Primula veris

Primula veris
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Ericales
Family:	Primulaceae
Genus:	Primula
Species:	P. veris
Binomial name
Primula veris L.
Subspecies
Primula veris subsp. macrocalyx

Not to be confused with Cowslip (bovine podiatry).

Primula veris, the cowslip, common cowslip, or cowslip primrose (syn. Primula officinalis Hill), is a herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the primrose family Primulaceae. The species is native throughout most of temperate Europe and western Asia, ^[1] and although absent from more northerly areas including much of northwest Scotland, it reappears in northernmost Sutherland and Orkney and in Scandinavia. ^[2] This species frequently hybridizes with other Primulas such as the common primrose Primula vulgaris to form false oxlip (Primula × polyantha) which is often confused with true oxlip ( Primula elatior ), a much rarer plant.

Names

The common name cowslip may derive from the old English for cow dung, probably because the plant was often found growing amongst the manure in cow pastures. ^[3] An alternative derivation simply refers to slippery or boggy ground; again, a typical habitat for this plant. ^[4] The name "cowslop" derived from Old English still exists in some dialects, but the politer-sounding cowslip became standard in the 16th century. ^[5]

The species name veris ('of spring', referring to the season) is the genitive case form of Latin ver ('spring'). ^[6] However, primrose P. vulgaris, flowers earlier, from December to May in the British Isles. ^{[7] : 240}

Other historical common names include cuy lippe, herb peter, paigle or pagil, ^[8] peggle, key flower, key of heaven, fairy cups, petty mulleins, crewel, buckles, palsywort, and plumrocks. ^[9]

Description

Flowers

Primula veris – MHNT

Albrecht Dürer, Tuft of Cowslips, 1526, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., NGA 74162

Primula veris is a variable evergreen or semi-evergreen perennial plant growing to 25 cm (10 in) tall and broad, with a rosette of leaves 5–15 cm long and 2–6 cm broad. The deep yellow flowers are produced in spring, in clusters of 10–30 blooms together on a single stem. ^[10] Each flower is 9–15 mm broad. Red- and orange-flowered plants occur rarely but can be locally widespread in areas where coloured primula hybrids bloom at the same time as the native cowslip, enabling cross-pollination.

Distribution and habitat

Primula veris in a meadow.

The cowslip is frequently found on more open ground than the primrose, including open fields, meadows, coastal dunes, and clifftops.

Conservation

The plant suffered a decline due to changing agricultural practices throughout the 1970s and 1980s in Britain. It may therefore be rare locally, though where found it may be abundant. Additionally the seeds are now often included in wildflower seed mixes used to landscape motorway banks and similar civil engineering earthworks where the plants may be seen in dense stands. This practice has led to a revival in its fortunes. ^{[11] [12] [13]}

Cultivation

In cultivation this plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. ^{[14] [15]}

Similar species

Red-flowered Primula veris plants

The cowslip may be confused with the closely related Primula elatior (oxlip) which has a similar general appearance and habitat, although the oxlip has larger, pale yellow flowers more like a primrose, and a corolla tube without folds.

Chemical constituents

The roots of Primula veris contain several glycosides of 5-methoxysalicylic methyl ester, such as primeverin ^[16] and primulaverin. ^[17] In the crude dried root, their phenolic aglycones are responsible for the typical odour reminiscent of methyl salicylate or anethole. The dried roots contain significant amounts of triterpene saponins, such as primula acid I/II, while in the flower these constituents are located in the sepals, and the dominating constituents are flavonoids. ^[18] Rare side effects of the saponins can be nausea or diarrhoea while some of the phenolic constituents are possibly responsible for allergic reactions. ^{[19] [20]}

The subspecies macrocalyx, growing in Siberia, contains the phenolic compound riccardin C. ^[21]

Cuisine

Cowslip leaves have been traditionally used in Spanish cooking as a salad green. Uses in English cookery include using the flowers to flavor country wine ^[22] and vinegars; sugaring to be a sweet or eaten as part of a composed salad while the juice of the cowslip is used to prepare tansy for frying.^{[ citation needed ]} The close cousin of the cowslip, the primrose P. vulgaris has often been confused with the cowslip and its uses in cuisine are similar with the addition of its flowers being used as a colouring agent in desserts.

English children's writer Alison Uttley in her story "The Country Child" (1931) of family life on an English farm from the perspective of a 9-year-old farmer's daughter Susan describes cowslips among the favourite flowers of her heroine and mentions her participation in preparing them for making cowslip wine, a locally important process. After its initial preparation, cowslip wine "would change to sparkling yellow wine" offered in "little fluted glasses" with a biscuit to important "morning visitors" of the farm: such as the curate coming for subscriptions, the local squire (landowner) and an occasional dealer (of their produce). This wine "was more precious than elderberry wine, which was the drink for cold weather, for snow and sleet". ^[22]

In the midland and southern counties of England, a sweet and pleasant wine resembling the muscadel is made from the cowslip flower, and it is one of the most wholesome and pleasant of home-made wines, and slightly narcotic in its effects. In times when English wines were more used, every housewife in Warwickshire could produce her clear cowslip wine…the cowslip is still sold in many markets for this purpose, and little cottage girls still ramble the meadows during April and May in search of it…country people use it as a salad or boil it for the table. ^[23]

Anne Pratt

Myth and folklore

This herb was already mentioned by Pliny the Elder for its early blooming attributes. Species from the genus Primula along with other ritual plants played a significant role in the pharmacy and mythology of the Celtic druids, likely as an ingredient of magical potions to increase the absorption of other herbal constituents. In the Middle-Ages it was also known as St. Peter's herb or Petrella and was sought after by Florentine apothecaries. Hildegard von Bingen recommended the medicinal parts only for topical use but the leaves were also consumed as food. Other common names at the time were 'Herba paralysis', 'Verbascum', primrose, or mullein leaves. It was frequently misidentified as or confused with similar species from the genus Primula. ^[24]

References

1. "Primula veris L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
2. Preston, Pearman & Dines (2002). New Atlas of the British Flora. Oxford University Press.
3. Anon. "Cowslip". Word-Origins. Word-Origins.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
4. Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3804. ISBN   978-0199206872.
5. Grigson G. 1974. A Dictionary of English Plant Names. Allen Lane. ISBN   0-71-390442-9
6. ver . Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project .
7. Clapham, A.R.; Tutin, T.G.; Warburg, E.F. (1981). Excursion flora of the British isles (3 ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   0521232902.
8. Notes to Beachy Head; with Other Poems: Charlotte Smith, 1807
9. Cowslip, from A Modern Herbal
10. RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN   978-1405332965.
11. "Primula veris – Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora". brc.ac.uk.
12. "Cowslip – Primula veris". Naturespot.org.uk.
13. "Cowslip" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
14. "RHS Plant Selector – Primula veris" . Retrieved 15 April 2020.
15. "AGM Plants – Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 82. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
16. See CID 3038513 from PubChem for chemical structure
17. See Merck Index monograph for chemical details
18. Wichtl, Max, ed. (2004). Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Practice on a Scientific Basis. CRC Press. p. 473. ISBN   978-0-8493-1961-7.
19. Howard, Michael (1987). Traditional Folk Remedies: A Comprehensive Herbal. Century. pp. 128–129. ISBN   978-0-7126-1731-4.
20. "Glykosidy" (in Czech). biotox.cz.
21. Kosenkova, Yu. S.; Polovinka, M. P.; Koarova, N. I.; Korchagina, D. V.; Kurochkina, N. Yu.; Cheremushkina, V. A.; Salakhutdinov, N. F. (2009). "Seasonal Dynamics of Riccardin C Accumulation in Primula macrocalyx Bge". Chemistry for Sustainable Development. 17: 507–511. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.1052.8459 .
22. Uttley, Alison (1952). The Country Child. London: Faber and Faber. p. 156.
23. Anne Pratt
24. ES Burgess (Jan. 1902). History of Pre-Clusian Botany in Its Relation to Aster pgs 70, 72, 246, 324, 332, 334/5, 435, 440. Retrieved 19 December 2015.

External links

• Davidson, Alan. Oxford Companion to Food (1999), "Cowslip". p. 221 ISBN   0-19-211579-0
• Gilmartin, Philip M. (October 2015). "On the origins of observations of heterostyly in Primula". New Phytologist. 208 (1): 39–51. doi: 10.1111/nph.13558 . PMID   26255981.
• "Cowslip"  . Encyclopedia Americana . 1920.
• "Cowslip"  . Collier's New Encyclopedia . 1921.