North American jaguar

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North American jaguar
Junior-Jaguar-Belize-Zoo.jpg
A three-year-old captive jaguar at Belize Zoo
Status TNC G3.svg
Vulnerable  (NatureServe) [1]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Pantherinae
Genus: Panthera
Species: P. onca
Population:North American jaguar

The North American jaguar is a jaguar (Panthera onca) population in North America, ranging from the Southwestern United States to Central America. [2] This population has declined over decades and was almost extirpated from the United States by 1960. [3]

Results of morphologic and genetic research failed to find evidence for subspecific differentiation. [4] [5]

This population is also referred to as the "American jaguar" [6] and "Central American jaguar". [7]

Taxonomic history

Illustration of a western Mexican jaguar Panthera onca hernandesii.jpg
Illustration of a western Mexican jaguar

Initially, a number of jaguar subspecies were described: [8]

In 1939, Reginald Innes Pocock did not find evidence for morphological distinction between P. o. hernandesii, P. o. centralis and P. o. arizonensis and considered them one subspecies. Recent tests failed to establish evidence for different subspecies of the jaguar. [4]

Evolution

The modern jaguar is thought to descend from a pantherine ancestor in Asia that crossed the Beringian land bridge into North America during the Early Pleistocene. From North America, it spread to Central and South America. The ancestral jaguar in North America is referred to as Panthera onca augusta . [5] During the Pleistocene epoch, jaguars were much more wide-spread through out North America with their ranges extending to places like Nebraska, Washington, and Maryland due to various fossil specimens being unearthed over the course of many decades with the highest concentrations of fossil jaguars being unearthed in Florida and eastern Tennessee. The jaguar was much more common in Florida than its other felid relatives. [10]

Characteristics

Photograph of a melanistic jaguar in the Museum of La Venta, Villahermosa, Tabasco, southern Mexico Jaguar (Panthera onca) negra.jpg
Photograph of a melanistic jaguar in the Museum of La Venta, Villahermosa, Tabasco, southern Mexico

While jaguars in South America can reach sizes of 120 kg (260 lb) for males, [11] jaguars in Central or North America are relatively smaller. [12] Those in the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve on the Mexican Pacific coast weigh just about 50 kg (110 lb), similar in weight to female cougars (Puma concolor). [13] 57.2 kg (126 lb) was the average for six males in Belize, [14] making them similar to South American females in Venezuela. [8]

Ecology and behavior

In northeastern Mexico, jaguars are sympatric with cougars. Both are foremost active at night and prey on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), collared peccary (Dicotyles tajacu) and cattle calves (Bos taurus). [15] Jaguars are a potential predator of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) lambs, [16] as well as of Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus canadensis nelsoni) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus); they also were historically sympatric with American bison (Bison bison) in the Colorado Plateau. [17] Jaguars also likely prey on pronghorns (Antilocapra americana) in their native range in the southwestern United States and in northern Mexico. In the Pleistocene, jaguars would have likely been dangerous to pronghorns as a short-range ambush predator. [18] A jaguar was recorded hunting a Morelet's crocodile (Croodylus moreletii) in the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve of Yucatán, Mexico in 2019. [19]

Other sympatric predators in the region include the American black bear (Ursus americanus) and formerly, the Mexican grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) and Mexican wolf (Canis lupus baileyi). There is evidence that a jaguar nicknamed El Jefe, which lived the southwestern United States from 2011 to 2015, preyed on a young American black bear sow. [6] An 1854 sighting recorded a pack of wolves "...circling a jaguar on a kill", suggesting possible competition over prey historically. [17]

In July 2018, in the Central American section of the Audubon Zoo in the US city of New Orleans, Louisiana, a 3-year-old male called 'Valerio' escaped from its enclosure, which had a roof in poor condition. It killed four alpacas, an emu and a fox, and injured two other alpacas and a fox, before being captured about an hour after its escape was notified. The killings were apparently the result of a territorial dispute. Its behavior was not deemed to be abnormal for its species. [20] [21]

Habitat and distribution

A stalking jaguar in Belize, Central America Obscured jaguar.jpg
A stalking jaguar in Belize, Central America

In North America, the jaguar currently ranges from the southern part of the United States in the north, to the southern part of Central America in the south. [3] As recently as 2016, jaguars of Mexican origin [22] have been spotted in Arizona. [23] [24] [25] As below-mentioned, historical records distributed wider than today, reaching up to at least what is now Colorado and California, or to the Pacific Northwest in the west and Pennsylvania, Ohio and Florida in the east with much less credibility, corresponding to that of known records of the Pleistocene giant jaguar. [26] [27]

United States

In 1799, Thomas Jefferson recorded the jaguar as an animal of the Americas. [28] There are multiple verified zoological reports of jaguars in California, two as far north as Monterey in 1814 (Langsdorff) and 1826 (Beechey). [29] The coastal Diegueño (Kumeyaay people) of San Diego and Cahuilla Indians of Palm Springs had words for jaguar and the cats persisted there until about 1860. [30] The only recorded description of an active jaguar den with breeding adults and kittens in the United States was in the Tehachapi Mountains of California, prior to 1860. [29]

The northernmost record of a jaguar was in 1843 when Rufus Sage, an explorer and experienced observer, recorded jaguars present on the headwaters of the North Platte River 30–50 mi (48–80 km) north of Longs Peak in present-day Colorado. Cabot's 1544 map has a drawing of jaguars ranging over the Pennsylvania and Ohio valleys. Historically, the jaguar was also recorded in far eastern Texas, coastal Louisiana, and the northern parts of Arizona and New Mexico. However, since the 1940s, the jaguar has been limited to vagrants in southern areas of Arizona. Although less reliable than zoological records, Native American artefacts with possible jaguar motifs range from the Pacific Northwest to Pennsylvania and Florida. [31]

The last confirmed jaguar in Texas was shot by rabbit hunter Richard Cuevas in 1948, 3 mi (4.8 km) southeast of Kingsville, Texas. The individual of unknown sex weighed 121 pounds (55 kg), and was 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) long. [32]

By the late 1960s, jaguars were thought to have been extirpated from the United States. A female was shot by a hunter in Arizona's White Mountains in 1963. Arizona outlawed jaguar hunting in 1969, but by then it was too late; no females remained, and over the next 25 years only two males were found (and killed) in Arizona. Then in 1996, Warner Glenn, a rancher and hunting guide from Douglas, Arizona, came across a jaguar in the Peloncillo Mountains and became a researcher on jaguars, placing trail cams which recorded four more Arizonan jaguars. [33] No jaguars sighted in Arizona in the last 15 years had been seen since 2006. [34] Then, in 2009, a male jaguar named Macho B died shortly after being radio-collared by Arizona Game and Fish Department (AGFD) officials in 2009. In the Macho B incident, a former AGFD subcontractor pleaded guilty to violating the Endangered Species Act for trapping the cat and a Game and Fish employee was fired for lying to federal investigators. In 2011, a male jaguar weighing 200 lb (91 kg) was photographed near Cochise in southern Arizona by a hunter after being treed by his dogs; the animal left the scene unharmed. A second 2011 sighting of an Arizona jaguar was reported by a Homeland Security border pilot in June 2011, and conservation researchers sighted two jaguars within 30 mi (48 km) of the border between Mexico and the United States in 2010. [35]

In September 2012, a jaguar was photographed in the Santa Rita Mountains of Arizona, the second such sighting in this region in two years. [36] This jaguar has been photographed numerous times over the past nine months through June 2013. [37] On 3 February 2016, the Center for Biological Diversity released a video of this jaguar – now named El Jefe (Spanish for "The Boss") – roaming the Santa Rita Mountains, about 25 mi (40 km) south of downtown Tucson. [38] El Jefe is the fourth jaguar sighted in the Madrean Sky Islands in southern Arizona and New Mexico over the last 20 years. [6]

On 16 November 2016, a jaguar was spotted in the Dos Cabezas Mountains of Arizona, 60 mi (97 km) from the Mexican border, the northernmost confirmed report of a jaguar in many decades. It is the seventh jaguar to be confirmed in the Southwest since 1996. [25] On 1 December 2016, another male jaguar was photographed on Fort Huachuca also in Arizona. [24] In February 2017, authorities revealed that a third jaguar had been photographed in November 2016 by the Bureau of Land Management in the Dos Cabezas Mountains some 100 km (62 miles) north of the border with Mexico, even more north than the November 2016 sighting. [25] The only picture obtained allowed experts to determine this is a different individual, but it does not reveal its sex; it can be assumed to be male based on all prior observations.

Conservation

A captive jaguar in Vara Blanca, Heredia, Costa Rica Panthera onca. Jaguar. Costa Rica.JPG
A captive jaguar in Vara Blanca, Heredia, Costa Rica

Legal action by the Center for Biological Diversity led to federal listing of the cat on the Endangered Species List in 1997. However, on January 7, 2008, George W. Bush appointee H. Dale Hall, Director of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), signed a recommendation to abandon jaguar recovery as a federal goal under the Endangered Species Act. Critics, including the Center of Biological Diversity and New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, were concerned the jaguar was being sacrificed for the government's new border fence, which is to be built along many of the cat's typical crossings between the United States and Mexico. [39]

In 2010, however, the Obama Administration reversed the policy of the Bush Administration, and pledged to protect "critical habitat" and draft a recovery plan for the species. The USFWS was ultimately ordered by the court to develop a jaguar recovery plan and designate critical habitat for the cats. [35] On 20 August 2012, the USFWS proposed setting aside 838,232 acres in Arizona and New Mexico — an area larger than Rhode Island — as critical jaguar habitat. [40] On 4 March 2014 Federal wildlife officials set aside nearly 1,200 square miles along the U.S.-Mexico border as habitat essential for the conservation of the jaguar. The reservation includes parts of Pima, Santa Cruz and Cochise counties in Arizona and Hidalgo County in New Mexico. [41] In September 2015, El Jefe was photographed via camera trap and analysis of his spots confirms that he has been in southeastern Arizona (30 mi (48 km) south of Tucson) since 2011. Jaguars have been present in this region every year since 1997. [42] El Jefe and other males may have originated from a breeding population in Sonora, Mexico, 125 mi (201 km) to the south of Tucson. [43]

Northern Jaguar Project

El Jefe in the Santa Rita Mountains of Arizona, near the border with Mexico El-jefe-jaguar-fws1.jpg
El Jefe in the Santa Rita Mountains of Arizona, near the border with Mexico

The Northern Jaguar Project is a conservation effort on behalf of the jaguar that is headed by an Arizona-based organization of the same name, in conjunction with Mexico's Naturalia. It is focused on protecting the jaguars living near the border between the United States and Mexico. The core of the project is the Northern Jaguar Reserve. The project began in 2003 with the purchase of the 10,000 acre Los Pavos Ranch in northern Mexico, just 125 mi (201 km) south of the border. In 2008 it was expanded to more than double its size when Rancho Zetasora was acquired. Both ranches are remote, difficult to access, and relatively untouched, making them perfect habitat, not just for jaguars, but for many other species as well. The Northern Jaguar Project is the "northernmost location where jaguars, mountain lions, bobcats, and ocelots are all found in the same vicinity", and the park also features a variety of floral habitats as well. [44] [45]

The project is also focused on efforts to create a stable jaguar population in Northwestern Mexico. However, its long term aspirations include a return of the jaguar to the Southwestern United States. The potential for such a reintroduction is deemed high, since as much as 30% of Arizona alone is considered to be a suitable habitat for the jaguar. [22]

Possible reintroduction

A 2021 article by several experts in the Wildlife Conservation Society found that there exists substantial areas in both Arizona and New Mexico for jaguars. It also argues that a reintroduction of the cat is not only possible through the cooperation of local residents, conservationists, and wildlife experts, but also could cause a trophic cascade in the local ecosystems, as well as cause a significant increase in ecotourism, similarly to what happened during wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone. [17]

Threats

San Bernardino National Wildlife Refuge is close to the proposed border barrier, and since the proposed project would cut through a migration corridor for the jaguar between Mexico and the USA, it may interfere with the migration of Mexican jaguars to the USA, not withstanding other animals. [46] [47]

Cultural significance

Balam 1.svg
Balam 2.svg
The word B'alam ('jaguar') written twice in the Mayan script. The first glyph writes the word logographicaly, with the jaguar's head standing for the entire word. The second glyph block writes the word phonetically using the three syllable signs BA, LA and MA.
An Aztec codex from the mid-16th century featuring items, such as skins of jaguars Codex Mendoza folio 47r.jpg
An Aztec codex from the mid-16th century featuring items, such as skins of jaguars

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jaguar</span> Large cat native to the Americas

The jaguar is a large cat species and the only living member of the genus Panthera native to the Americas. With a body length of up to 1.85 m and a weight of up to 158 kg (348 lb), it is the biggest cat species in the Americas and the third largest in the world. Its distinctively marked coat features pale yellow to tan colored fur covered by spots that transition to rosettes on the sides, although a melanistic black coat appears in some individuals. The jaguar's powerful bite allows it to pierce the carapaces of turtles and tortoises, and to employ an unusual killing method: it bites directly through the skull of mammalian prey between the ears to deliver a fatal blow to the brain.

A black panther is the melanistic colour variant of the leopard and the jaguar. Black panthers of both species have excess black pigments, but their typical rosettes are also present. They have been documented mostly in tropical forests, with black leopards in Africa and Asia, and black jaguars in South America. Melanism is caused by a recessive allele in the leopard, and by a dominant allele in the jaguar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cougar</span> Large species of the family Felidae native to the Americas

The cougar, also known as the puma, mountain lion, catamount or panther, is a large cat native to the Americas, second only in size to the stockier jaguar. They are not technically grouped with the "true" big cats, as they are slightly smaller than other big cats, and they lack the vocal physiology to roar. Its range spans from the Canadian Provinces of the Yukon, British Columbia and Alberta, the Rocky Mountains and areas to the Western United States. Their range extends further south through Mexico, where they are found in nearly every state, to the Amazon Rainforest and the southern Andes Mountains in Patagonia. The puma inhabits every mainland country in Central and South America, making it the most widely distributed large, wild, terrestrial mammal in the Western Hemisphere, and one of the most widespread on planet Earth. It is an adaptable, generalist species, occurring in most American habitat types. It prefers habitats with dense underbrush and rocky areas for stalking but also lives in open areas.

The term "big cat" is typically used to refer to any of the five living members of the genus Panthera, namely the tiger, lion, jaguar, leopard, and snow leopard, as well as the non-pantherine cheetah and cougar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Species reintroduction</span> Wildlife conservation technique

Species reintroduction is the deliberate release of a species into the wild, from captivity or other areas where the organism is capable of survival. The goal of species reintroduction is to establish a healthy, genetically diverse, self-sustaining population to an area where it has been extirpated, or to augment an existing population. Species that may be eligible for reintroduction are typically threatened or endangered in the wild. However, reintroduction of a species can also be for pest control; for example, wolves being reintroduced to a wild area to curb an overpopulation of deer. Because reintroduction may involve returning native species to localities where they had been extirpated, some prefer the term "reestablishment".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fisher (animal)</span> Species of small, carnivorous mammal native to North America

The fisher is a small carnivorous mammal native to North America, a forest-dwelling creature whose range covers much of the boreal forest in Canada to the northern United States. It is a member of the mustelid family, and is in the monospecific genus Pekania. It is sometimes misleadingly referred to as a fisher cat, even though it is not a cat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American lion</span> Extinct species of carnivore

Panthera atrox, better known as the American lion, also called the North American lion, or American cave lion, is an extinct pantherine cat. Panthera atrox lived in North America during the late Pleistocene epoch and the early Holocene epoch, from around 340,000 to 11,000 years ago. The species was initially described by American paleontologist Joseph Leidy in 1853 based on a fragmentary mandible (jawbone) from Mississippi; the name means "savage" or "cruel". The status of the species is debated, with some mammalogists and paleontologists considering it a distinct species or a subspecies of Panthera leo, which contains living lions. However, novel genetic evidence has shown that it is instead from a sister lineage with the cave lion, evolving after its geographic separation. Its fossils have been excavated from Alaska to Mexico. It was about 25% larger than the modern lion, making it one of the largest known felids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mexican wolf</span> Subspecies of grey wolf native to the U.S. and Mexico

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pantherinae</span> Subfamily of felids

Pantherinae is a subfamily within the family Felidae; it was named and first described by Reginald Innes Pocock in 1917 as only including the Panthera species. The Pantherinae genetically diverged from a common ancestor between 9.32 to 4.47 million years ago and 10.67 to 3.76 million years ago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North American cougar</span> Subspecies of carnivore

The North American cougar is a cougar subspecies in North America. It is the biggest cat in North America, even larger than North American jaguars. It was once common in eastern North America before widespread persecution and hunting led to its extirpation there, and is still prevalent in the western half of the continent. This subspecies includes populations in western Canada, the western United States, Florida, Mexico and Central America, and possibly South America northwest of the Andes Mountains. It thus includes the extirpated eastern cougar and extant Florida panther populations.

<i>Panthera gombaszoegensis</i> Extinct European jaguar species

Panthera gombaszoegensis, also known as the European jaguar, is a Panthera species that lived from about 2.0 to 0.35 million years ago in Europe. The first fossils were excavated in 1938 in Gombasek, Slovakia.

<i>Panthera onca mesembrina</i> Extinct subspecies of carnivore

Panthera onca mesembrina is an extinct subspecies of jaguar that was endemic to Patagonia in southern South America during the late Pleistocene epoch. It is known from several fragmentary specimens, the first of which found was in 1899 at "Cueva del Milodon" in Chile. These fossils were referred to a new genus and species "Iemish listai" by naturalist Santiago Roth, who thought they might be the bones of the mythological iemisch of Tehuelche folklore. A later expedition recovered more bones, including the skull of a large male that was described in detail by Angel Cabrera in 1934. Cabrera created a new name for the giant felid remains, Panthera onca mesembrina, after realizing that its fossils were near-identical to modern jaguars’. P. onca mesembrina's validity is disputed, with some paleontologists suggesting that it is a synonym of Panthera atrox.

<i>Panthera onca augusta</i> Extinct subspecies of jaguar

Panthera onca augusta is an extinct subspecies of the jaguar that was endemic to North America during the Pleistocene epoch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge</span> Protected area in Pima County, Arizona

Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge provides 117,107 acres (47,392 ha) of habitat for threatened and endangered plants and animals. This refuge, in Pima County, Arizona, was established in 1985.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Panthera Corporation</span> American charitable organization

Panthera Corporation, or Panthera, is a charitable organization devoted to preserving wild cats and their ecosystems around the globe. Founded in 2006, Panthera is devoted to the conservation of the world’s 40 species of wild cats and the vast ecosystems they inhabit. Their team of biologists, data scientists, law enforcement experts and wild cat advocates studies and protects the seven species of big cats: cheetahs, jaguars, leopards, lions, pumas, snow leopards and tigers. Panthera also creates targeted conservation strategies for the world’s most threatened and overlooked small cats, such as fishing cats, ocelots and Andean cats. The organization has offices in New York City and Europe, as well as offices in Mesoamerica, South America, Africa and Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amur leopard</span> Leopard subspecies in Far East Asia

The Amur leopard is a leopard subspecies native to the Primorye region of southeastern Russia and northern China. It is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, as in 2007, only 19–26 wild leopards were estimated to survive in southeastern Russia and northeastern China.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cats in the United States</span> Overview of the role and status of cats in the United States of America

Many different species of mammal can be classified as cats (felids) in the United States. These include domestic cat, of the species Felis catus; medium-sized wild cats from the genus Lynx; and big cats from the genera Puma and Panthera. Domestic cats vastly outnumber wild cats in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">El Jefe (jaguar)</span> Rare wild jaguar sighted in Arizona, U.S.

El Jefe is an adult, male jaguar that was seen in Arizona. He was first recorded in the Whetstone Mountains in November 2011, and was later photographed over several years in the Santa Rita Mountains. From November 2011 to late 2015, El Jefe was the only wild jaguar verified to live in the United States since the death of Arizona Jaguar Macho B in 2009. According to "Notes on the Occurrences of Jaguars in Arizona and New Mexico", an article regarding jaguars in the Southwest US, "Sixty two jaguars have been reportedly killed or captured in the American Southwest since 1900." He was not seen in Arizona after September 2015 and it was presumed that he returned to Mexico, where the nearest breeding population of jaguars is located. This was confirmed almost seven years later in August 2022, when a collective of conservation groups announced that he had been photographed using a motion-detecting camera, on November 27, 2021, in the central part of the state of Sonora.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South American jaguar</span> Jaguar population in South America

The South American jaguar is a jaguar population in South America. Though a number of subspecies of jaguar have been proposed for South America, morphological and genetic research did not reveal any evidence for subspecific differentiation.

References

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  2. ↑ Guerrero, D.L. (24 February 2009). "North American Jaguar (Panthera onca) Collared in Arizona". Arkanimals.com. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
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  14. ↑ Rabinowitz, A. R. (1986), Jaguar predation on domestic livestock in Belize, vol. 14, Wildlife Society Bulletin, pp. 170–174
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  16. ↑ Sawyer, Hall; Lindzey, Fred (2002). "A Review of Predation on Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis)" (PDF).
  17. 1 2 3 Sanderson, Eric & Beckmann, Jon & Beier, Paul & Bird, Bryan & Bravo, Juan & Fisher, Kim & Grigione, Melissa & Lopez Gonzalez, Carlos & Miller, Jennifer & Mormorunni, Cristina & Paulson, Laura & Peters, Rob & Polisar, John & Povilitis, Tony & Robinson, Michael & Wilcox, Sharon. (2021). The case for reintroduction: The jaguar (Panthera onca) in the United States as a model. Conservation Science and Practice. 3. 10.1111/csp2.392. Accessed at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351274005_The_case_for_reintroduction_The_jaguar_Panthera_onca_in_the_United_States_as_a_model.
  18. ↑ Byers, John A. (1997). American Pronghorn: Social Adaptations and the Ghosts of Predators Past. The University of Chicago Press. p. 11. ISBN   0-226-08698-4.
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  23. ↑ Arizona Game and Fish Department (2011). "Game and Fish confirms report of jaguar in southern Arizona". Arizona Game and Fish Department Media web page. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  24. 1 2 Ames, J. (2016). "Jaguar seen on Fort Huachuca trail camera". Jaguar seen on Fort Huachuca. Raycom Media. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  25. 1 2 3 "Rare jaguar sighting in Arizona, 60 miles north of Mexican border". Newsweek. 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  26. ↑ Richard L. Hill, 2006, Ice-age jaguar among fossil finds, The Oregonian
  27. ↑ Schultz CB, Martin LD, Schultz MR (1985). “A Pleistocene Jaguar from North-Central Nebraska”. Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies. Paper 228
  28. ↑ "Full text of "The writings of Thomas Jefferson"". Washington, D.C., Issued under the auspices of the Thomas Jefferson memorial association of the United States. 1903.
  29. 1 2 Merriam, C.H. (1919). "Is the Jaguar entitled to a place in the Californian fauna?". Journal of Mammalogy. 1 (1): 38–42. doi:10.1093/jmammal/1.1.38.
  30. ↑ Pavlik, Steve (2003). "Rohonas and Spotted Lions: The Historical and Cultural Occurrence of the Jaguar, Panthera onca, among the Native Tribes of the American Southwest". Wíčazo Ša Review. 18 (1): 157–175. doi:10.1353/wic.2003.0006. JSTOR   1409436. S2CID   161236104.
  31. ↑ Daggett, Pierre M.; Henning, Dale R. (1974). "The Jaguar in North America". American Antiquity. 39 (3): 465–469. doi:10.2307/279437. JSTOR   279437. S2CID   160927286.
  32. ↑ Schmidly, David J.; Bradley, Robert D. (31 December 2016). The Mammals of Texas. doi:10.7560/308868. ISBN   9781477310021.
  33. ↑ Will Rizzo (December 2005). "Return of the Jaguar?". Smithsonian Magazine . Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
  34. ↑ Davis, Tony; Steller, Tim (22 November 2011). "Jaguar seen in area of Cochise". Arizona Daily Star. Archived from the original on 25 November 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
  35. 1 2 Christie, Bob (1 December 2011). "Excitement follows 2 jaguar sighting in Arizona". The Arizona Republic . Archived from the original on 7 March 2015.
  36. ↑ Davis, Tony (25 November 2012). "Jaguar photo taken near Rosemont". azstarnet.com. Arizona Daily Star. Archived from the original on 29 November 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  37. ↑ Tony Davis (28 June 2013). "Jaguar roves near Rosemount mine site". Arizona Daily Star. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
  38. ↑ "Video shows only known US jaguar roaming Arizona mountains". The Boston Globe. 3 February 2016.
  39. ↑ Matlock, Staci (17 January 2008). "Jaguar recovery efforts lack support from federal agency" (PDF). The New Mexican. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
  40. ↑ Greenberg, Susan H. (21 August 2012). "Kitty Corner: Jaguars Win Critical Habitat in U.S." Scientific American . Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  41. ↑ Montoya Bryan, Suasan (4 March 2014). "Feds set aside habitat in Southwest for jaguar". Yahoo! News . Archived from the original on 7 March 2015.
  42. ↑ Jessica Lamberton-Moreno (8 September 2015). "Student project results in new jaguar sighting". Sky Island Alliance. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  43. ↑ Handwerk, Brian (3 February 2016). "Only Known Jaguar in U.S. Filmed in Rare Video". National Geographic News. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  44. ↑ "The Northern Jaguar Project" . Retrieved 16 March 2012.
  45. ↑ "Species of Concern". Northern Jaguar Project. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
  46. ↑ Lakhani, Nina (29 December 2019). "Water-guzzling demands of Trump's border wall threaten fish species". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  47. ↑ "Trump Bulldozes New Wall Through Wildlife Refuge, Jaguar Country". Center for Biological Diversity. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  48. ↑ Martin and Grube 2000, p. 14.
  49. ↑ Demarest 2004, p. 181.
  50. ↑ Coe (1968), p. 42. Diehl, p. 104.
  51. ↑ Nahuatl Dictionary. (1997). Wired Humanities Project. University of Oregon. Retrieved September 5, 2012, from link Archived 3 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  52. ↑ "The Official Website of the South Alabama Jaguars". South Alabama Jaguars. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  53. ↑ Sexton, Brian (4 November 2014). "Jaguars History". Jacksonville Jaguars. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  54. ↑ Welch, P. (1988). Cute Little Creatures: Mascots Lend a Smile to the Games (PDF). la84foundation.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
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