 2013. [8] [29] This batch arrived on 15 March 2015.

Fourth batch

In July 2016, it was announced that KiwiRail had put an order for 15 more DL locomotives. [30] [31] They arrived in early to mid-October 2018, and were towed to Hamilton on 12 October.

Fifth batch

In June 2020, KiwiRail announced that it would purchase a further 10 DL class locomotives. Todd Moyle, KiwiRail's Chief Operating Officer, implied that having a standardised fleet would lead to cost savings for KiwiRail. [9]

Operations

DL9302 hauling a freight train between Pokeno and Tuakau, 4 June 2014. DL9302 Pulling goods train in between Pokeno and Tuakau (14342228715).jpg
DL9302 hauling a freight train between Pokeno and Tuakau, 4 June 2014.

The locomotives were initially deployed into service on the upper North Island Main Trunk, the East Coast Main Trunk and the Mission Bush, Kinleith, Murupara and Mount Maunganui branches, operating both KiwiRail general freight services and service operated by KiwiRail on behalf of the Port of Tauranga's MetroPort operation. In some cases, these replaced services previously operated by two locomotives in multiple, also eliminating the need to turn the locomotives, though it has been noted that they are regularly turned anyway. [32]

In 2012 KiwiRail undertook testing of a DL locomotive along the lower North Island main and branch lines. Following the introduction of the second batch DL locomotives were introduced to operations along the Marton - New Plymouth Line - including the milk trains to Fonterra's Whareroa complex near Hāwera - and the Palmerston North - Gisborne Line, the latter as far as the current operating terminus in Napier.

The introduction of the DL class has allowed KiwiRail to transfer all of the DX class locomotives to the South Island.

Commissioning issues

The DL class initially had poor reliability with availability only 50% of that of the rest of the fleet. In one instance a weld on an alternator fan failed resulting in the blade breaking off. As a result, KiwiRail employees were told not to enter the alternator compartment and to keep doors to the area closed when the engine is running. [33] The locomotives also experienced technical problems with a wide variety of internal components. [7] KiwiRail stated that the teething problems were normal on new locomotives and that reliability was improving. [33] The Rail & Maritime Transport Union claimed that the problems were beyond those usually experienced with new locomotives. [7]

As a consequence of the problems experienced, production of the second batch of units was put on hold in mid-2012 pending resolution of the design issues. [7] On 31 July 2012 KiwiRail announced that the fleet achieved its highest mean distance between failures (MDBF) rating, outperforming the DX class locomotives by 3000 km. [34]

Asbestos

In February 2014, all 40 DLs were taken out of service for tests after samples from one locomotive tested positive for asbestos in a resin used for sound-proofing. [35] [36] In March 2014 KiwiRail reported that tests had shown small (5%) amounts of white asbestos in a soundproofing compound in five locomotives, with no asbestos in the remaining 34, and with no airborne asbestos or asbestos dust found. It was reported that the risk from asbestos was minimal and that levels of asbestos were insignificant. [37] An asbestos removal plan was instigated and the first locomotive was returned to service in April 2014. [38] The second generation locomotives were to be returned to service during April 2014, and were expected to have all asbestos removed over the following 12 months; the first generation units were to remain out of service until all asbestos containing materials were removed. [38]

North Auckland Line

In 2022, KiwiRail undertook tests of the DL class on the North Auckland Line. In October 2022 two DL class locomotives traveled from Westfield in Auckland to the Makarau Tunnel for clearance testing. The locomotives were able to clear the tunnel. In November, DL9642 travelled from Auckland to Whangarei with bridge inspectors, testing bridge piles on the route. The Linesider magazine stated in its December 2022 edition that DL operation on the North Auckland Line is "likely to begin later this year." [39]

Withdrawals

Withdrawals of the locomotives commenced in August 2023, with three first-generation DL class locomotives taken out of service and stored at Hutt Workshops. [40] Since then, a total of fifteen first-generation DLs are currently stored at Hutt Workshops. [41]

See also

Related Research Articles

Tranz Rail, formally Tranz Rail Holdings Limited, was the main rail operator in New Zealand from 1991 until it was purchased by Toll Holdings in 2003.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rail transport in New Zealand</span>

Rail transport in New Zealand is an integral part of New Zealand's transport network, with a nationwide network of 4,375.5 km (2,718.8 mi) of track linking most major cities in the North and South Islands, connected by inter-island rail and road ferries. Rail transport in New Zealand has a particular focus on bulk freight exports and imports, with 19 million net tonnes moved by rail annually, accounting for more than half of rail revenue.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Zealand EF class locomotive</span> Class of 22 electric locomotives

The New Zealand EF class locomotive is a class of 25 kV 50 Hz AC electric locomotives that operate on the North Island Main Trunk (NIMT) between Palmerston North and Te Rapa in New Zealand. Built by Brush Traction in Loughborough, England between 1986 and 1988 to run on the new electrified central section of the NIMT, at 3,000 kilowatts (4,000 hp), they are the most powerful locomotives to operate in New Zealand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Zealand DQ and QR class locomotives</span> Class of diesel locomotives

The DQ and QR class were a class of diesel locomotives in New Zealand and Tasmania, Australia. Originally built by Clyde Engineering in the 1960s as Queensland Rail 1460 and 1502 class locomotives, they were purchased by Tranz Rail in 1995 to be rebuilt, as a cheaper alternative to buying new locomotives.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bumble-Bee (livery)</span> Livery used on New Zealand railway locomotives

Bumble-Bee was an informal term, promoted by the editors of NZ Railfan magazine, describing a New Zealand railway locomotive livery found in common usage amongst the railfan community.

This is a list of jargon commonly used by railfans and railway employees in New Zealand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Midland Line, New Zealand</span>

The Midland line is a 212 km section of railway between Rolleston and Greymouth in the South Island of New Zealand. The line features five major bridges, five viaducts and 17 tunnels, the longest of which is the Otira tunnel. It is the route of the popular TranzAlpine passenger train.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Zealand DC class locomotive</span>

The New Zealand DC class locomotive is a type of diesel-electric mainline locomotive on the New Zealand rail network, operated by KiwiRail on freight trains, and formerly on long-distance passenger trains. The class was rebuilt from the DA class in the late 1970s and early 1980s, mainly in Australia. After the DA class, they were the most numerous class of diesel locomotive on New Zealand's railway network and remained numerically dominant until the mid-2010s when withdrawals began.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Zealand DX class locomotive</span> Class of 49 New Zealand diesel locomotives

The New Zealand DX class locomotive is a type of diesel-electric locomotive that currently operates on New Zealand's national railway network. There are 49 of the locomotives and all are owned by KiwiRail. They have a Co-Co wheel arrangement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Zealand DA class locomotive</span>

The New Zealand DA class locomotive were a class of diesel-electric mainline locomotives operated on the New Zealand railway system between 1955 and 1989. Consisting of 146 locomotives, it was the most numerous class to ever operate in New Zealand, with five more than the AB class steam locomotive.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Zealand DF class locomotive (1979)</span>

The New Zealand DF class locomotive of 1979 is a class of 30 Co-Co diesel-electric locomotives built by General Motors Diesel of Canada between 1979 and 1981. Between 1992 and 1997, all the locomotives were rebuilt as the DFT class, a turbocharged version of the DF.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Zealand DSC class locomotive</span> Heavy shunting locomotive

The New Zealand DSC class locomotive is a heavy shunting locomotive used throughout New Zealand. The class was built in seven batches, the first 18 locomotives being built by British Thomson-Houston of the United Kingdom, with the further 52 locomotives being built by New Zealand Railways (NZR).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Zealand EA class locomotive</span>

The New Zealand EA class of electric locomotives were used on the New Zealand rail network between 1968 and 1997 on the Otira – Arthur's Pass section of the Midland line in the South Island, through the Otira Tunnel. Following reconditioning, three were used by KiwiRail's Tranz Metro in Wellington from 2008 to 2011 to top and tail Metlink suburban passenger trains as an interim measure before new rolling stock arrived. Four of the five locomotives were scrapped in 2013 with one being set aside for preservation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Zealand Railways Corporation</span>

New Zealand Railways Corporation (NZRC) is the state-owned enterprise that owns the land beneath KiwiRail's railway network on behalf of the Crown. The corporation has existed under a number of guises since 1982, when the old New Zealand Railways Department was corporatised followed by deregulation of the land transport sector. In 1986, the Corporation became a State-owned enterprise, required to make a profit. Huge job losses and cutbacks ensued, and the rail network, rail operations and ferry service of the corporation were transferred to New Zealand Rail Limited in 1990. The Corporation retained ownership of the land beneath the railway network, and charged a nominal rental to New Zealand Rail, which was privatised in 1993, and renamed Tranz Rail in 1995. In 2004, following a deal with Tranz Rail's new owners Toll NZ, the Corporation took over responsibility for maintaining and upgrading the rail network once more, trading under the name ONTRACK. Negotiations with Toll over track access charges concluded after four years with no agreement reached, so the government purchased the entire rail and ferry operations, naming the service KiwiRail. ONTRACK's railway infrastructure and employees were then transferred to KiwiRail in 2008, which itself was initially a subsidiary of the corporation. On 31 December 2012, the Corporation once again became the landowner.

The Hutt Railway Workshops is a major railway engineering facility in the Lower Hutt suburb of Gracefield in the Wellington region of New Zealand's North Island. It is state-owned enterprise KiwiRail's only workshops, and was opened in 1930.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NZR FM guards van</span>

The New Zealand FM guards van is a rail vehicle in New Zealand originally used on freight trains but now used primarily on passenger trains, reclassified AG.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">WAGR D class (diesel)</span>

The D/DA class are a class of diesel locomotives built by Clyde Engineering, Granville for the Western Australian Government Railways in 1971-1972.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Corn-Cob (livery)</span>

Corn-Cob was an informal term, promoted by the editors of NZ Railfan magazine, describing a New Zealand railway locomotive livery found in common usage amongst the railfan community. The livery was introduced on 5 May 2004 when Toll Rail took over the rail system from Tranz Rail and replaced the Bumble-Bee livery. The livery was replaced by the KiwiRail Phase One livery in July 2008. DX 5379 was the first locomotive to wear the livery. The livery represents the colours of Toll Rail and the colours of Australia. When KiwiRail took over the rail system from Toll, the Toll logos on the locomotives were covered or "patched" with the KiwiRail logo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Journeys New Zealand</span> Tourism division of KiwiRail

Great Journeys New Zealand is the tourism division of KiwiRail that operate its three Scenic train services. The new division was launched in May 2017 and replaced the former tourism brand KiwiRail Scenic Journeys. It has continuity with the earlier InterCity Rail (1987–1995) and Tranz Scenic (1995–2011).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Zealand DM class locomotive</span> Type of diesel-electric locomotives being manufactured for KiwiRail

The New Zealand DM class of 66 diesel-electric locomotives are currently under manufacture for New Zealand rail operator KiwiRail by Stadler Rail in Spain. The locomotives are expected to be introduced between 2024 and 2026.

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 Jon C. (11 November 2010). "First New DL Locos Arrive". aucklandtrains.co.nz. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011.
  2. 1 2 3 "DL Locos Arrive Soon". aucklandtrains.co.nz. 25 May 2011. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011.
  3. ↑ "Strategic engine delivery begins". railwaygazette.com. Railway Gazette International. 7 October 2009.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "KiwiRail orders more Chinese locomotives". railwaygazette.com. Railway Gazette International. 27 June 2011.
  5. 1 2 3 "New Horses on the Horizon". New Zealand Railfan. 15 (2). Mosgiel: Triple M Publications: 5. March 2009. ISSN   1173-2229.
  6. ↑ "KiwiRail Orders Another 20 Chinese Locomotives". Otago Daily Times . 20 July 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "Production of KiwiRail trains on hold". Radio New Zealand. 30 July 2012.
  8. 1 2 "KiwiRail places third order for CNR Dalian locomotives". Railway Gazette International . 9 October 2013.
  9. 1 2 "More DL Locos and Wagons from China". The Linesider: 53. September 2020. ISSN   2703-6197.
  10. 1 2 "$115m approved for KiwiRail". Stuff . New Zealand: Fairfax New Zealand. NZPA. 2 March 2009. Retrieved 10 April 2009.
  11. ↑ "KiwiRail's first Chinese locomotive arrives next month". railwaygazette.com. Railway Gazette International. 22 September 2010.
  12. ↑ "Report 19914/2 Route Clearance Assessment for GM Models FT42CU & FT46CU Locomotives", Tranz Rail Professional Services Group, October 2002
  13. ↑ "Billion-dollar buyback". The Dominion Post . 25 May 2008.
  14. ↑ "Arakaha: The Locomotive that will carry New Zealand forward", by Toll Rail Professional Services Group
  15. ↑ "Govt may assemble Kiwirail locomotives in NZ". Stuff. New Zealand: Fairfax New Zealand. NZPA. 13 July 2008. Retrieved 10 April 2009.
  16. ↑ "NZ Loco Order Helps Boost Export Orders For Chinese Manufacturer". 22 July 2009. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  17. ↑ "DL Class Locomotive - KiwiRail / Dl-class-locomotive-kiwirail.PDF / PDF4PRO". 7 September 2018.
  18. 1 2 3 "Back to the Future". New Zealand Railfan (4): 12. September 2008. ISSN   1173-2229.
  19. ↑ "NZ built locomotives 70% more expensive". NZ: KiwiRail. 14 December 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
  20. ↑ "Readymade Train Wreck". The Malay Mail . 10 October 2008. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008.
  21. ↑ "New locomotives too heavy, says union". nz.news.yahoo.com. 16 December 2010. Archived from the original on 20 December 2010.
  22. ↑ "Major problems with new locomotives: union". Otago Daily Times . 16 December 2010.
  23. ↑ "DL class factsheet". KiwiRail. 7 September 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  24. ↑ "Loco drivers get feel for new loco cab" (PDF). Express (KiwiRail Staff Newsletter) (21): 1. 19 November 2009.
  25. ↑ Jon C. (23 November 2010). "Photos: DLs Towed To Te Rapa". aucklandtrains.co.nz. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011.
  26. ↑ "KiwiRail gets early Christmas present". 3news.co.nz. TV3 (New Zealand). 10 December 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  27. ↑ 4月7日 大连造20台内燃机车全部交付新西兰. lnnews.com (in Chinese). 8 April 2011. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012.
  28. 1 2 "Second batch of KiwiRail locomotives roll out". Railway Gazette International . 22 March 2013.
  29. ↑ "CNR Won Overseas Order". MENAFN. 24 September 2013.
  30. ↑ KiwiRail to order more Chinese locomotives International Railway Journal 12 July 2016
  31. ↑ KiwiRail signs up for 15 new Chinese locos Track & Signal issue 20/4 November 2016 page 53
  32. ↑ NZ Railfan. December 2012.
  33. 1 2 "More problems with KiwiRail's Chinese-made trains have been revealed". Radio New Zealand. 21 July 2012.
  34. ↑ "New rolling stock proves its worth". KiwiRail. 31 July 2012.
  35. ↑ "Testing of Locomotives underway to ensure staff safety". KiwiRail. 1 March 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  36. ↑ "Concern remains over asbestos train". Stuff/Fairfax. 4 March 2014.
  37. ↑ Planning underway for returning DL locomotives to service, KiwiRail, 17 March 2014, archived from the original on 27 April 2017, retrieved 10 June 2014
  38. 1 2 Joint Approach for reintroduction of DL locomotives, KiwiRail, 8 April 2014
  39. ↑ Michael Tolich (December 2022). "Dispatches from the Far North". The Linesider (10): 5. ISSN   2703-6197.
  40. ↑ "Linesider Summer Quarter - December 2023". The Linesider (14). FanRail Publications. December 2023. ISSN   2703-6197.
  41. ↑ "Linesider Spring Quarter - September 2024". The Linesider (17). FanRail Publications. September 2024. ISSN   2703-6197.

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.