| Polyzoniida | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Octoglena bivirgata from the western United States | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Myriapoda |
| Class: | Diplopoda |
| Subclass: | Chilognatha |
| Infraclass: | Helminthomorpha |
| Subterclass: | Colobognatha |
| Order: | Polyzoniida Cook, 1895 |
| Families | |
| Synonyms | |
Ommatophora Brandt, 1840 | |
Polyzoniida is an order of millipedes in the subterclass Colobognatha containing three families and at least 74 described species. [1]
Polyzoniidans have a somewhat domed dorsal surface with a flat ventral side. Their heads are small and cone-like, with few ocelli. They lack a dorsal groove and paranota (lateral extensions of each segment). [2]
The order Polyzoniida contains three families: [1]
The family Hirudisomatidae occurs from Spain to the Himalayas in Eurasia, Japan, and in North America from southwest Canada to central Mexico.
Polyzoniidae has a holarctic (northern hemisphere) distribution, occurring in the northwest and northeast United States, eastern Canada, and in Europe from the United Kingdom and France to Siberia.
Siphonotidae has a southern distribution, occurring in Brazil and Chile, South Africa, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. [3] [4]
Pill millipedes are any members of two living orders of millipedes, often grouped together into a single superorder, Oniscomorpha. The name Oniscomorpha refers to the millipedes' resemblance to certain woodlice (Oniscidea), also called pillbugs or "roly-polies". However, millipedes and woodlice are not closely related ; rather, this is a case of convergent evolution.
Spirobolida is an order of "round-backed" millipedes containing approximately 500 species in 12 families. Its members are distinguished by the presence of a "pronounced suture that runs "vertically down the front of the head". Most of the species live in the tropics, and many are brightly coloured. Mature males have two pairs of modified legs, the gonopods, consisting of the 8th and 9th leg pair: the posterior gonopods are used in sperm-transfer while the anterior gonopods are fused into a single plate-like structure.
Glomerida is an order of pill-millipedes found primarily in the Northern Hemisphere. They superficially resemble pill-bugs or woodlice, and can enroll into a protective ball. They have twelve body segments, 17 to 19 pairs of legs, and males have enlarged rear legs involved in mating. The order includes about 30 genera and at least 280 species, including Glomeris marginata, the common European pill-millipede. The order contains members in Europe, South-east Asia and the Americas from California to Guatemala. Although historically considered closely related with the similar sphaerotheriidans that also enroll, some DNA evidence suggest they may be more closely related to glomeridesmidans, a poorly known order that does not enroll.
Spirostreptida is an order of long, cylindrical millipedes. There are approximately 1000 described species, making Spirostreptida the third largest order of millipedes after Polydesmida and Chordeumatida.
Polydesmida is the largest order of millipedes, containing approximately 3,500 species, including all the millipedes reported to produce hydrogen cyanide (HCN).
Julida is an order of millipedes. Members are mostly small and cylindrical, typically ranging from 10–120 millimetres (0.39–4.72 in) in length. Eyes may be present or absent, and in mature males of many species, the first pair of legs is modified into hook-like structures. Additionally, both pairs of legs on the 7th body segment of males are modified into gonopods.
Platydesmida is an order of millipedes containing two families and over 60 species. Some species practice paternal care, in which males guard the eggs.
Siphonophorida is an order of millipedes containing two families and over 100 species.
Zosterogrammidae is an extinct family of millipedes containing three genera, each with a single species. Fossils are known from the Czech Republic, Scotland, and the USA. Zosterogrammidae constitutes the sole family of the order Zosterogrammida.
Callipodida is an order of millipedes containing around 130 species, many characterized by crests or ridges.
Pentazonia is a taxonomic infraclass of millipedes containing the pill-millipedes (Oniscomorpha) which can roll into a ball and the order Glomeridesmida which cannot. Defining traits (apomorphies) include divided sternites, a labrum with single median tooth, and an enlarged pygidium on the hind-most body segment. Pentazonia is in the dominant millipede subclass Chilognatha which have a calcified exoskeleton and modified sperm-transferring legs in males. In contrast to the Helminthomorpha – the other Chilognathan infraclass, the sperm-transferring legs are located on posterior body segments and known as telopods. Pentazonians are relatively short-bodied, with between 13 and 21 body segments. The Pentazonia contains one extinct order, Amynilyspedida, often referred to the Oniscomorpha.
Colobognatha is a clade of helminthomorph millipedes containing four orders: Platydesmida, Polyzoniida, Siphonocryptida, and Siphonophorida.
Chordeumatida is a large order of millipedes containing some 1200 species with a nearly worldwide distribution. Also known as "sausage millipedes," they possess around 30 body segments behind the head as adults and reach about 25 mm (0.98 in) in length.
Stemmiulida is an order of millipedes consisting of approximately 130 species, reaching up to 50 mm in length. It contains a single family, Stemmiulidae.
Hirudisomatidae is a family of colobognathan millipedes in the order Polyzoniida. The approximately 20 species occur from Spain to the Himalayas in Eurasia, Japan, and in North America from southwest Canada to central Mexico.
Juliformia is a taxonomic superorder of millipedes containing three living orders: Julida, Spirobolida, and Spirostreptida, and the extinct group Xyloiuloidea known only from fossils. The species possess long cylindrical bodies with sclerites fused into complete rings. Juliform millipedes possess defensive repugnatorial glands on all body segments except the last few, and are the only known millipedes to produce quinones in their defensive secretions. Juliform males have two pairs of gonopods consisting of the modified 8th and 9th pair of legs: in Julida and Spirobolida the posterior gonopods are primarily involved in sperm-transferring, while in Spirostreptida it is the anterior gonopods. Juliformians also lack Tömösváry organs and have a large collum which overhangs the rear of the head.
Gomphodesmidae is a family of millipedes in the order Polydesmida, containing around 55 genera and 150 species. The family is native to Africa, and occurs primarily in savanna habitat from South Africa north to Senegal and Ethiopia.
Pyrgodesmidae is a family of flat-backed millipedes in the order Polydesmida. The family contains over 200 species distributed in tropics around the world. Some species are found only in ant colonies, and are considered obligate myrmecophiles.
Siphonotidae is a family of millipedes in the order Polyzoniida. There are about 15 genera and at least 40 described species in Siphonotidae.
Octoglena bivirgata is a species of millipede in the family Hirudisomatidae. It is found in North America.
Media related to Polyzoniida at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Polyzoniida at Wikispecies
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