Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand

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Fifth Labour Government
Flag of New Zealand.svg
Ministry of New Zealand
1999–2008
NewZealandCabinet.jpg
Ministry in October 2005
Date formed10 December 1999
Date dissolved19 November 2008
People and organisations
Monarch Elizabeth II
Governor-General Sir Michael Hardie Boys (1999–2001)
Dame Silvia Cartwright (2001–06)
Sir Anand Satyanand (2006–08)
Prime Minister Helen Clark
Deputy Prime Minister Jim Anderton (1999–2002)
Michael Cullen (2002–2008)
Status in legislature Minority (coalition) (1999–2002)
with confidence and supply from the Greens
59 / 120(49%)





Minority (coalition) (2002–2005)
with confidence and supply from the United Future 54 / 120(45%)





Minority (coalition) (2005–2008)
with confidence and supply from the United Future and New Zealand First 50 / 120(41%) cooperation agreement with the Greens




Opposition party National Party
Opposition leader
History
Elections
Legislature terms
Budgets
Predecessor Fourth National Government of New Zealand
Successor Fifth National Government of New Zealand

The Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand was the government of New Zealand from 10 December 1999 to 19 November 2008. Labour Party leader Helen Clark negotiated a coalition with Jim Anderton, leader of the Alliance Party. While undertaking a number of substantial reforms, it was not particularly radical compared to previous Labour governments.

Contents

Overview

The previous government, the fourth National government, had been in power since 1990. It was widely unpopular by 1999, with much of the public antagonised by a series of free-market economic reforms, and was bedevilled by weakness and instability. In the 1999 general election, the Helen Clark-led Labour Party defeated the National Party easily, becoming the largest single party in the House of Representatives. Labour formed a minority coalition government with the left-leaning Alliance party, supported by the Green Party.

During its first term, the government pursued a number of reforms. The controversial Employment Contracts Act was repealed, replaced by an Employment Relations Act more friendly to unions and collective bargaining; a state-owned bank, Kiwibank, was created at the behest of the Alliance; a majority stake in the national airline, Air New Zealand, was purchased; and the public health sector was reorganised with the re-establishment of partly elected district health boards. Closing the Gaps, an affirmative action strategy targeting socio-economic inequalities between Māori and Pasifika ethnic groups and other groups, was a particularly controversial reform among right-wing National and ACT voters. [1] [2]

With the disintegration of the Alliance in 2002, Helen Clark called a snap election, even though she still had the confidence of the House. Labour handily won the election. The Alliance failed to return to parliament, although a rump returned as Jim Anderton's Progressives. Labour formed a coalition with the Progressives, and turned to the centrist United Future party for confidence and supply. This second term was notable largely for its social and constitutional legislation, with the Government establishing a Supreme Court and ending appeals to the Privy Council, decriminalising prostitution, and providing for civil unions, the latter two changes in particular supported by the Green Party and opposed by United Future. The Government was also faced in this term with the foreshore and seabed controversy. While Labour, in cooperation with the New Zealand First party, eventually resolved the legal dispute by vesting foreshore and seabed title in the Crown, a dissident Labour minister, Tariana Turia, formed the Māori Party, while on the other side of the spectrum a resurgent National Party, now under former Reserve Bank governor Don Brash, became considerably more popular. In the 2005 election, the Government was returned with a slim margin on the strength of the Working for Families assistance package and financial assistance to students, benefiting also from mistakes in National's campaign.

Helen Clark moved even more to the centre, enlisting support for her Government from both New Zealand First and United Future. Almost immediately, the Government parties became involved in a protracted funding scandal, having apparently used public money for party political purposes during the election campaign. A heavy-handed attempt at campaign finance reform later in this term also harmed the Government, which by now appeared tired and at a loss for direction, although it did succeed in implementing a wide range of social and economic reforms during its time in office. [3] [4]

In a 2000 feature article "Siege of Helengrad", [5] The Australian newspaper wrote that Clark's "uncompromisingly autocratic and pervasive leadership has seen New Zealand dubbed Helengrad". [6] In January 2008, the term 'Helengrad', "a noun used to describe the iron grip of New Zealand's prime minister over Wellington", was reported as having made Australia's Macquarie online dictionary among 85 other new words. [7]

In the 2008 election, the Labour Party lost convincingly to National, and the government was succeeded by the National Party led by John Key as Prime Minister.

Significant policies

Economic

Constitutional

Treaty of Waitangi

Treaty settlements:

Aspects of the Clark-led governments actions in relation to the Treaty of Waitangi is shown through settlements.

Social policy

The Holidays Act (2003) entitled employees to receive "time and a half" for working on any statutory holiday from 2004 onwards and provided for four weeks' annual leave from 2007 onwards. [22] However in 2016 MBIE found problems with underpayments on holiday pay due to the complex act, which had not been resolved in 2021. [23]

Health

Environment

National identity

Foreign affairs

Appointments

The following positions were appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Government:

Governor-General

Supreme Court

With the creation of the Supreme Court of New Zealand in 2003, the government appointed the first full bench of the Court.

Acting judges were also appointed from the retired judges of the Court of Appeal:

Court of Appeal

The government appointed three presidents of the Court of Appeal of New Zealand:

History

1999 election

The Fifth Labour government was elected in the 1999 general election, after entering a coalition with the Alliance Party and a confidence and supply agreement with the Green Party. Labour managed to increase their percentage of the votes by 10.5% and won 12 more seats than in the 1996 election. [34] With this coalition in place the Labour Party returned to government for the first time in nine years, [34] and Helen Clark became New Zealand's first elected female prime minister. [35] The 1999 election was Labour's first successful MMP election. [34]

2002 election

The 2002 election was held a few weeks before the Parliamentary term elapsed. [36] This had only occurred twice before in New Zealand's political history, in 1951 and 1984. [37] The Government cited the collapse of the Alliance Party, with whom they had entered a coalition in 1999, as the reason for the earlier date. The Alliance Party had split after Jim Anderton, their leader, left to form the Progressive Coalition Party. [38] However, some critics believe that Labour could have continued to govern for the remaining few weeks. They say that the election was called early to capitalise on high opinion poll ratings before they could be undermined by a potential softening in the New Zealand economic performance. [36]

After initial polls indicated Labour might win enough seats to govern alone, a feat that had never occurred under MMP in New Zealand, they won 41.3% of the vote and 52 seats. Although this was an improvement on their results in the 1999 election, it was not enough to govern alone, [36] and Labour entered a coalition with the Progressive Coalition Party, and a confidence and supply agreement with United Future. [36] Labour's success was highlighted by the National Party's demise, as they accrued a record low 20.9% of the vote. [36]

2005 election

After initial doubt as to what date the election would be held, 17 September was the chosen day. [39] After falling behind National in the initial opinion polls, Labour fought back to obtain 41.1% of the vote. Although this was a 0.2% decrease from the previous election, it still saw them sit ahead of National by 2%. [39] The 2005 election saw a dramatic fall in the success of the minor parties. New Zealand First and United Future each won less than half of the percentage of total votes they achieved in 2002. [39] In order to reach the required majority, Labour entered confidence and supply agreements with New Zealand First and United Future. This was in addition to a coalition agreement with the Progressive Coalition Party, of whom only Jim Anderton obtained a seat. [39]

The newly formed Maori Party accrued four seats. [40] After only being formed in 2004 as a result of the controversial Foreshore and Seabed Act, they oversaw a successful campaign based on a critical assessment of Labour's record with Maori issues. [39] Their success was highlighted by the decline of ACT New Zealand, who won two seats, and the Progressive Coalition and United Future, who each won only a single seat. [40]

Election results

The table below shows the total party votes for Labour and parties that supported the Labour-led government. For more details of election results, see the election articles.

ElectionParliamentSeatsTotal votesPercentageGain (loss)Seats wonChangeMajority
1999 46th 1201,066,61851.64%-66-6
2002 47th 1201,150,91156.65%+5.01%69+39
2005 48th 1211,152,73550.65%-6.00%61-81

Notes

Prime minister

Helen Clark, prime minister from 1999 to 2008 Helen Clark official photo (cropped).jpg
Helen Clark, prime minister from 1999 to 2008

Helen Clark was Prime Minister from when the government was elected in 1999 until it was defeated by the National Party in the 2008 elections.

Cabinet Ministers

PortfolioMinisterPartyStartEnd
Prime Minister Helen Clark Labour10 December 199919 November 2008
Deputy Prime Minister Jim Anderton Alliance10 December 199915 August 2002
Michael Cullen Labour15 August 200219 November 2008
Minister of Agriculture Jim Sutton Labour10 December 199919 October 2005
Jim Anderton Progressive19 October 200519 November 2008
Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage Helen Clark Labour10 December 199919 November 2008
Attorney-General Margaret Wilson Labour10 December 199928 February 2005
Michael Cullen Labour28 February 200519 October 2005
David Parker Labour19 October 200520 March 2006
Michael Cullen Labour21 March 200619 November 2008
Minister of Broadcasting Marian Hobbs Labour10 December 199923 February 2001
Steve Maharey Labour23 February 200127 March 2001
Marian Hobbs Labour27 March 200115 August 2002
David Cunliffe Labour15 August 200219 November 2008
Minister for Civil Defence George Hawkins Labour10 December 199919 October 2005
Rick Barker Labour19 October 200519 November 2008
Minister of Commerce Paul Swain Labour10 December 199915 August 2002
Lianne Dalziel Labour15 August 200221 February 2004
Margaret Wilson Labour21 February 200421 December 2004
Pete Hodgson Labour21 December 200419 October 2005
Lianne Dalziel Labour19 October 200519 November 2008
Minister of Conservation Sandra Lee Alliance10 December 199915 August 2002
Chris Carter Labour15 August 200231 October 2007
Steve Chadwick Labour31 October 200719 November 2008
Minister of Consumer Affairs Phillida Bunkle Alliance10 December 199923 February 2001
Jim Anderton Alliance23 February 200115 August 2002
Judith Tizard Labour15 August 200219 November 2008
Minister of Corrections Matt Robson Alliance10 December 199915 August 2002
Mark Gosche Labour15 August 200219 May 2003
Paul Swain Labour19 May 200319 October 2005
Damien O'Connor Labour19 October 20052 November 2007
Phil Goff Labour2 November 200719 November 2008
Minister of Customs Phillida Bunkle Alliance10 December 199923 February 2001
Jim Anderton Alliance23 February 200115 August 2002
Rick Barker Labour15 August 200219 October 2005
Nanaia Mahuta Labour19 October 200519 November 2008
Minister of Defence Mark Burton Labour10 December 199919 October 2005
Phil Goff Labour19 October 200519 November 2008
Minister of Economic Development Jim Anderton Alliance10 December 199919 October 2005
Trevor Mallard Labour19 October 20052 November 2007
Pete Hodgson Labour2 November 200719 November 2008
Minister of Education Trevor Mallard Labour10 December 199919 October 2005
Steve Maharey Labour19 October 200531 October 2007
Chris Carter Labour31 October 200719 November 2008
Minister of Energy Pete Hodgson Labour10 December 199921 December 2004
Trevor Mallard Labour21 December 200419 October 2005
David Parker Labour19 October 200521 March 2006
Trevor Mallard Labour21 March 20063 May 2006
David Parker Labour3 May 200619 November 2008
Minister for the Environment Marian Hobbs Labour10 December 199919 October 2005
David Benson-Pope Labour19 October 200527 July 2007
Trevor Mallard Labour27 July 200719 November 2008
Minister of Finance Michael Cullen Labour10 December 199919 November 2008
Minister of Fisheries Pete Hodgson Labour10 December 199926 February 2004
David Benson-Pope Labour26 February 200419 October 2005
Jim Anderton Progressive19 October 200519 November 2008
Minister of Foreign Affairs Phil Goff Labour10 December 199919 October 2005
Winston Peters NZ First19 October 200529 August 2008
Helen Clark Labour29 August 200819 November 2008
Minister of Forestry Pete Hodgson Labour10 December 199915 August 2002
Parekura Horomia Labour15 August 200219 October 2005
Jim Anderton Progressive19 October 200519 November 2008
Minister of Health Annette King Labour10 December 199919 October 2005
Pete Hodgson Labour19 October 200531 October 2007
David Cunliffe Labour31 October 200719 November 2008
Minister of Housing Mark Gosche Labour10 December 199912 May 2003
Steve Maharey Labour12 May 200319 October 2005
Chris Carter Labour19 October 20055 November 2007
Maryan Street Labour5 November 200719 November 2008
Minister of Immigration Lianne Dalziel Labour10 December 199921 February 2004
Paul Swain Labour21 February 200419 October 2005
David Cunliffe Labour19 October 200511 November 2007
Clayton Cosgrove Labour11 November 200719 November 2008
Minister of Internal Affairs Mark Burton Labour10 December 199913 November 2000
George Hawkins Labour13 November 200019 October 2005
Rick Barker Labour19 October 200519 November 2008
Minister of Justice Phil Goff Labour10 December 199919 October 2005
Mark Burton Labour19 October 200531 October 2007
Annette King Labour31 October 200719 November 2008
Minister of Labour Margaret Wilson Labour10 December 199926 February 2004
Paul Swain Labour26 February 200419 October 2005
Ruth Dyson Labour19 October 20055 November 2007
Trevor Mallard Labour5 November 200719 November 2008
Leader of the House Michael Cullen Labour10 December 199919 November 2008
Minister of Māori Affairs Dover Samuels Labour10 December 199928 June 2000
Parekura Horomia Labour28 June 200019 November 2008
Minister of Local Government Sandra Lee Alliance10 December 199915 August 2002
Chris Carter Labour15 August 200219 October 2005
Nanaia Mahuta Labour19 October 200519 November 2008
Minister of Police George Hawkins Labour10 December 199919 October 2005
Annette King Labour19 October 200519 November 2008
Minister of Revenue Michael Cullen Labour10 December 199919 October 2005
Peter Dunne United Future19 October 200519 November 2008
Minister for Social Welfare Steve Maharey Labour10 December 199919 October 2005
David Benson-Pope Labour19 October 200527 July 2007
Steve Maharey Labour27 July 200731 October 2007
Ruth Dyson Labour31 October 200719 November 2008
Minister for Sport Trevor Mallard Labour10 December 199931 October 2007
Clayton Cosgrove Labour31 October 200719 November 2008
Minister for State Owned Enterprises Mark Burton Labour10 December 199921 December 2004
Paul Swain Labour21 December 200419 October 2005
Trevor Mallard Labour19 October 200519 November 2008
Minister of Statistics Paul Swain Labour10 December 199913 November 2000
Laila Harré Alliance13 November 200015 August 2002
John Tamihere Labour15 August 200215 October 2004
Michael Cullen Labour15 October 200421 December 2004
Pete Hodgson Labour21 December 200419 October 2005
Clayton Cosgrove Labour19 October 20055 November 2007
Darren Hughes Labour5 November 200719 November 2008
Minister of Tourism Mark Burton Labour10 December 199919 October 2005
Damien O'Connor Labour19 October 200519 November 2008
Minister of Trade Jim Sutton Labour15 August 200219 October 2005
Phil Goff Labour19 October 200519 November 2008
Minister of Transport Mark Gosche Labour10 December 199915 August 2002
Paul Swain Labour15 August 200226 February 2004
Pete Hodgson Labour26 February 200419 October 2005
David Parker Labour19 October 200521 March 2006
Annette King Labour21 March 200619 November 2008
Treasurer Michael Cullen Labour10 December 199919 November 2008
Minister for Treaty of Waitangi Negotiations Margaret Wilson Labour10 December 199928 February 2005
Mark Burton Labour28 February 200531 October 2007
Michael Cullen Labour31 October 200719 November 2008
Minister for Women Laila Harré Alliance10 December 199915 August 2002
Ruth Dyson Labour15 August 200219 October 2005
Lianne Dalziel Labour19 October 20055 November 2007
Steve Chadwick Labour5 November 200719 November 2008

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Further reading